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Health 299 > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. How much does the average preschooler grow per year?
  2. How have the following organs/systems matured: kidneys, ears, immune system, muscuolskeletal.
  3. T or F, all baby teeth have come in?
  4. T or F, boys have more illnesses and accidents than girls?
  5. What 4 things does race influence?
A
  1. 4lbs, and 2 inches
  2. kidneys: fully matured, ears: less otitis media, immune is boosted, musculoskeletal/neuro: fine/gross motor skill advancement
  3. T
  4. T
  5. Health care, Cultural preferences, Dietary choices, Health-promoting behaviors
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2
Q
  1. What are the most commonly diagnosed genetic illness in preschoolers?
  2. Preschoolers are ……….. about body of opposite sex, have vague/inaccurate ideas of their ………… ………., and are anxious about ………… and …………. .
  3. They can be upset about minor injuries thinking that it is a …………. for something they did.
  4. What gives preschoolers a context for their beliefs about health?
A
  1. cystic fibrosis, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy
  2. Curious, internal body, mutilation and death
  3. punishment
  4. Their family influence
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3
Q
  1. Preschoolers are …………… eaters. They now use ………… .
  2. They have …………. hunger and appetite levels.
  3. It is important to continue introducing ……… ……….. .
  4. Preschoolers can be …………… about food.
  5. What two vitamins/minerals are particularly important to preschoolers? What must we limit in their diets?
A
  1. independent, utensiles
  2. variable
  3. new foods
  4. picky
  5. iron and calcium, fats and sugars
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4
Q
  1. What substances or products help prevent dental carries?
  2. When do food allergies start to really show up?
  3. Which foods are most likely to cause allergies?
  4. Independence in the toilet is a ……….. …………. . What should we still supervise?
  5. Preschoolers can still have ………….. (regarding toilet training). The …………. should change their own clothes if this happens
A
  1. fluoride toothpaste, water fluoridation, dental sealants
  2. mostly before age 2
  3. milk, eggs, peanuts
  4. developmental achievement, hand washing and toilet flushing
  5. accidents, preschooler
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5
Q
  1. Play is the ……… of the child.
  2. Play is an important role in what?
  3. Who do preschoolers mimic in play?
  4. play reveals what?
A
  1. work
  2. social/psychological development
  3. adults
  4. child’s reality and perceptions
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6
Q
  1. Preschoolers begin to understand past and …………
  2. T or F, Preschoolers enjoy planning for family activites.
  3. What are the negatives about watching TV?
  4. How much sleep do preschoolers need? Should they have a nap?
  5. What helps get kids to sleep easily?
  6. What are preschoolers susceptible to (about sleep), and how can adults help?
A
  1. future
  2. T
  3. Disengages mind, Less learning, Less active lifestyle
  4. 8-12 hours. Yes, or quiet time
  5. consistent bedtime rituals
  6. nightmares, night terrors. Help child understand about pretend and reality
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7
Q
  1. Which of Piaget’s schemes are preschoolers in?

