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Neuroscience > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Mutation in the SLITRK1 gene has been linked to which disorder?

A

Tourette’s

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2
Q

Decreased volume of the _______ is a risk factor for PTSD

A

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

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3
Q

The brain structure that becomes more active when Bipolar individuals are in a manic state is the?

A

Subgenual prefrontal cortex

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4
Q

Your friend, George, has been having a lot of trouble lately and his mood and behavior can often be described as erratic. One an afternoon just after his 21st birthday you overhear him talking to someone in the other room. As you enter the room you find him alone. Curious you ask who he was taking to and he answers that he was telling the voices to stop. What symptom is George exhibiting?

A

Hallucinations

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5
Q

In depression MRI evidence indicates a decreased connection between _________ and an increased connection between ________.

A

PFC and ventral striatum; PFC and dorsal striatum

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6
Q

Which category of antidepressants operates by preventing the presynaptic neuron from reabsorbing serotonin and catecholamines after releasing them?

A

Tricyclic antidepressants

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7
Q

A treatment that produces improvement in treatment resistant depression in less than 2 hours administration is?

A

Ketamine

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8
Q

Which brain area has been referred to as the “bipolar” switch?

A

Subgenual prefrontal cortex

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9
Q

Individuals with the BDNF Val66Met allele are resistant to ______ and have hypoactive connections between the PFC and _______.

A

Fear conditioning

amygdala

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10
Q

The neurotransmitter systems stabilizing effects of Lithium make it the leading treatment for?

A

bipolar disorder

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11
Q

Low levels of the serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA have been linked to _____ and ______.

A

impulsivity

suicide

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12
Q

What is a negative symptom on schizophrenia?

A

lack of affect

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13
Q

The heritability for schizophrenia has been estimated at?

A

.60-.90

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14
Q

Which of the following is NOT an argument for the developmental origins of schizophrenia?

Phencyclidine induces hallucinations, thus mimicking schizophrenia.

Schizophrenics have reelin deficits in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.

There is evidence of excessive circuit pruning in adolescents diagnosed with schizophrenia.

Schizophrenics show disorganized and misplaced neurons in temporal and frontal lobes.

A

Phencyclidine induces hallucinations, thus mimicking schizophrenia

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15
Q

Prolonged use of antidopamine drugs for schizophrenia can result in?

A

tardive dyskinesia

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16
Q

Which of the following are symptoms of classical depression?

Slowness of thought

Sleep disturbance

Increased sexual drive

Loss of appetite

A

slowness of thought
sleep disturbance
loss of appetite

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17
Q

the ___ tends to be phase advanced in people with affective disorders?

A

circadian rhythm

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18
Q

Personality disorders in general are characterized by which of the following?

has onset around puberty to young adulthood

inflexible pattern of behavior that is different from peers

patients have manic-like symptoms

abnormal behavior that leads to problems with the law

A

has onset around puberty to young adulthood

inflexible pattern of behavior that is different from peers

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19
Q

What percentage of OCD patients have a family member with OCD?

A

25%

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20
Q

Which of the following are symptoms of borderline personality disorder?

unstable personal relationships

impulsivity

poor self-image

risky behaviors

A

unstable personal relationships
impulsivity
poor self-image
risky behaviors

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21
Q

How many people in the US are estimated to be suffering from a diagnosable mental disorder?

A

1 out of every 4 people

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22
Q

Schizophrenia is typically characterized by (3)

A

loss of contact with reality
inability to function in life
deficits in perception, emotion, and intellect

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23
Q

If an individual has severe disturbances of reality, orientation, and thinking, he or she is suffering from?

A

psychosis

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24
Q

Schizophrenics with __ symptoms are more likely to recover?

A

acute

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25
Q

In the 1940s, emphasis shifted from biological to __ causes of schizophrenia?

A

social

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26
Q

When spectrum disorders are not considered, the concordance rate for schizophrenia among identical twins is?

A

48%

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27
Q

Jerry and Jason are identical twins. Jerry has schizophrenia but Jason does not. Whose children are more likely to be affected by schizophrenia?

A

Their children are equally likely

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28
Q

Schizophrenia is a very old disorder, with symptoms having been documented 4,000 years ago and some genes developing over 100,000 years ago. What is one hypothesis for why the genes have persisted despite their negative effect?

A

They may help individuals cope with a rapidly developing social culture.

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29
Q

A large database analysis found genes implicated in schizophrenia are also genes involved in hormonal activity, __ __, neural development, and __?

A

immune response

plasticity

30
Q

Schizophrenia research indicates that?

A

environmental factors work in part by epigenetic means

31
Q

A person with genes linked to schizophrenia might be normal until an environmental challenge occurs, pushing the person over the threshold that triggers schizophrenia symptoms. This idea is called?

A

the vulnerability model

32
Q

Which of the following symptoms is most likely to respond to treatment with antipsychotic medication:

hallucinations

impaired attention

poverty of speech

lack of affect

A

hallucinations

33
Q

The first effective antipsychotic drug was?

A

Dopamine antagonists

34
Q

Which of the following statements does not support the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia?

  1. Amphetamines can produce psychosis that resembles schizophrenia.
  2. Schizophrenia can be treated by drugs that block NMDA receptors.
  3. Effective drugs block the D2 type of receptors.
  4. Schizophrenics have higher dopamine activity in the striatum.
A

Schizophrenia can be treated by drugs that block NMDA receptors. (NMDA receptors are receptors for glutamate).

35
Q

Tardive dyskinesia results from?

A

compensatory sensitivity of dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia

36
Q

Enlarged ventricles are associated with?

A

schizophrenia, alzheimer’s disease, and huntington’s disease

37
Q

Hypofrontality is a decrease in dorsolateral prefrontal activity caused by __ deficiency, which impairs performance in the __ task?

