Exam 2 Flashcards
angular gyrus
lateral geniculate nucleus
Which of the following is not true about people with synesthesia? 1. The condition may affect up to 5% of the population. 2. V4 has been implicated. 3. Synethetes underbind sensory information, due to decreased connectivity. 4. There are multiple types of synesthesia, resulting in different perceptual experiences.
Synethetes underbind sensory information, due to decreased connectivity.
Endorphins are least likely to be released in response to which of the following? 1. Physical stress 2. Vaginal stimulation 3. Placebo 4. Escapable shock
Escapable shock
True or false: Left and right handed people are both more likely to show left hemisphere dominance for language?
True
The optic nerve is composed of axons from which of the following cells
Ganglion
If you see a particular pattern of dots on a wall but do not realize that the pattern is that of a dog, you have experienced a
Sensation
The _______________ theory says that encoding sound frequency depends on the location of maximal vibration on the basilar membrane.
place
The _________________ equalizes the air pressure of the middle ear with the outside world.
Eustachian tube
Sequences of movements, such as those involved in typing on a computer keyboard, are coordinated by cells in the
Supplementary motor cortex
Specialized face recognition cells have been located in the
Fusiform face area
You are treating a patient who explains that they often think that mailboxes are children and greet lampposts as people only to be surprised that they are not. This person likely has damage to which area of the brain?
Inferior temporal cortex
What is strabismus?
A failure of the two eyes to focus the same thing at the same time on the fovea
The tympanic membrane vibrates at:
The same frequency as the sound waves that hit it
Without the ___________ it would be difficult to maintain balance and have fluid eye tracking.
Cerebellum
Photoreceptors are found in
The back of the eye
Which of the following senses is not detected by free nerve endings: warmth, cold, touch, pain.
Touch
A patient comes in because they present the following symptoms: motor tremors, rigidity and loss of balance. An fMRI reveals significant loss of cells in the substantia nigra. This patient likely has ____________ and can be treated with ____________.
Parkinson’s, Ldopa.
Visual information from the _____ side of each retina crosses to the other hemisphere at the __.
Nasal, optic chiasm
Humans localize low frequency sounds by _______ differences and high frequency sounds by _______differences.
Phase; loudness
Endorphins are released from _________ causing a reduction in the release of _______.
Periaquaductal gray; substance p
Prosopagnosia is associated to a lesion of the
Fusiform face area
The range of visible light for humans is -
380-800 nm.
Someone with Broca’s aphasia has the greatest difficulty
Speaking
Which of the following is not a part of form vision? 1. Formation of tonoptic maps. 2. Edge detection. 3. Contrast enhancement. 4. Detection of orientation.
Formation of tonoptic maps
There is evidence that the right hemisphere may assume the left hemisphere language functions
In children under 5 who suffer a brain injury
The range of human hearing is about
20-20,000Hz
visual cortex
Object agnosia is often a result of damage to the _____ cortex.
Inferior temporal
Which of the following statements are true of Huntington’s disease: 1. It is a degenerative disease, becoming progressively worse over time. 2. Cognitive and emotional deficits always occur. 3. Researchers know which gene is involved and how it works. 4. All of the above
All of the above
Someone with damage to the premotor cortex would most likely have difficulty
Naming tools, using verbs, imagining hand movements
A lesion of the angular gyrus would most probably result in
Alexia
Muscle stretch receptors are called __________________?
muscle spindles
Someone suffering from Wernicke’s aphasia has difficulty:
Understanding speech
Movement perception is a function of area
V5
The angular gyrus connects the visual projection area with the
Auditory and visual association areas in the temporal and parietal lobes
What type of cell has bar shaped receptive fields?
Simple cells
A sound with a frequency of 50Hz is located by which of the following cues?
Phase difference and timing difference
The wavelength of light associated with the color red is _____________ ?
650 nm
Which of the following statements about treatment of Parkinson’s disease is FALSE?
Deep brain stimulation can help restore function.
Dopamine is unable to pass the blood brain barrier.
Long term use of L-Dopa leads to Bradykinesia.
L-Dopa is a precursor to the final product dopamine.
Long term use of L-Dopa leads to Bradykinesia.
Myasthenia gravis is most effectively treated by
Thymectomy
Hubel and Wiesel’s theory accounts for the ability to detect
Edges and movement
After staring at your instructor’s red shirt for the entire class period, the negative afterimage will most likely be
Green
Parkinson’s disease results from a loss of ____ neurons originating in the _____.
