Exam 3 Flashcards
True or false: motivation is sometimes confused with instinct.
True
The fact that some people need higher levels of excitement than others is best explained by _____ theory.
Arousal
________ animals do not produce their own body heat and include animals like _____.
Ectothermic, snakes
Endothermic animals can reduce body temperature by
Burrowing into the ground, sweating, finding shade etc
Warmth sensitive and cold sensitive cells that help mammals regulate body temperature are found in the ______ of the hypothalamus.
Preoptic area
Jason has just eaten an entire bag of potato chips and suddenly feels thirsty. What type of thirst is he experiencing?
Osmotic
Which of the following does not result in a loss of extracellular water?
- Exercise
- Blood loss
- Ingesting a lot of salt
- Vomiting
Ingesting a lot of salt.
True or false: the set point for temperature is less variable than the set point for hunger.
True
A species of animal that eats only berries and leaves in a(n)
Herbivore
Of all the primary taste qualities, _____ is the most recently discovered.
Umami
Foods that provide the ions necessary for neural transmission are most likely to taste
Salty
Foods that contain toxins tend to taste
Bitter
The taste buds send signals to the _____ area of the cortex.
Gustatory
Learned taste aversion accounts for all of the following except:
- Bait shyness in rats.
- Coyotes’ refusal to eat lamb after consuming a tainted carcass.
- Rats’ decreased responsiveness to glucose placed on the tongue after receiving a glucose injection.
- Children avoiding certain flavors of ice cream eaten while undergoing chemotherapy.
Rats’ decreased responsiveness to glucose placed on the tongue after receiving a glucose injection.
Rats deprived of a _____ can develop a ____ for a food high in that _____.
Vitamin, taste preference, vitamin
The stomach releases _____ to aid in digestion.
Pepsin
Most of digestion occurs in the ____.
Small intestine
Glycerol is a product of the transformation of ____.
Fats
After nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream, they are transported to the _____ by the hepatic portal vein.
Liver
During the absorptive phase of the feeding cycle, when the parasympathetic nervous system is active, recently eaten food
May be stored or used for energy .
Brain cells can import glucose without _____.
Insulin
Adipose tissue is contributed to by
Excess protein, excess glucose, fat
______ is secreted by the pancreas and transforms glycogen to glucose and converts stored fat to _______.
Glucagon, glycerol
A rabbit injected with 2deoxyglucose into its hepatic portal vein will
Start eating and eat more than usual.
Which of the following statements about neuropeptide Y are true?
- It is released by the preoptic area of the hypothalamus.
- It stimulates eating
- It is released in response to low glucose.
- It may help an animal conserve energy.
It stimulates eating.
It is released in response to low glucose.
It may help an animal conserve energy.
Satiety may be signaled by
Stretch receptors in the stomach, release of cholecystokinin, presence of nutrients in the liver.
Rats injected with CCK over several days will
Stay at the same weight.
In Hervey’s parabiotic rats, the rat without a lesion lost weight because
The lesioned rat continually produced a satiety signal that inhibited eating only in the nonlesioned rat.
As leptin ______, neuropeptide Y_____.
Increases, decreases
Which of the following is not a health risk associated with obesity?
- Loss of bone density.
- Colon cancer.
- Alzheimers disease.
- Heart disease.
Loss of bone density
Correlations for BMI are highest for
Identical twins raised together
A rat of normal weight is most likely to starve to death when biotically paired with a(n) _____ rat.
Db/db
Basal metabolism accounts for energy used to fuel the brain and other organs and for
Digestion
Mavis, who does not exercise, has reduced her calorie intake by 25% and expects to lose a lot of weight. What is likely to happen?
Her metabolism will decrease
Someone who responds to increased caloric consumption by fidgeting a lot
May gain little or no weight
In some obese people, carbohydrate consumption
Elevates mood
Which drug blocks the absorption of fat?
Orlistat
Serotonin enhancing drugs are least likely to be useful for treating
Restrictive anorexia.
Leptin seems to
Increase metabolism and decrease appetite.
Based on recent research, the neurotransmitters most involved in anorexia and bulimia are
Serotonin and dopamine
The difference between bulimics and purging anorexics is that
Bulimics are usually of normal weight.
