Exam 2 Flashcards
angular gyrus
lateral geniculate nucleus
Which of the following is not true about people with synesthesia? 1. The condition may affect up to 5% of the population. 2. V4 has been implicated. 3. Synethetes underbind sensory information, due to decreased connectivity. 4. There are multiple types of synesthesia, resulting in different perceptual experiences.
Synethetes underbind sensory information, due to decreased connectivity.
Endorphins are least likely to be released in response to which of the following? 1. Physical stress 2. Vaginal stimulation 3. Placebo 4. Escapable shock
Escapable shock
True or false: Left and right handed people are both more likely to show left hemisphere dominance for language?
True
The optic nerve is composed of axons from which of the following cells
Ganglion
If you see a particular pattern of dots on a wall but do not realize that the pattern is that of a dog, you have experienced a
Sensation
The _______________ theory says that encoding sound frequency depends on the location of maximal vibration on the basilar membrane.
place
The _________________ equalizes the air pressure of the middle ear with the outside world.
Eustachian tube
Sequences of movements, such as those involved in typing on a computer keyboard, are coordinated by cells in the
Supplementary motor cortex
Specialized face recognition cells have been located in the
Fusiform face area
You are treating a patient who explains that they often think that mailboxes are children and greet lampposts as people only to be surprised that they are not. This person likely has damage to which area of the brain?
Inferior temporal cortex
What is strabismus?
A failure of the two eyes to focus the same thing at the same time on the fovea
The tympanic membrane vibrates at:
The same frequency as the sound waves that hit it
Without the ___________ it would be difficult to maintain balance and have fluid eye tracking.
Cerebellum
Photoreceptors are found in
The back of the eye
Which of the following senses is not detected by free nerve endings: warmth, cold, touch, pain.
Touch
A patient comes in because they present the following symptoms: motor tremors, rigidity and loss of balance. An fMRI reveals significant loss of cells in the substantia nigra. This patient likely has ____________ and can be treated with ____________.
Parkinson’s, Ldopa.
Visual information from the _____ side of each retina crosses to the other hemisphere at the __.
Nasal, optic chiasm
Humans localize low frequency sounds by _______ differences and high frequency sounds by _______differences.
Phase; loudness
Endorphins are released from _________ causing a reduction in the release of _______.
Periaquaductal gray; substance p
Prosopagnosia is associated to a lesion of the
Fusiform face area
The range of visible light for humans is -
380-800 nm.
Someone with Broca’s aphasia has the greatest difficulty
Speaking
Which of the following is not a part of form vision? 1. Formation of tonoptic maps. 2. Edge detection. 3. Contrast enhancement. 4. Detection of orientation.
Formation of tonoptic maps
There is evidence that the right hemisphere may assume the left hemisphere language functions
In children under 5 who suffer a brain injury
The range of human hearing is about
20-20,000Hz
visual cortex
Object agnosia is often a result of damage to the _____ cortex.
Inferior temporal
Which of the following statements are true of Huntington’s disease: 1. It is a degenerative disease, becoming progressively worse over time. 2. Cognitive and emotional deficits always occur. 3. Researchers know which gene is involved and how it works. 4. All of the above
All of the above
Someone with damage to the premotor cortex would most likely have difficulty
Naming tools, using verbs, imagining hand movements
A lesion of the angular gyrus would most probably result in
Alexia
Muscle stretch receptors are called __________________?
muscle spindles
Someone suffering from Wernicke’s aphasia has difficulty:
Understanding speech
Movement perception is a function of area
V5
The angular gyrus connects the visual projection area with the
Auditory and visual association areas in the temporal and parietal lobes
What type of cell has bar shaped receptive fields?
Simple cells
A sound with a frequency of 50Hz is located by which of the following cues?
Phase difference and timing difference
The wavelength of light associated with the color red is _____________ ?
650 nm
Which of the following statements about treatment of Parkinson’s disease is FALSE?
Deep brain stimulation can help restore function.
Dopamine is unable to pass the blood brain barrier.
Long term use of L-Dopa leads to Bradykinesia.
L-Dopa is a precursor to the final product dopamine.
Long term use of L-Dopa leads to Bradykinesia.
Myasthenia gravis is most effectively treated by
Thymectomy
Hubel and Wiesel’s theory accounts for the ability to detect
Edges and movement
After staring at your instructor’s red shirt for the entire class period, the negative afterimage will most likely be
Green
Parkinson’s disease results from a loss of ____ neurons originating in the _____.
Dopaminergic, substantia nigra
The vestibular system projects to the _____ cortex, which is responsible for the disgust and nausea you feel when you are dizzy.
Parieto-insular-vestibular
Movements of the stomach and intestines are produced by
Smooth muscle
In the vestibular system, hair cells are found in the
Utricule, saccule, semicircular canals.
If you stare at a yellow image for a long time and then look at a piece of white paper, you will see the image in
Blue
The fovea is the region of the retina where
There are more cones than rods
Free nerve endings detect ______________? (Choose all that apply)
pain
itch
cold
warmth
touch
pain
cold
warmth
Broca’s area lies anterior and adjacent to the
Motor cortex
The ___________________ is present in young infants.
stepping reflex
The magnocellular system dominates the _____ stream, which flows into the ____ lobes.
Dorsal, parietal
Why are men more likely to experience color vision deficiency than women?