Dopaminergic, substantia nigra
The vestibular system projects to the _____ cortex, which is responsible for the disgust and nausea you feel when you are dizzy.
Parieto-insular-vestibular
Movements of the stomach and intestines are produced by
Smooth muscle
In the vestibular system, hair cells are found in the
Utricule, saccule, semicircular canals.
If you stare at a yellow image for a long time and then look at a piece of white paper, you will see the image in
Blue
The fovea is the region of the retina where
There are more cones than rods
Free nerve endings detect ______________? (Choose all that apply)
pain
itch
cold
warmth
touch
pain
cold
warmth
Broca’s area lies anterior and adjacent to the
Motor cortex
The ___________________ is present in young infants.
stepping reflex
The magnocellular system dominates the _____ stream, which flows into the ____ lobes.
Dorsal, parietal
Why are men more likely to experience color vision deficiency than women?
It is an X-linked genetic disorder
Which of the following statements regarding antagonistic muscle pairs is false? 1. Each muscle has opposing effects on a limb. 2. Both muscles may be contracted simultaneously. 3. Maintaining the balance between opposed pairs of muscles requires conscious, voluntary action. 4. Coordination of antagonistic muscles is controlled by the spinal cord.
Maintaining the balance between opposed pairs of muscles requires conscious, voluntary action.
Capsaicin (3):
Acts on TRPV1 receptors. Is found in the chili pepper. Can alleviate joint pain.
Information about touch from the right side of the body projects
Mostly to the left hemisphere
The sense that allows you to tell where your arm is in relation to your body.
Proprioception
People with prosopagnosia
Fail to recognize familiar faces.
The ventral and dorsal streams converge on the ______ cortex.
Prefrontal
In producing movement, the last cortical area to be activated is the
Primary motor cortex.
Mirror neurons ______ ; this might explain why we find them in _____.
Are active during observation and imitation, Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas.
The best description of visual processing is that it is
Both modular and distributed
Which of the following canals is not found in the cochlea: vestibular, tympanic, cochlear, semicircular.
Semicircular
Currently which of the following treatments form Parkinsons disease has been shown to have the fewest side effects: brain stimulation, brain lesions, Ldops, fetal tissue implant.
Brain stimulation
optic chiasm
Differences in timing are processed using _____, which fire only when sounds from both ears reach it at the same time.
Coincidence detectors
__________________ respond to a line or edge that is at a specific orientation and place on the retina.
simple cells
The cerebellum does which of the following? (Choose all that apply)
gives position of limbs
refines movements
maintains balance
modulates spinal reflexes
refines movements
maintains balance
Frank had a mini stroke while driving home, but he did not realize it until later that afternoon when he found he couldn’t read the newspaper. Since he could still hear and speak normally, what part of his brain was affected by the stroke?
Angular gyrus
Which theory proposes that pressure signals arriving in the brain trigger an inhibitory message to be sent back to close a pain pathway?
Gate control theory.
Which of the following muscles probably has the most individual muscle cells controlled by a single motor neuron? 1. Triceps 2. Eye 3. Index finger 4. Tongue
Triceps
Which of the following is a hypokinetic movement disorder?
Parkinson’s
Mice that lack receptors for substance P appear to experience
Only mild pain
The most likely development anomaly in the language centers of the brain that give rise to dyslexia is a lateralized difference in the size of the
Planum temporale
The primary motor cortex is involved in ____________________?
movement execution
According to the Wernicke Geschwind model, when we give a spoken response to an oral question, what is the sequence of brain activation?
Auditory cortex to Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area.
Why are men more likely to experience color vision deficiency than women?
It is an X-linked genetic disorder
In the clinic where you work one of your co-workers is treating an army veteran who had his hand amputated for PTSD and depression. Your co-worker is out of town so you take the weekly counseling appointment with this patient. During the session he tells you that over the last two weeks he has had several occasions while eating dinner where he experiences excruciating pain in his missing hand. This individual may be experiencing?
Phantom pain.
With respect to the cones, yellow light produces
More response in the yellow/blue ganglion cells.
I you go up to 30,000 feet in an airplane and your ears start hurting, what problem do you need to alleviate?
You need to open your Eustachian tubes.