Osmotic thirst is disrupted when
The OVLT is lesioned
A cycle of food-deprivation followed by overeating characterizes:
Bulimia
Increased cannabinoid receptors in the insula can be found in individuals with? (Choose all that apply)
Anorexia
Bulimia
Humans expend most of their energy on what activity?
Basal metabolism
What happens when blood levels of insulin are extremely low?
There is excess glucose in the blood but it cannot enter the cells
Which of the following would most likely benefit from taking leptin?
Obese people who fail to produce leptin
An animal with hypovolemic thirst will drink:
Mildly salty water
Which of the following are hunger signals? (Choose all that apply)
Ghrelin
Orexin
Insulin release at sight of food
Lesioning of the ventromedial hypothalamus will result in
Insensitivity to leptin signals; overeating
Vasopressin raises blood pressure by:
Causing blood vessels to constrict
Which of the following are signals to end a meal? (Choose all that apply)
stomach volume (stretching) CCK and other nutrient indicators
Eating salty potato chips increases the concentration of sodium in the:
Extracellular fluid
Which phenomena explains variation in food choice?
Sensory-specific satiety
If an experimenter cools the hypothalamus preoptic area of an animal in a warm environment, the animal will:
Shiver
What area of the brain is largely responsible for detecting osmotic pressure?
OVLT
What happens when blood levels of insulin are extremely low?
There is excess glucose in the blood but it cannot enter the cells
Leptin directly activates receptors in the part of the hypothalamus called the:
Arcuate nucleus
Animals with damage to the paraventricular (PVN) nucleus eat __________ than normal animals.
Larger meals
Which theory of motivation explains why people go skydiving?
Arousal theory
What defines a homeostatic process?
The maintenance of certain body variables within a fixed range
On average, people with anorexia show a variety of biochemical abnormalities including increased:
Ghrelin
Which of the following are part of the arousal ascending pathway? (Choose all that apply)
Parabrachial nucleus
Locus coeruleus
Pedunclculopontine nuclei
An orexin antagonist would be most helpful in treating which disorder?
Narcolepsy
The best way to adjust the circadian rhythm to a new time is to ________.
Move the time you go to sleep later until it reaches the desired time.
REM sleep is characterized by which of the following?
A high level of brain activity
For a normal person, about how long does a cycle of sleep (from stage 1 to stage 4 and back) last?
90 min
Which waves are dominant in stage 1 sleep?
Theta
Which waves are dominant in stage 2 sleep?
K Complexes
Which waves are dominant in stage 3 & 4 sleep?
Delta
The pineal gland releases __________ which influences circadian rhythms
Melatonin
Brain waves that arouse the occipital area and initiate REM are generated by the?
Pons
The input from the eyes to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, responsible for shifting the phase of the circadian rhythm, originates from:
Ganglion cells that are not connected to any cones or rods
Damage to the _____ impairs episodic memory and may produce detachment from self. (Choose all that apply)
Frontal temporal lobe.
The relationship between sleep stage and dreaming is that dreams
Are more frequent and vivid in REM sleep
The probability of sleep apnea is increased among which group of people?
Overweight men
While you are at the store you see a young child climb onto a motorcycle arcade game and the child eagerly begins to press the acceleration and attempts to steer the motorcycle. At first the child thinks they are in control but as the seconds pass and they realize that they are just watching the game demo. Which brain region helped the child detect the discrepancy between what they were doing and what the motorcycle on the screen was doing?
Inferior parietal cortex
A person’s circadian activity cycle would most likely drift out of phase if the person
Spends a period of time in seclusion, away from sunlight
The best way to adjust the circadian rhythm to a new time is to ________.
Move the time you go to sleep later until it reaches the desired time.
Individuals with a mutation in the CKIδ gene would most likely suffer from which sleeping disorder?
Insomnia
Which of the following structures is most important in neuronal replay that occurs during sleep?
The hippocampus
In which of the following conditions is default mode network activity most likely to be normal?
Locked-in syndrome
The surest way to disrupt the biological clock is to damage the
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Alpha waves are characteristic of what type of activity?
Relaxed wakefulness
Epigenetic influences on sexual orientation, such as methylation of an X chromosome indicate that
prenatal environment can influence sexual orientation
Regarding the case of “Bruce-Brenda-David,” which of the following is TRUE?