2. What 4 things happen in this stage?

A
  1. preoperational
  2. Ability to function symbolically with language, Concrete thought process, Irreversibility , Imaginary friends, Irreversibility (see diagram)
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8
Q
  1. How do you correct amblyopia?
  2. What is myopia and how do we correct it?
  3. What is the Denver Eye Screening Test?
  4. What is the Snellen E Screening Test?
  5. How do we test for hearing? What can be delayed if hearing is dysfunctional?
  6. Name a receptive/expressive skill:
  7. Speech maturation involves issues of:
A
  1. cover the strong eye with a patch
  2. near-sightedness (elongated eyeball). Glasses
  3. test for visual defects
  4. test for visual acuity
  5. • Audiometry screening; speech delays
  6. Language
  7. speech rhythm and fluency
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9
Q
  1. What does memory affect?
  2. How is memory enhanced?
  3. Name 3 tests that are used to assess a preschooler’s readiness for school:
A
  1. language development, learning
  2. grouping items, verbally naming items, rehearsal
  3. Ages and States Questionnaire (ASQ-3), Battelle Developmental Inventory Screening Tool, and Parent’s Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS)
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10
Q
  1. Give an example of Erickson’s initiation vs guilt in the way that preschoolers behave:
  2. How can parents play a role in a preschooler’s initiation?
  3. Self concept is refined through what?
A
  1. Initiation enhanced through vigorous activity and active imagination. Guilt experienced when they get in trouble or yelled at.
  2. nurture ideas, encourage behaviors for positive self-concept
  3. task-oriented and societally oriented experiences
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11
Q
  1. Preschoolers now have expanded influences. What are these influences?
  2. What does social interaction do for kids?
  3. What kind of events could be disruptive to a child’s development?
  4. What is a good way to teach preschoolers about their sexual organs? How should we speak about them?
A
  1. Peers, Gender expectations, and Older siblings
  2. Preparation for school and Social competency
  3. Parental divorce, Child abuse
  4. use books, speak factually
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12
Q
  1. Do preschoolers have fully developed consciences?
  2. At what age can children begin to control themselves?
  3. T or F, are preschoolers fascinated with life and death?
A
  1. No
  2. 4-5
  3. T
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13
Q
  1. What immunizations are needed from 4-6 years old?
  2. What is the leading cause of death?
  3. What other hazards exist for children?
  4. Name some determinants of health for children:
  5. What is an EPSDT
A
  1. 4 year old needs dTap, MMR somewhere between 4-6
  2. injuries from car, furniture, firearms
  3. drownings, bike accidents, pedestrian auto accidents, and burns
  4. Social factors and environment, Culture and ethnicity, Legislation, Health care system
  5. Medicaid program for yearly screening. Assesses physical status and developmental milestones
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14
Q
  1. How can a nurse involve a child in their appointment?

2. Should parents be close for injections?

A
  1. Expect child to be good for examination, Let them use stethoscope and other tools, ask them direct questions about their health and their habits. “Do you brush your teeth?”
  2. yes
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15
Q
  1. What ages are considered school age?
  2. Tor F, the body systems at thos age are of an adult level? They are growing at a ……………, steadier pace, alternating between …………. and minimal growth.
  3. what is the average height and weight gain per year?
  4. which sex has the earlier growth spurt?
  5. How many teeth are lost per year? In what order?
  6. Lymphoid tissue increases to ….. years, then decreases
A
  1. 6-10
  2. T, slower, spurts
  3. Height = 2in/yr and 4-6 lb/yr
  4. girls
  5. 4 teeth per year same order as eruption
  6. 10
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16
Q
  1. By what age has the nervous system developed?
  2. how can we promote healthy ossification?
  3. Which of Piaget’s stages is school aged?
  4. How is illness viewed?