Pain causes the release of endorphins in the ____, which in turn causes inhibition of the release of substance P in the _____.
PAG, spinal cord
Wernicke’s area
People with red green color blindness
May have red photopigment in their green cones.
Which medication acts by reducing inflammation in tissues?
Ibuprofen
Electromagnetic energy includes
Visible light, gamma rays, infrared rays.
Which of the following is TRUE about the optic chiasm?
Axons from the nasal sides of the eye cross to the other side of the brain.
Bekesy discovered that the basilar membrane is stiffer at one end than at the other and not a series of piano strings as earlier envisioned by Helmholtz. This discovery led directly to the ____ theory of pitch perception.
Place
Which of the following is a characteristic of cells in the parvocellular system? 1. They have small receptive fields. 2. They are brightness opponent. 3. They are responsive to movement. 4. Their input comes mainly from rods.
They have small receptive fields
The receptors in the body that convey information about muscle tension and limb position are part of which sensory system?
Proprioception
All of the following types of cells are found in the retina except: bipolar, horizontal, amacrine, complex.
Complex
Myosin filaments and actin filaments make up?
Muscle fiber.
Which of the following statements is not true? 1. Iodopsin is the cone photopigment. 2. Rods function better in dim lights. 3. Cones are responsive to light but cannot distinguish between wavelengths of different colors. 4. Rhodopsin is the rod photopigment.
Cones are responsive to light but cannot distinguish between wavelengths of different colors.
lateral fissure
motor cortex
According to the text, visual awareness is probably due to
Many process distributed across the brain.
According to the frequency theory:
The basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with a sound, producing action potentials at same frequency
The ______ is actually muscle tissue that responds to different levels of light.
Iris
In the motor pathway the basal ganglia send output via the __________ to several other motor areas to integrate and smooth movements.
Thalamus
Axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus extend to which area of the cerebral cortex?
Occipital lobe
____________ is an association area that brings together the body senses, vision and audition.
Posterior parietal cortex.
A delta fibers are _____ and are responsible for our experience of ____ pain.
Myelinated, sharp
The conversion of light energy into an electrical signal begins in the
Receptors
Which brain areas contribute to the smoothness of movement?
Cerebellum and basal ganglia
Which of the following types of cells has the largest receptive field: retinal ganglion cells, lateral geniculate cells, simple cells, complex cells.
Complex cells
A 15,000 Hz tone will produce the greatest vibrations at which point along the basilar membrane
Near the base
A phonological symptom of dyslexia is
Difficulty distinguishing speech sounds from each other
Humans are most sensitive to sounds in the range of
1000 to 4000Hz
A person with damage to V1 only would be able to perceive
Motion but not shape or color
The blind spot contains
Neither rods nor cones
The ganglion cells with the smallest receptive fields receive input from
Cones in the fovea
Which of the following is not a similarity between the visual cortex and somatosensory cortex? 1. Mapping of adjacent sensory input on adjacent cortical areas. 2. Cells with excitatory centers and inhibitory surrounds. 3. Found in the occipital lobe. 4. Cells with sensitivity to orientation.
Found in the occipital lobe
Color televisions produce color in accordance with the principles of which theory?
The trichromatic theory of color vision
In most people, Wernicke’s area is found on the _____ lobe.
Left temporal
Exaggeration of brightness contrast at edges helps us to see the boundaries of objects through?
Lateral inhibition.
Which of the following statements regarding people who lack cones is not true? 1. They have poor visual acuity. 2. They can distinguish only very bright colors. 3. They are very sensitive to light. 4. They are more rare than people with red green color blindness.
They can distinguish only very bright colors.
With respect to the evolution and genetic basis of color vision, the development of trichromacy could be for
The use of vision to separate fruit from leaves
Light in the _____ of an off center receptive field will result in ______.
center, inhibition
Tonotopically organized means:
neurons from adjacent receptor locations project to adjacent cells in the cortex
Which of the following are binaural cues? interaural timing difference interaural spatial difference interaural pitch difference interaural intensity difference
interaural timing difference interaural intensity difference
In humans, binaural cues for localizing sound are processed by cells in the
Lateral and medial superior olivary nucleus
Mirror neurons
Are most active during imitation of another’s movement
Babies exposed only to American sign language
Babble in gestures at about the same age as babies exposed to spoken language babble sounds.