Brenda wanted to become a boy before she knew her true sex
Penile and clitoral erection first occur in the ________________________ phase of sexual response.
excitement
Which of the following groups tends to score the LOWEST on spatial tasks?
normal females
Which of the following statements regarding sexual activity in females is TRUE?
In women, the increased likelihood of initiating sex corresponds with an increase in sex hormone levels
LeVay’s study of brain anatomy showed that the INAH3 is similar in which groups?
homosexual males and heterosexual females
Which of the following statements regarding the refractory phase of the sexual response is TRUE?
During the refractory phase, orgasm cannot occur
Which of the following brain areas is active during copulation in female, but not male, rats?
ventromedial nucleus
Which of the following neurotransmitters increases in the nucleus accumbens during sexual activity?
dopamine
According to the text, why aren’t there many studies of homosexual females?
Bisexuality is more common in females than in males, which makes females sexuality harder to categorize.
The study of 46 XY DSD in the Dominican Republic found that
although raised as girls, most of the individuals adopted male gender identities
Which statement about the causes of homosexuality is most accurate?
Heredity, hormones, brain structures, and experiences all seem to play a role in determining sexual orientation.
Which of the following will NOT result in 46 XY DSD?
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Homosexuality is other species
sometimes resembles heterosexuality
Which of the following statements regarding olfactory receptors is true?
humans have 400-600 genes for odor receptors
As forms of motivation, how are hunger and sex different?
Hunger, but not sex, represents a homeostatic tissue need
Which of the following is predicted by the steroid/peptide theory of social bonds?
females caring for young while not sexually aroused
Anti-androgen drugs
may block the production of testosterone
may reduce sexual fantasies
may reduce deviant sexual behaviors
Which of the following statements regarding 46 XX DSD individuals is TRUE?
They have ovaries
Steve believes he should have been born into a woman’s body, and he wishes to get gender reassignment surgery to fix the apparent “mistake.” However, he is still sexually attracted to women. If Steve’s doctor were to examine his brain, what area would be smaller in size than it is in homosexual and heterosexual male friends?
central bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTc)
In the late 19th century, consciousness was studied primarily
By using introspection
Currently brain researchers
Integrate philosophical, biological, and computer science perspectives to study consciousness.
True or false: Shift workers sleep less than day workers.
true
Circadian rhythms for sleep and waking arise in the
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
The most significant zeitgeber for the sleep wake cycle appears to be
Sunlight
Research suggests that in order to increase worker productivity, night shift workers should
Sleep in complete darkness and work in bright light
Assuming that the day shift is from 8:00 AM to 4:00 PM, the swing shift is from 4:00 PM to Midnight, and the night shift is from Midnight to 8:00 AM, which of the following shift rotation schedule would be most beneficial to the workers?
Day to swing to night.
_________ is a hormone released by the pineal gland that induces sleepiness.
Melatonin
Which of the following statements is not true?
- Mice lacking rods and cones are unable to show normal entrainment and cycling.
- Light is able to activate the SCN by way of the retinohypothalamic pathway.
- The small percentage of ganglion cells that respond to light directly contain melanopsin.
- Melanopsin has been found in cells of humans.
Mice lacking rods and cones are unable to show normal entrainment and cycling.
The circadian clock for sleep and waking
Is found in the brain and may control clocks in other organs. The clock involves a feedback loop of two groups of genes and their protein products. The clock must be reset each day by light.
What cycle length would be considered an ultradian rhythm?
3 hour
The basic rest and activity cycle
Shows up in a 90 minute daydreaming cycle.
Which of the following statements is not true about sleep?
- It is only an active process.
- It is the cessation of activity due to fatigue.
- It involves turning some brain structures on and other structures off.
- It includes both active and inactive periods of brain activity.
It is only an active process
An EEG pattern showing low amplitude, high frequency (13 to 30 Hz) waves characterizes
Alertness
Sleep spindles and K complexes are most likely to be observed in
Stage 2 sleep
What type of EEG characterizes stages 3 and 4 of slow wave sleep?
Delta activity
Arm and leg movements are not typical of ____ sleep.
REM
Dreams probably occur
In all people
Someone who is deprived of REM sleep will
Spend more time in REM sleep when allowed to sleep without interruption.
