Exam 1 Flashcards
What occurred during the Decade of the Brain (1990’s)? (3)
Genes contributing to the development of schizophrenia were identified.
Drugs that block addiction were discovered.
New treatments for depression were developed.
Who is credited with establishing the first psychology laboratory in Germany in 1879?
Wilhelm Wundt
Dr. Locke is a philosopher who believes there is no distinction between the physical brain and the mind. This position is known as?
Materialistic monism
_______ was a dualist.
Plato
According to the hydraulic model of the nervous system ________
Nerves were hollow tubes that allowed animal spirits to flow through them
Descartes believed that the “seat of the soul” was located in the
Pineal gland
Through their experiments, Fritsch and Hitzig showed that
Muscle movement is the result of brain stimulation
Who discovered that nerves conduct electricity at a rate significantly slower than the speed of light?
Hermann von Helmholtz
Broca’s mute patient had damage to his
Left hemisphere
The idea that different functions are localized in different portions of the brain is evidenced by?
Phineas Gage’s personality change following frontal lobe damage
With the exception of egg and sperm cells, all human body cells have
46 chromosomes
If you underwent a procedure to test for a particular disease that is triggered by a defective protein inherited from your parents, what SPECIFIC genetic component will they be looking for?
A particular allele of a gene
Female humans have
Two X chromosomes
At six weeks after conception, a developing human is known as a(n)
Embryo
How many different bases make up human DNA?
4
Enzymes
Are proteins produced by genetic mechanisms that modify rates of chemical reactions
John has type B blood and Sue has type A blood. If they have a child, what blood type is impossible for that child to have?
The child can have any type because type A is dominant or codominant with type B and both are dominant over type O
If John and Sue have a baby with type A blood, what is true of the babys alleles that determine blood type?
The baby is heterozygous for the dominant Type A allele
What is true regarding red-green color blindness?
It is an x linked recessive trait. Because it is x linked males are more likely to have it.
A trait is polygenic if
It is influenced by more than one gene
What are some of the traits believed to have a genetic basis?
Personality, drug addiction, sexual orientation.
Nearly all of the base-pair sequences of the _______ have been mapped.
Human genome
The differential survival of organisms with more adaptive traits is known as?
Natural selection.
What is true of gene activity (3)?
Genes may fluctuate in the amount of protein they code for at different times.
A gene may become active at only a certain time in the life cycle.
The activity of a gene may be influence by experience.
What trait is the most researched in terms of heritability?
Height
If people from similar environments are samples, estimates of heritability for traits will be _____ people from different environments are sampled.
Higher than if
The best way to think about a relationship among genes, environment, and intelligence is that
Genes set the potential range and environment determines the actual capacity.
Scientists estimate that there are about ______ neurons in the brain.
86 billion
Neurons account for _____ of all cells in the nervous system.
50%
The nucleus of a neural cell is located in the
Soma
A neuron that transmits information between the central nervous system and a muscle is called a(n)
Motor neuron
A _______ neuron has an axon and numerous dendrites projecting away from the cell body.
Multipolar
What is a type of neuron that may not have an axon?
Interneuron
The neural membrane is not selectively permeable to which of the following substances: sodium, potassium, oxygen, chloride?
Oxygen
When a neuron is at rest, _______ ions are more plentiful outside of the cell.
Na (sodium)
The TYPICAL resting potential of a neuron is
-70 millivolts
When the cell is at rest, why are K+ ions are strongly attracted across the cell membrane to the outside of the cell?
Mostly because of the force of diffusion.
Which of the following is not allowed to pass through the membrane Na+, Cl, K+, A-?
A-
In which direction does the sodium potassium pump move sodium?
Outside the cell
In which direction does the sodium potassium pump move postssium?
Inside the cell
Neurons undergo depolarization when
When Na+ ions enter the cell.
Depolarization is MOST similar to
Hypopolarization
When a neuron is at resting potential, Na+ ions are strongly attracted across the cell membrane because of
Electrostatic pressure and diffusion.
A neuron will fire an action potential when it is
Depolarized to its threshold.
The outflow of K+ ions during an action potential results in
Hyperpolarization
The action potentials generated by a specific neuron are all the same strength, yet humans experience events that vary in intensity. What partially accounts for this variation of experience?
The number of action potentials generated by a single neuron in a period of time.
What happens to sodium and potassium channels during the absolute refractory period? What effect does this have on action potentials?
Potassium channels are open while sodium channels are closed and cannot be opened.
An action potential cannot be generated. It ensures that the action potential will only travel in one direction.
What happens during the relative refractory period?
Potassium channels are open causing the neuron to be negatively hyperpolarized. Because the neuron is more negatively charged it requires stronger stimuli to result in another action potential.
The ____ the axon, the _____ the action potential.
Thicker, faster
In the central nervous system, myelin is formed by
Oligodendrocytes
In myelinated axons action potentials
Are propagated only at the nodes of Ranvier.
Myelination results in?
Increased speed of conduction. Saltatory conduction. Less work for the sodium potassium pump.
What are functions of glial cells?
Storing neurotransmitter, guiding developing axons, assisting the development of synapses.
Who discovered that neurons are separate cells with cell membranes NOT in contact with each other?
Ramon y Cajal
Who demonstrated that synaptic transmission is chemical?
Loewi
What scientific evidence supported the conclusion that chemical signals are used for communication across the synapse in most neurons?
The observation that fluid surrounding the heart of a frog could produce heart rate changes when injected into another frog.
When an action potential reaches an axon terminal, ______ ions enter the cell and trigger the release of neurotransmitter.
Ca2+
Fast acting receptors involved in muscle activity and sensory processing are referred to as
Ionotropic
Under normal circumstances, the neurotransmitter molecules released by a single neuron can
Cause ion channels to open triggering a graded excitatory depolarization (hypopolarization) or hyperpolarization (inhibitory).
An IPSP (inhibitory post synaptic potential) will occur if
Potassium or chloride channels open.
Action potentials are first produced
At the axon hillock.
In order for spatial summation to occur,
Several EPSPs and/or IPSPs must arrive at the same time from different inputs.
Acetylcholine is removed from the synapse by
Enzymatic deactivation
Neurotransmitters interact with receptor sites like a
Key into a lock.
Nicotinic receptors are
Stimulated by acetylcholine and found in the brain and muscles.
Are there neurons that are incapable of releasing any neurotransmitter at all?
No
Naloxone (NARCAN) is an antagonist at which receptor?
Opiate
Sammy has just taken a drug that acts as an agonist at GABA receptors. What is Sammy likely to experience?
Calmness and decreased anxiety.