What physiological limitation prevents a single auditory neuron from reliably tracking a high frequency tone?
Refractory period
At low frequencies, sound intensity is coded by
The number of neurons responding
Blindsight refers to the
Ability to localize objects within an apparent blind visual field
The trichromatic theory says that ______________ ?
just three color processes account for all the colors we are able to distinguish
The _____ is a flexible tissue that allows us to focus on objects at different distances.
Lens
This image is of a control brain and a brain with substantial loss of neurons in the basal ganglia. The affected brain is the result of what disorder?
Huntington’s
Which sound frequency does not seem to produce maximal vibration at a specific point along the basilar membrane? 1. 20,000 Hz 2. 10,400 Hz 3. 8200 Hz 4. 20 Hz
20 Hz
A pure tone is most likely to be produced by a(n)
A pure tone is most likely to be produced by a(n)
People with massive damage to the primary auditory cortex:
Cannot recognize combinations or sequences of sound
Hair cells rest within the _____, and their hairs are embedded in the ______.
Basilar membrane, tectorial membrane
Alcohol use decreases activity in the ___________ making it difficult to maintain balance and fluid eye tracking.
Cerebellum
When you turn off the lights in a room the time it takes your eyes to adjust is due to?
The time it takes rhodopsin to resynthesize in the rods.
Local anesthetics block ____________ to reduce pain.
Sodium channels
Dyslexia has a higher incidence rate in languages
With different pronunciations of the same spelling
In the auditory system, hair cells are specialized receptors that respond to:
Mechanical displacement
When hair cells bend, ______ channels open, causing depolarization
Potassium and calcium
To what lobe of the cerebral cortex is auditory information sent?
Temporal
The primary auditory cortex is located in the ____ lobe.
Temporal
Which of the following areas of the body probably contains the fewest touch receptors: tongue, upper arm, thumb, foot.
Upper arm
The conversion of light energy into energy the brain can use begins in the
Receptors
The ______________ helps us maintain balance and it provides information about head position and movement.
vestibular sense
People with Wernicke’s aphasia
Have difficulty understanding others and produce utterances that have no meaning.
The “memory” of a stimulus used in the delayed match to sample task seems to be held in the
Prefrontal cortex
Central pattern generators
Work even when the spinal cord is severed.
An objects image falls on slightly different parts of the two retinas, depending on the distance of the object. This is called?
Retinal disparity
Hair cells complete which function in hearing?
Reception
The ability to perceive that an object is the same color despite different lighting conditions is known as
Color constancy
Multiple sclerosis involves
Loss of myelin in the central nervous system.
Based on information in the text, which language capability in nonhuman animals has the least support?
Producing grammatically correct sentences.
Patients suffering from one of the weirder disorders, called _____, are convinced that a particular limb doesn’t belong to them and sometimes ask to have it amputated.
Body integrity identity disorder.
The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the
Anterior parietal lobe.
Which of the following is not true about pain disorders? 1. Most amputees do not experience phantom limb. 2. Congenital pain insensitivity is a rare disorder, most likely genetic in origin. 3. Chronic pain can cause loss of gray matter in the brain. 4. Successful treatment of phantom limb pain reverses cortical reorganization.
Most amputees do not experience phantom limb.
We are most sensitive to sounds between ___________ Hz and _____________ Hz.
1000; 4000
According to spatial frequency theory _____ contrast in objects is detected by different cells than ________ contrast.
Low frequency, high frequency
The highest frequency sounds stimulate hair cells:
Near the base of the basilar membrane
Visual area V5 is primarily associated with?
Movement perception
Sounds may be conducted through (3):
Air, water, bone.
The ossicles, middle ear bones, amplify sound approximately
30 fold
Zeki concluded that light wavelength is coded in ______, and color is coded in _____.
V1, V4
Muscle tension is detected by
Golgi tendon organs.
Movement is detected by
Complex cells
optic nerve
The actual execution of a movement is triggered by activity in the
Primary motor cortex
Light with a wavelength on the lower end of the visible spectrum is normally perceived as
Violet
We experience the frequency of a sound as
Pitch
Which of the following is not a characteristic of Broca’s aphasia? 1. Impairment in writing. 2. Word salad. 3. Agrammatic speech. 4. Difficulty with articulation.