Which of the following does not occur during slow wave sleep in children?
- Bedwetting
- Sleepwalking
- Atonia
- Night terrors
Atonia
Infants spend about ______% of their total sleep time in REM sleep.
50%
The developmental hypothesis of REM sleep states that
REM sleep promotes neural development, encourages maturation and myelination of higher brain regions. These are supported by the finding that genes involved in neural plasticity are upregulated during REM sleep.
Slow wave sleep promotes
cerebral recovery, especially the prefrontal cortex
Learning and memory
Involve both REM and non REM sleep
Which structure is most important to neuronal replay that occurs during sleep?
The hippocampus
Which hypothesis suggests that inappropriate neural connections are discarded during sleep?
Synaptic homeostasis
Slow wave sleep is least likely to increase if a person
- Swims 25 laps in a chilly pool.
- Runs 10 miles on a hot day.
- Has a fever.
- Works in an overheated office.
Swims 25 laps in a chilly pool
Sleep involves all of the following structures except?
- Medulla
- Basal forebrain region
- Pons
- Ventrolateral thalamus
Ventrolateral thalamus
Muscular paralysis accompanying REM sleep is moderated by
Magnocellular nucleus of the medulla
Which of the following statements about the arousal systems of the brain in not true?
- One arousal pathway includes the PPT/LDT.
- One arousal pathway projects to the thalamus.
- Melatonin is required for arousal.
- There are two arousal pathways.
Melatonin is required for arousal.
PGO waves
Begin about 80 seconds before the start of a REM period and travel from the pons to the thalamus then to the cortex.
The desynchrony of REM sleep is initiated by _____ waves.
PGO
True or false: insomnia is usually diagnosed in a sleep laboratory.
False
The best treatment for delayed sleep syndrome (jet lag) is to
Stay up later on consecutive days
Sleepwalking has a genetic basis and is most common during ____ and occurs during ____ sleep.
Childhood, slow wave
Narcolepsy is a condition in which a person
Falls directly into REM sleep from wakefulness
Someone who literally acts out dreams in probably experiencing
REM sleep behavior disorder
All of the following are components that most researchers agree are part of consciousness except?
- Attention
- Personality
- Sense of self
- Awareness
Personality
In which of the following conditions is default mode network activity most likely to be normal?
- Coma
- Locked in syndrome
- Minimally conscious state
- Vegetative state
Locked in syndrome
Which of the following is evidence of learning without awareness?
- Recognizing that our unconscious mind is capable of motivating our behavior.
- Following a coach’s instructions for hitting a ball with a bat.
- Using proprioceptive information to sit erect and walk.
- Reading instructions for assembling a computer prior to putting it together.
Using proprioceptive information to sit erect and walk
The Cheshire cat effect is an example of
Binocular rivalry
Attention is a reflection of changes
In brain activity.
Which of the following is least likely to recognize herself in a mirror?
- A 16 month old human.
- An adult rhesus monkey.
- An adult chimpanzee.
- A 24 month old human.
An adult rhesus monkey.
All of the following contribute to sense of self except: arousal, body image, memory, mirror neurons.
Arousal
Phantom limb sensations may be experienced
By amputees and people born with missing limbs.
Confabulation is usually ______.
Unintentional
Split brain patients usually perform ______ tasks better with the left hand better than the right.
Spatial
Which of the following statements regarding dissociative identity disorder is false?
- It is not included in the DSM.
- It was formerly called multiple personality disorder.
- It is believed to result from childhood abuse or trauma.
- Individuals exhibit different physiological patterns when manifesting different identities.
It is not in the DSM.
Sympathetic arousal involves all of the following except.
- Increased heart rate.
- Increased blood pressure.
- Increased respiration.
- Increased digestion.
Increased digestion
According to James Lange theory, emotional experiences occur in which order?
Stimulus, arousal, emotion.
Which of the following is not true of mirror neurons?
- They respond both when we engage in a specific act and when we observe the same act in others.
- They show increased activity in autism.
- They most likely play a role in the emotion of empathy.
- They were discovered when researchers noted that the same neurons responded when monkeys reached for food and when they saw the researcher pick up food.
They show increased activity in autism
Facial expressions can evoke
Emotions consistent with the expression.