A

dopamine

wisconsin card sorting

38
Q

One of the key functions disrupted in schizophrenia is?

A

synchrony between the prefrontal lobes and the hippocampus

39
Q

Auditory gating, the filtering of environmental noise, is normalized in schizophrenics by?

A

smoking

40
Q

All of the following are linked to the brain and transmitter anomalies associate with schizophrenia except?

  1. Prenatal exposure to influenza.
  2. Maternal stress during pregnancy.
  3. Prenatal starvation of the mother.
  4. Prenatal exposure to alcohol.
A

prenatal exposure to alcohol

41
Q

In the development of schizophrenia cortical neurons fail to __ to the appropriate locations in the __ trimester of pregnancy?

A

migrate

second

42
Q

Edna had to put her cat Fluffy down due to a kidney failure, and as a result she felt very sad and depressed. Although her depression felt severe, after a few days she remembered happier times with Fluffy, and the dark could eventually went away. What form of depression did Edna suffer from during that time?

A

sub clinical depression

43
Q

Women are more likely than men to suffer from?

A

unipolar depression

44
Q

The concordance rate for depression among identical twins raised apart is?

A

about the same as those raised together

45
Q

If you have tested positive for the 5HTTLPR portion of the SLC6A4 serotonin transporter gene, what substance created by the VAL66MET allele can protect you against its negative effects?

A

brain derived neurotrophic factor

46
Q

Which antidepressants appear to support the monoamine hypothesis for depression in their impacts on depressive symptoms?

A

MAOIs
tricyclics
NDRIs

47
Q

Prozac, because of its effects on a single neurotransmitter, is an?

A

SSRI

48
Q

Reduced norepinephrine is associated with?

A

lack of motivation

49
Q

A treatment that produces improvement in treatment resistant to depression in less than two hours of administration is?

A

ketamine

50
Q

Which of the following is not true of ECT?

  1. It typically involves profound memory loss.
  2. It must result in a brain seizure in order to be effective.
  3. It must be repeated multiple times.
  4. Its therapeutic effects are equal or better than those of antidepressant drugs.
A
  1. It typically involves profound memory loss.
51
Q

ECT causes increased sensitivity to __, decreased sensitivity in __ autoreceptors, and widespread __ of neural firing?

A

serotonin
norephinephrine
synchrony

52
Q

All of the following are potential treatments for unipolar depression except?

  1. Cognitive behavior therapy
  2. Lithium
  3. Smoking cigarettes
  4. SNRIs
A

lithium

53
Q

What mechanisms may be responsible for the effectiveness of antidepressant treatments? (3)

A

neurogenesis
migration of new cells in the hippocampus
greater plasticity in new cells

54
Q

Unipolar depression is associated with?

A

Early onset REM sleep

55
Q

SAD can be associated with __ periods during the “good” season?

A

hypomanic

56
Q

Regarding the role of light in SAD?

A

the amount of light is more important than the length of exposure to light

57
Q

People with SAD sometimes self-medicate by?

A

eating a lot of carbohydrates

58
Q

All of the following are true of bipolar disorder except?

  1. Lithium is the medication of choice.
  2. The manic phase usually lasts longer than the depressive phase.
  3. Stress is a common trigger for cycling between depression and mania.
  4. Effective drug treatments share the effect of inhibiting the PKC family of enzymes.
A
  1. The manic phase usually lasts longer than the depressive phase.
59
Q

What brain areas shows heightened activity during depressive episodes? (2)

A

ventral prefrontal cortex

amygdala

60
Q

What brain area has been referred to as the bipolar “switch”?

A

subgenual prefrontal cortex

61
Q

Which of the following groups is most at risk for suicide?

  1. People with unipolar depression.
  2. People with bipolar disorder.
  3. People with substance abuse.
  4. People with schizophrenia.
A

people with bipolar disorder

62
Q

Trevor becomes anxious whenever he is near water, so he avoids going to lakes, rivers, and other large bodies of water. What type of anxiety disorder does he most likely have?

A

specific phobia

63
Q

Benzodiazepines relieve anxiety by enhancing __ activity?

A

GABA

64
Q

Which of the following is not true of about PTSD?

  1. It is characterized by flashbacks and nightmares.
  2. Men are more vulnerable than women.
  3. It involves the VAL66MET allele.
  4. It has been linked to changes in the hippocampus that might be caused by childhood abuse.
A
  1. Men are more vulnerable than women.
65
Q

Which of the following treatments is not particularly effective with PTSD?

  1. SSRIs
  2. Exposure therapy
  3. Therapy involving psychedelics
  4. Fear erasure
A

SSRIs

66
Q

Ryan was diagnosed with OCD when he was 21. He feels like every surface is contaminated, se when he touches something, he must immediately wash his hands with hot water and soap from a fresh pack to get the “germs” off. In this example, hand washing is the?

A

compulsion

67
Q

Which of the following brain changes are associated with OCD?

  1. Increased activity in the OFC.
  2. Decrease in white matter in the circuit connecting the cingulate gyrus with other brain areas.
  3. Increased activity in the caudate nucleus.
  4. All of the above.
A

All of the above

68
Q

What drugs are most likely to be used in treating OCD and related disorders such and hair pulling and nail biting?

A

Serotonin reuptake inhibitors

69
Q

Tourette syndrome probably results from increased __ activity in the __?

A

dopamine

basal ganglia

70
Q

Which neurotransmitter systems appears to be dysfunctional in borderline personality disorder? (2)

A

dopamine

serotonin

71
Q

__ factors determine which predisposed people develop borderline personality disorder?

A

epigenetic

Neuroscience (6 decks)

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