Word salad
As part of a classroom exercise, you spin around on an office chair for numerous rotations, and then stop. You feel like you are still spinning because you are still bending the hair cells inside your ____. You still know which way is up because it didn’t affect your ____.
Semicircular canals, utricle and saccule.
People with myasthenia gravis have fewer or less sensitive ______ receptors.
Acetylcholine
The _____ receives input from both sides of the body through the left and right primary somatosensory cortices, and is particularly responsive to stimuli that have acquired ____.
Secondary somatosensory cortex, meaning
One interesting genetic finding is that humans share the ______ gene with chimpanzees, though the genes differ by two amino acids. However, our version is identical to those found in ______.
FOXP2, Neanderthals.
Which structure helps to screen out background noises and focus on relevant sounds?
Superior olivary nucleus
The body segment served by a specific spinal nerve is called a ______.
Dermatome
The Mach band illusion is a result of
Lateral inhibition
Phenomes are ________________ ?
small units of speech that distinguish one word from another
Broca’s Area
What occurs to a tone as the frequency increases?
Pitch gets higher
The volley theory was proposed by
Wever
Which of the following refers to the inability to name objects
Anomia
Selection of arm movement needed for reaching a specific target seems to occur in the
Premotor cortex
Neglect probably occurs because
A lack of attention to the space on one side of the body
Which of the following species has not demonstrated a possible capacity for language? 1. Dog 2. African gray parrot 3. Bonobo 4. Dolphin
Dog
Pacinian corpuscles are found ______ the surface of the skin and detect ______.
Far from, touch and shape.
Vibrations are initiated in the cochlea by movement of the _____ against the oval window.
Stapes/stirrup
primary visual cortex
The cerebellum is involved in
The order and timing of complex movements, learning of motor skills, judging the speed of objects.
Neurons from the left ear project
Mostly to the right hemisphere.
The codes for treatment of human and animal research subjects are known as?
Ethics
___________ is a small diameter tube used for injecting chemicals or microdialysis into the same brain region on multiple occasions.
Cannula.
Temporal resolution refers to?
How many measurements can be taken in a given unit of time.
__________ purposefully introduces erroneous information into the body of scientific knowledge.
Fabrication
In the knockout technique a nonfunctioning mutation is introduced into an isolated gene. This allows us to learn what about the now disabled gene?
What effect it has on the animal.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) uses ___________ to detect brain activity.
Oxygen levels.
Using undifferentiated cells to treat damage in the CNS is called?
Stem cell therapy.
The process that uses antibodies attached to a dye to identify cellular components such as receptors or enzymes.
Immunocytochemistry.
The Golgi staining method images neurons by?
Randomly staining neurons.
Accidental or purposeful damage to neural tissue that causes behavioral deficits allowing researchers to explore localization of function is called?
Lesioning
A stereotaxic instrument is used to?
Precisely position electrodes or other devices.
A major ethical concern of gene therapy is?
That it may change the genome of nonconsenting future generations.
In situ hybridation uses radioactive _______________________ to dock to messenger RNA and helps locate gene activity.
complementary DNA
___________________ are found in eyes of migrating birds and cause a response to magnetic field stimulation.
cryptochromes
___________ sums the electrical activity of neurons between two electrodes.
EEG
2-deoxyglucose is used in which visualization technique?
Autoradiography
_____________ passes a beam of electrons through a thin slice of tissue and can image individual cells.
Electron microscope.
In an experiment the researcher manipulates the _________ and observes the __________.
Independent variable; dependent variable.
The ________________ of EEG is helpful as it can distinguish events that are only 1 millisecond apart in time. The _____________, or ability to detect where in the brain the signal is coming from, is poor with EEGs.
temporal resolution; spatial resolution
What type of staining is this?
Nissl
What type of staining is this?
myelin
What type of staining is this?
golgi
A theory is
An explanation for our observations
Which of the following statements in a behavioral neuroscientist least likely to make?
- These results suggest that people who drink heavily may suffer from memory loss.
- These results how that some people who drink heavily may suffer from memory loss.
- These results prove that heavy drinking results in memory loss.
- From these results, it appears that memory loss may be a result of heavy drinking.
- These results prove that heavy drinking results in memory loss.
Research involving a single person showing interesting behavior is called
A case study
A study that allows researchers to determine if a cause and effect relationship exists between to variable is called a(n)
Experimental study
Dr. Joy observes the behavior of mice in large colonies, taking particular note of social interactions but does not interfere with the mice in any way. What type of study is this?