  5. Do school aged kids grasp germ theory?
A
  1. 7-8 years
  2. proper sized shoes, desks, chairs, not to heavy backpacks
  3. concrete operations
  4. as punishment
  5. yes
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17
Q
  1. Is prepuberty weight gain normal?
  2. How many calories per day do school aged kids need? What are their common deficiencies?
  3. Name 5 ways we can manage obesity in kids
A
  1. yes
  2. 1200-1800
  3. calcium, iron, and C
4. Reasonable caloric restriction
Physical exercise
Peer counseling
Habit changes
Living conditions, financial constraints
18
Q
  1. What is enuresis? What should we do to rule out infection? What can be done to correct it?
  2. What is encopresis? It involves a …………… component. What can be done to correct it?
  3. This is a critical time to foster which type of behaviors?
  4. What 3 things are developed in play?
A
  1. involuntary urination, urine culture, behavior management strategies and drug therapy
  2. chronic constipation. Psychosocial. Bowel management program and counseling.
  3. physical activities
  4. social, personal, and cognitive developments
19
Q
  1. How much sleep is needed for school aged children?
  2. What can develop in kids who lack sleep?
  3. What can we do to help?
  4. Name 2 sleep disturbances that can happen to school aged kids.
A
  1. 8-12 hours per night
  2. obesity and inactivity
  3. stick to a regular bedtime routine
  4. sleep walking and sleep talking
20
Q
      1. Describe Piaget’s concrete operations as far as what school aged kids do, how they behave, and how they think
A
  1. Kids learn by manipulating concrete objects.
  2. They are less egocentric
  3. they begin to understand concepts like time and conserving substances
  4. They are able to classify and order objects
  5. Cannot think abstractly yet.
21
Q
  1. At what age does children’s vision become optimal?
  2. In what ways do the eyes change?
  3. What percentage have vision problems, and name a couple issues:
  4. When is auditory acuity complete?
A
  1. 6 years
  2. Go from farsightedness to normal vision.
  3. 25%, myopia (nearsightedness), and astigmatism (uneven focusing)
  4. 7 years
22
Q
  1. T or F school aged kids can begin to understand complex, multi-meaning sentences.
  2. What 3 things help improve children’s memory?
  3. What is the average IQ?
  4. What are some shortcomings in traditional testing?
  5. Which environmental factors affect achievement?
  6. What percentage of children have learning disabilities?
A
  1. T
  2. organizing, classifying, and labeling
  3. 90-110
  4. don’t test all forms of intelligence, not culturally sensitive
  5. socio-economic status, nutrition, sociocultural environmental stimuli
  6. 5-10%
23
Q
  1. Which of Erikson’s stage are happening in school aged kids?
  2. What is the major task of this stage?
      1. Which 3 self concepts play into this stage? Name and describe:
A
  1. industry vs. inferiority
  2. mastery of whatever the child is doing
  3. Self esteem: belief in one’s capability, significance, and worthiness. Family, peer, and school influence
  4. sense of control: internal vs external locus of control, cultural and gender differences.
  5. body concept: Develop understanding of internal body. Physical differences (freckles, deformity, chronic illness) can cause anxiety, feelings of being threatened
24
Q
  1. What does the family environment provide the school-aged child?
  2. What happens as the child becomes more independent?
  3. How can this independence be turned in a positive way in the home?
A
  1. a sense of security
  2. reduction of parental authority/structure. Broaden interests outside of home: sports, clubs, gangs
  3. give child more responsibility like a pet, chores, and allowance
25
Q
  1. Name some childhood stressors:
  2. what is somatization?
  3. What are some depression symptoms?
A 
1. School expectations
Peer relationships
Cultural differences
Bullying
Divorce
  1. Transfer of feelings to physical problems
  2. include anorexia, sleeplessness, lethargy, changed affect, aggressive behavior, crying, withdrawal
26
Q
  1. Where are school-aged children in Kohlberg’s theory? And a short description of each.
  2. Name some moral behavioral problems:
  3. How should consequences be dealt for these behaviors?
A
  1. younger school-aged: preconventional. Moral behavior based on self-interest

