Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
- health
- health promotion
- determinants of health
- disease, illness, wellness
- health literacy
A
- a state of physical, mental, spiritual, and social functioning that realizes a person’s potential. The merging and balancing of five physical and psychologic dimensions of health: physical, intellectual, emotional, social, and spiritual
- strategies used to increase the level of health of individuals, families, groups, and communities
- personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health. (ex: gentic make up, personal behavior, social life, physical environment, and access to health services.)
- Disease: failure of adaptive mechanisms, results in functional or structural disturbances
Illness: subjective experience of individual and physical manifestations of disease – psychological, spiritual, and social components
Wellness: is a lifestyle that enhances our level of health.
- the ability to understand basic health concepts and apply them to one’s own health decisions.
2
Q
- Ecological model of health:
- Clinical model of health:
- Adaptive model of health
- Eudemonistic model of health
- Transtheoretical model of health
- What is role performance?
A
- ecological model: a comprehensive and multi-dimensional approach to health that involves family, social life, and community. Focuses on the interconnectedness of all aspects of one’s life. Health People 2020 is based on this.
- Clinical model: defined by absence of signs/symptoms of diseases. This model doesn’t focus on prevention. Just seek help when very ill. Discipline of medicine is based on this model.
- Adaptive Model: in this model people’s ability to adapt well to change is a measure of their health. For example: spirituality is useful to adapting to a decreased level of functioning in elderly population
- Eudemonistic Model: this model takes all aspects of a person into consideration. For example, a person with cancer who is still happy, involved and finding meaning in life. Individuals who follow this model may not feel their needs addressed by traditional doctors of the clinical model.
- Transtheoretical Model: stages of change, decisional balance, self efficacy, process of change, 6 stages of change each giving nursing opportunity for information and support.
- Role performance: Health based on whether person can perform societal roles
Illness would be a failure to perform roles at the level of others in society.
3
Q
- Primary level of prevention
- Secondary level of prevention:
- Tertiary level of prevention:
- Primordial prevention:
A
- primary: : Health promotion and protection. Avoiding disease thru immunization, diet, exercise
- Early diagnosis, Prompt treatment, and disability limitation. Reversing of illnesses that have occurred. Screenings. Diabetes/stop smoking
- Tertiary: Permanent issue that you cannot go back upon, but can manage through restoration and rehabilitation
- Primordial: newest level of prevention. Intervention aimed at affecting health before at-risk lifestyle behaviors begin.
Occurs at national, state, community levels
Examples: healthy eating school-based programs, reduction of sodium in food supply, creating bike/walking paths
4
Q
1.- 7. What are the 7 nursing roles in health promotion (specific examples of each)?
A
- Advocate for patient rights
- Care manager to ensure quality of care and keep costs down
- Consult w/ patient to educate
- Deliver services (like vaccine)
- Educate
- Heal
- Research (evidence-based practice).
5
Q
- What are Groebner’s dimensions of health (5)?
- What are emerging populations?
- What is health equity?
- What are health disparities?
- What are the components of culturally competent care?
- What are folk healers?
- What is ethnocentrism?
- Describe holistic care:
A
- physical, social, emotional, intellectual, and spiritual
- ethnic minorities and persons who are homeless
- the accomplishment of the highest level of health for all people
- differences of health that are linked to social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantages
- awareness, knowledge, sensitivity, and competency
- Unlicensed practitioners (like herbalists, bone-setters, midwives etc.) that reflect beliefs and values of cultural group
- the belief that other ways are inferior. Causes an obstacle in nursing care
- Incorporates family support system in care and considers patient viewpoint
6
Q
- What are the 6 stages of change? (transtheoretical model)
A
- precontemplative (unaware), contemplative (aware and desire change), preparation (intention of action), action (practice of behavior), maintenance (sustained effort), relapse.
7
Q
- Name the health concerns of Arab Americans and when they immigrated to US:
A
- Adult-onset diabetes, Coronary artery disease, Mental health, Teenage smoking. Three major waves of immigration from late 1800s to 1960s
8
Q
- What are the health concerns for Asians?
- What are some barriers to care?
- Health related, cultural aspects:
A
- Hesitancy to seek early diagnosis/screening, Tuberculosis
Mental health problems (adjustment probs)
Lower rate of obesity, hypertension. Considered “model minority). - hesitant to voice disagreement, GYN care (private), mistrust/stigma to seeking care
- value collectivism over individualism, elder respect, passivity and conflict avoidance, Taoism, and folk healing
9
Q
- Do Hispanics have highest rate of uninsured? High poverty? T or F they are the 2nd fastest growing minority, and the largest ethnic group.
- What are their health risks?
- Name a few barriers to care:
- Health related, cultural aspects:
A
- yes. yes. T
- Higher diabetes, cardio vascular disease, stomach cancer and HIV
- lack of interpreters, preventative care, rely on folk healers.
- Family supersedes individual care, religion important, hot/cold concept of disease, belief that supernatural forces cause illness
10
Q
- What are the health risks to blacks?
- what are their barriers to care?
- Health related cultural aspects:
A
- Cancer, HIV, Hypertension, Obesity, Homicide
- Poverty
Lack of health insurance
Inadequate or unsafe environments - Centered on family and religion
Family needs to be involved in care
Churches important in promoting health
Use traditional healing approaches
11
Q
- T or F Native Americans and Alaskans suffer from lower education and income levels compared to other groups?
- What are their health concerns?
A
- T
- Smoking, substance abuse
Deaths: unintentional injuries, liver disease, cancer homicide, suicide, pneumonia, diabetes, CVA
12
Q
- What are the Health concerns and care issues for homeless people?
- Barriers to care:
A
1. Basic survival issues Pneumonia, TB, HIV, Dental and vision problems Mental health Substance abuse
- Lack of access; lack of ID
Affordability issues, lack of health insurance
Lack of transportation
Lack of knowledge of where to obtain care
13
Q
- Describe federal responses to deal with health disparities:
- Describe nursing responses to deal with health disparities:
A
- NIH,
National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities in 2010,
Healthy People 2020 primary goals to reduce/eliminate health disparities
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 2010 increases funding for indigent care,
Office of Minority Health reauthorized
- American Nurses Association (ANA)
Commitment to provide service to all,
Nurses are responsible to provide for culturally competent care
ANA sponsored Ethnic-Minority Fellowship Program to support minority health
Culturally relevant publications and journals offered as resources to health care professionals
14
Q
- What are values?
- How does therapeutic relationship differ from other relationships?
- What are the stages in therapeutic relationship?
- What are the steps in self-awareness?
A
- qualities, principles, attitudes, beliefs about worth. They guide actions
- puts needs of client first, Goal oriented, Rapport, Trust
- orientation, working, termination
- listening to oneself, listening and learning from others, self-disclosure, practical reflection
15
Q
- What is health literacy?
- What would be the key factors to consider?
- How to make sure you’re understood:
A
- Capacity to read, comprehend, and follow through on health information
- educational level, reading level, native language
- simple language, 1-2 syllables, avoid multiple phrases.