Naturalistic observation
Dr. Hgen performs a study in which male participants are given different amounts of alcohol and then are tested in a sexual aggression study. In this study, alcohol is the
Independent variable.
Research volunteers are given either a placebo pill or a drug containing a small amount of benzodiazepine. Then volunteers are asked to play a game of chess on a computer: the researchers believe that the benzodiazepine will interfere with the participants ability to play well. What is the dependent variable in this study?
Performance in the chess game
Dr. Milgram informs a participant that he will be administering shocks to an unseen partner when that partner cannot remember a series of word painrs, to investigate the effect of shocks on learning. The researcher, however, is actually studying an individuals willingness to inflict harm on another and, therefore, has misinformed the participant as to the purpose ot he study Dr.Milgram is using
Deception
The dopamine theory of schizophrenia was developed after some researchers noticed drug users showing signs of schizophrenia. This theory
Does not account for all cases of schizophrenia but suggests that the disorder is a result of dopamine hyperactivity in the brain.
The staining procedure that allowed 19th century anatomists to study individual neurons was discovered by
Camillo Golgi
If researchers want to find a nucleus (collection of cell bodies) in the hypothalamus, they are most likely to use which imaging technique?
Nissl staining
________ is a substance that may be injected into one area of the brain and then transferred to other cells?
Fluorogold
Which procedure involves the use of radioactive sugar molecules, which are absorbed by active neurons and then detected on photographic film?
Autoradiography
Using autoradiography, brain researchers discovered opiate receptors by injecting which radioactive substance into the brains of rats?
Naloxone
Immunocytochemistry involves the use of _______, whereas in situ hybridization involves the use of _______.
Dye labeled antibodies, radioactive DNA
Cryptochromes are proteins that
May be responsible for night-migration in some types of birds.
Which type of microscope are researchers most likely to use if they need to visualize neural activity on the surface of a rat’s brain while it presses a bar?
Confocal laser scanning microscope.
Due to the relatively ______ spatial resolution of EEGs, researchers are likely to use this technique for recording activity from _______.
Poor, larger brain regions
Researchers who use event related potentials to study brain activity are most likely interested in
How the brain responds to a brief stimulus
A stereotaxic instrument may be used to
Locate a specific area of the brain to: inject chemicals, implant a recording electrode, or implant a stimulating electrode.
Dr. Medina plans to activate a subset of visual cells in the brains of rats and simultaneously record the resulting electrical activity in the visual system cells. Which stimulation technique best fits her plans?
Optogenetics
Microdialysis is a procedure for
Removing brain fluid for analysis.
Jerry is undergoing a procedure in which several electrodes are attached to his scalp, and the activity of neurons under the electrodes is recorded. What is the procedure called?
EEG
Aspiration is best thought of as a form of
Lesioning
Researchers who want to improve attention of human participants experimentally could use this noninvasive technique for increasing neuron excitability.
Transcranial direct current stimulation
What brain imaging technique involves x-rays?
CT (computerized tomography)
If a brain researcher is interested in studying which brain areas are most active during a spatial skills task, the procedure of choice would be
PET
The effects of heredity and environment on behavior are most confounded in
Family studies
A correlation of .75 indicates
A strong relationship between two variables.
Karen found evidence in family studies tha the correlation in personality between parnets and children was .31 but she read that adoption studies showed a correlation in personality between biological parents and children that was .15. What should Karen conclude about the role of heredity in personality?
Environment is a strong influence on personality.
Compared to identical twins, fraternal twins show ______ concordance for schizophrenia.
A lower
The _____ technique of genetic engineering involves preventing or reducing the expression of a particular gene by occupying the cell’s ribonucleic acid with a synthetic strand of DNA.
Antisense RNA
People with SCID
May be aided by genetic engineering
Jennifer is studying he effects of electricalstimulation on the cingulate gyrus in rats’ brains. Her initial results are not what she expected. She changes some of her data so that they fit her hypothesis. Jennifer has engaged in
Fabrication
Researchers who use humans as participants
May not withhold information about risks or discomfort that might occur.
What percentage of laboratory animals are primates?
Fewer than 5%
Have humans been treated for diseases using gene therapy research?
Yes