It is an X-linked genetic disorder
Which of the following statements regarding antagonistic muscle pairs is false? 1. Each muscle has opposing effects on a limb. 2. Both muscles may be contracted simultaneously. 3. Maintaining the balance between opposed pairs of muscles requires conscious, voluntary action. 4. Coordination of antagonistic muscles is controlled by the spinal cord.
Maintaining the balance between opposed pairs of muscles requires conscious, voluntary action.
Capsaicin (3):
Acts on TRPV1 receptors. Is found in the chili pepper. Can alleviate joint pain.
Information about touch from the right side of the body projects
Mostly to the left hemisphere
The sense that allows you to tell where your arm is in relation to your body.
Proprioception
People with prosopagnosia
Fail to recognize familiar faces.
The ventral and dorsal streams converge on the ______ cortex.
Prefrontal
In producing movement, the last cortical area to be activated is the
Primary motor cortex.
Mirror neurons ______ ; this might explain why we find them in _____.
Are active during observation and imitation, Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas.
The best description of visual processing is that it is
Both modular and distributed
Which of the following canals is not found in the cochlea: vestibular, tympanic, cochlear, semicircular.
Semicircular
Currently which of the following treatments form Parkinsons disease has been shown to have the fewest side effects: brain stimulation, brain lesions, Ldops, fetal tissue implant.
Brain stimulation
optic chiasm
Differences in timing are processed using _____, which fire only when sounds from both ears reach it at the same time.
Coincidence detectors
__________________ respond to a line or edge that is at a specific orientation and place on the retina.
simple cells
The cerebellum does which of the following? (Choose all that apply)
gives position of limbs
refines movements
maintains balance
modulates spinal reflexes
refines movements
maintains balance
Frank had a mini stroke while driving home, but he did not realize it until later that afternoon when he found he couldn’t read the newspaper. Since he could still hear and speak normally, what part of his brain was affected by the stroke?
Angular gyrus
Which theory proposes that pressure signals arriving in the brain trigger an inhibitory message to be sent back to close a pain pathway?
Gate control theory.
Which of the following muscles probably has the most individual muscle cells controlled by a single motor neuron? 1. Triceps 2. Eye 3. Index finger 4. Tongue
Triceps
Which of the following is a hypokinetic movement disorder?
Parkinson’s
Mice that lack receptors for substance P appear to experience
Only mild pain
The most likely development anomaly in the language centers of the brain that give rise to dyslexia is a lateralized difference in the size of the
Planum temporale
The primary motor cortex is involved in ____________________?
movement execution
According to the Wernicke Geschwind model, when we give a spoken response to an oral question, what is the sequence of brain activation?
Auditory cortex to Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area.
Why are men more likely to experience color vision deficiency than women?
It is an X-linked genetic disorder
In the clinic where you work one of your co-workers is treating an army veteran who had his hand amputated for PTSD and depression. Your co-worker is out of town so you take the weekly counseling appointment with this patient. During the session he tells you that over the last two weeks he has had several occasions while eating dinner where he experiences excruciating pain in his missing hand. This individual may be experiencing?
Phantom pain.
With respect to the cones, yellow light produces
More response in the yellow/blue ganglion cells.
I you go up to 30,000 feet in an airplane and your ears start hurting, what problem do you need to alleviate?
You need to open your Eustachian tubes.
Pain causes the release of endorphins in the ____, which in turn causes inhibition of the release of substance P in the _____.
PAG, spinal cord
Wernicke’s area
People with red green color blindness
May have red photopigment in their green cones.
Which medication acts by reducing inflammation in tissues?
Ibuprofen
Electromagnetic energy includes
Visible light, gamma rays, infrared rays.
Which of the following is TRUE about the optic chiasm?
Axons from the nasal sides of the eye cross to the other side of the brain.
Bekesy discovered that the basilar membrane is stiffer at one end than at the other and not a series of piano strings as earlier envisioned by Helmholtz. This discovery led directly to the ____ theory of pitch perception.
Place
Which of the following is a characteristic of cells in the parvocellular system? 1. They have small receptive fields. 2. They are brightness opponent. 3. They are responsive to movement. 4. Their input comes mainly from rods.
They have small receptive fields
The receptors in the body that convey information about muscle tension and limb position are part of which sensory system?
Proprioception
All of the following types of cells are found in the retina except: bipolar, horizontal, amacrine, complex.
Complex
Myosin filaments and actin filaments make up?
Muscle fiber.
Which of the following statements is not true? 1. Iodopsin is the cone photopigment. 2. Rods function better in dim lights. 3. Cones are responsive to light but cannot distinguish between wavelengths of different colors. 4. Rhodopsin is the rod photopigment.
Cones are responsive to light but cannot distinguish between wavelengths of different colors.
lateral fissure
motor cortex
According to the text, visual awareness is probably due to
Many process distributed across the brain.
According to the frequency theory:
The basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with a sound, producing action potentials at same frequency
The ______ is actually muscle tissue that responds to different levels of light.
Iris
In the motor pathway the basal ganglia send output via the __________ to several other motor areas to integrate and smooth movements.
Thalamus
This image is of a control brain and a brain with substantial loss of neurons in the basal ganglia. The affected brain is the result of what disorder?
Huntington’s
optic nerve
Broca’s Area
primary visual cortex
What type of staining is this?
Nissl
What type of staining is this?
myelin
What type of staining is this?
golgi