Older: conventional. Concern about group interests/values

  1. Lying, stealing, cheating
    (Common developmental behaviors)
  2. Consequences should be congruent with developmental understanding of the event
27
Q
  1. Name the common infections of school-aged children:
  2. At what age should we begin to educate about AIDS? Why?
  3. What vaccinations should school-aged get?
A
  1. Upper respiratory infections (viral)
    Streptococcal infection, otitis media (bacterial)
    Gastroenteritis (viral)
    Scabies/lice (skin infestations)
  2. 8 years old. Lowers the risk of getting it when educated young
  3. Meningococcal vaccination (age 11-12)
    Hepatitis B series, if not completed in early childhood
    Human papilloma virus (HPV)
    Varicella (if no history of chickenpox)
28
Q
  1. What is the average age that kids start smoking? How many try smoking every day?
  2. What other toxins might kids get involved with?
  3. Name a few other types of substances that kids come in contact with that could be harmful:
A
    1. 6000/day
  2. alcohol, glue inhaling, illicit drugs.
  3. food additives like sugar and salt, and environmental pollutants like lead or household chemicals
29
Q
  1. What percentage of school aged kids live in poverty?

2. Name 2 legislations that help school aged kids:

A
  1. 22%
  2. Education for All Handicapped Children Act: Individualized educational plan (IEP)
    No Child Left Behind (2001)
30
Q
  1. What is the age range of adolescents?
  2. How far ahead of boys sre girls in development?
  3. The first sign of puberty in most girls is ……….. development. The first sign of puberty in most boys is an increase in the size of the …………. and ……….. .
  4. Primary sexual characteristics are …………… for ……………. .
    Secondary sexual characteristics are ……………….. for ……………… .
  5. What age is considered late onset of puberty?
A
  1. 11-18
  2. 2 years
  3. breast, testicles and penis.
  4. essential for reproduction. nonessential for reproduction
  5. 13 for girls and 14 for boys
31
Q
  1. What causes acne?
  2. At what age do we screen for scoliosis? Above how many degrees do we refer for evaluation?
  3. Adolescents …….. acute illnesses than younger children and ……… chronic illnesses than adults.
  4. what 3 things cause negative health outcomes in adolescents?
  5. How can we support our teens to make good choices?
A
  1. Increased activity, sweat and sebaceous glands; clogged/inflamed
  2. girls = 10-12 years, boys = 13-14 years. Greater than 15 degrees
  3. Less, and less
  4. Sense of invincibility, Adolescent experimentation, and Risk-taking behaviors
  5. support their autonomy and focus on their strengths
32
Q
  1. Name 5 factors that can make proper nutrition hard for adolescents:
  2. What tools could help with these nutritional problems?
  3. What are the nutritional requirements of adolescents in cal, protein, and calcium?
A 
1. •	Ideal body
•	Junk food and alcohol
•	Peer pressure
•	Weight restrictive sports
•	Increased needs with growth spurt
  1. • MyPlate: Inclusion in meal planning and food preparation
    • Physical and emotional support of adults
    • Comprehensive school health programs
  2. • Male: 2300 to 2900 kcal Female: 2200 kcal
    • Protein: Male: 45 to 59 g Female: 45 g
    • Calcium: 1300 mg/day
33
Q
  1. How many hours of sleep do adolescents need?
  2. What creates a risk of sleep deprivation for teens?
  3. In what stage of Piaget’s theory are adolescents?
  4. Piaget’s formal operations lay the ground work for what?
  5. Name a couple of adolescent behavioral characteristics:
A
  1. 9 hours min.
  2. too many activities, stay up too late, texting after bedtime.
  3. Formal operations
  4. abstract thinking
  5. Introspection and egocentrism, and Intolerance of “status quo”
34
Q
  1. Adolescents are at what stage of Erikson’s theory?
  2. What happens during this stage (think about previous stages).?
  3. Threats to an adolescent’s identity can result in what?
A
  1. identity vs role confusion
  2. Restaging of each previous stage development
  3. delinquent behavior and mental health issues
35
Q
  1. T or F, adolescents can think in terms of the future and are able to delay instant gratification?
  2. As far as language development, what things are happening?
  3. What types of issues can threaten an adolescent’s self esteem?
A
  1. T
  2. • Increased cognitive & language skills
    • Receptive and expressive vocabulary increase
    • Slang, electronic communication
  3. acne, peer pressure, and societal norms and expectations
36
Q
  1. In what ways do teenager’s roles change and for whom is this difficult?
  2. How can parents make this transition easier?
  3. Who has a greater influence on a teen than their family?
A
  1. teens become more independent. Hard on parents to let go.
  2. • Willingness to listen, ongoing affection for and acceptance of teen, negotiation of limits
  3. peers
37
Q
  1. What is the birth rate for adolescent girls aged 15-19? In what race is there a higher instance of teen pregnancy?
  2. What is there a high risk of?
  3. What 5 things do school nurses teach in sex-ed?
A
  1. 26.5 per 1000. Hispanic.
  2. maternal/infant outcomes (low birth wt), educational and economic effects
3. •	Physical changes with puberty
•	Prevention of sti's
•	Prevention of pregnancy
•	Breast self exam
•	Testicular self exam
38
Q
  1. What percentage of teens experience major depression? Which sex has higher instance?
  2. What is second leading cause of death in 15-19 year olds? How to prevent?
  3. In which of Kohlbnergs theories are adolescents and what is happening?
A
  1. 11%. Girl twice as likely
  2. suicide. Recognize warning signs
  3. transitioning to post conventional stage, idea of justice, universal principles
39
Q
  1. What causes 66% of all injury deaths in 15-19 year olds? How many times more likely than other age groups, and why?
  2. What types of dangers exist in sports?
  3. What can trigger violence in adolescents?
  4. What types of infections are teens subject to?
  5. Which race is more susceptible to smoking and what age do they start?
A
  1. motor vehicle accidents. 20 times more likely than other age groups. Due to Inexperience, drugs/alcohol, distracted driving
  2. • Vulnerable: immature coordination, judgment, musculature, epiphyses, and Performance enhancing substances
  3. Unresolved fear, testing limits, witnessing/observing violence, music lyrics
  4. mono, STI’s, HPV, meningitis
  5. whites around 11 years old
40
Q
  1. Nam e a few different types of clinics that can target teens:
  2. Name 4 nursing strategies to reach adolescents
  3. What is the primary responsibility of the nurse?
A
  1. Child health care providers, School-based clinics, and Family planning clinics
  2. adolescent as partner with provider, Answer questions thoroughly/honestly, use Indirect/direct questioning, and use Correct terms and information
  3. to provide education about some of the expected changes and how to deal with them.

Health 299 (7 decks)

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