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Neuroscience > Chapter 1 - What is Behavioral Neuroscience? > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - What is Behavioral Neuroscience? Flashcards

1
Q

How many muscles are in the body?

A

640 muscles

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2
Q

When was the decade of the brain?

A

1990s

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3
Q

What is behavioral neuroscience?

A

The branch of psychology that studies the relationships between behavior and the body, particularly the brain.

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4
Q

What is behavior?

A

Overt acts but also internal events such as learning, thinking, and emotion.

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5
Q

Who established the first psychology laboratory?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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6
Q

When did Wilhelm Wundt establish the first psychology laboratory?

A

1879

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7
Q

Where did Wilhelm Wundt establish the first psychology laboratory?

A

Leipzig, Germany

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8
Q

How do neuroscientists believe we should think of the mind?

A

The collection of things the brain does such as thinking, sensing, planning, and feeling.

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9
Q

What does the Greek word monos mean?

A

Alone or single.

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10
Q

What is monism?

A

The ides that the mind and the body consist of the same substance.

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11
Q

What is materialistic monism?

A

The position that the body and mind and everything else are physical.

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12
Q

What is dualism?

A

The idea that the mind and brain are separate.

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13
Q

What do most dualists believe?

A

The mind influences behavior by interacting with the brain.

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14
Q

Was Plato a monist or dualist?

A

Dualist.

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15
Q

Was Aristotle a monist or dualist?

A

Monist

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16
Q

Who proposed that everything in the world is made up of atoms?

A

Democritus

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17
Q

What does atom mean?

A

Indivisible

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18
Q

What is a model?

A

A proposed mechanism for how something works.

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19
Q

How did Descartes explain the brain’s activity?

A

By using a hydraulic model.

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20
Q

How did Descartes model nerves?

A

As hollow tubes carrying animal spirits.

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21
Q

What gland did Descartes believe was the seat of the soul?

A

The pineal gland.

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22
Q

What is empiricism?

A

Gathering information through observation rather than logic, intuition, or other means.

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23
Q

Who showed that detached leg muscles from frogs could be made to twitch with electricity?

A

Luigi Galvani

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24
Q

When did Galvani make frog legs twitch with electricity?

A

1700s

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25
Q

Who produced movement in dogs by electrically stimulating their exposed brains?

A

Fritsch and Hitzig

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26
Q

When did Fritsch and Hitzig demonstrate with dogs that nerves operate based on electricity?

A

1870

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27
Q

What did Fritsch and Hitzig’s experiments on dogs show?

A

Nerves operate based on electricity.

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28
Q

Who demonstrated that nerves do not behave like wires conducting electricity?

A

Hermann von Helmholtz

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29
Q

Who first measured the speed of conduction in nerves?

A

Hermann von Helmholtz

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30
Q

What is the speed of conduction in nerves?

A

90 ft/second

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31
Q

What is localization?

A

The idea that specific areas of the brain carry out specific functions.

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32
Q

Who came up with the theory of phrenology?

A

Franz Gall

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33
Q

When did Franz Gall come up with the theory of phrenology?

A

Late 1700s.

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34
Q

What is phrenology?

A

That idea that each of the faculties of emotion and intellect are located in a precise area of the brain.

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35
Q

Who developed equipotentiality?

A

Karl Lashley

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36
Q

What is equipotentiality?

A

The idea that the brain functions as an undifferentiated whole.

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37
Q

What does equipotentiality mean for brain damage?

A

The extent of the damage, not the location, determines how much function is lost.

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38
Q

What do material neuroscientists see?

A

The brain changing the brain.

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39
Q

What does today’s research tell us about brain functions?

A

They are as much distributed as they are localized.

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40
Q

What is nature vs nurture?

A

How important heredity is relative to environmental influences in shaping behavior.

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41
Q

What are the 2 functions of a gene?

A

It directs cellular processes and transmits inherited characteristics.

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42
Q

Haw many chromosomes are in the human body?

A

46.

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43
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are in the human body?

A

23.

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44
Q

Why is it important that each pair of chromosomes is distinct?

A

Genes for difference functions are found on specific chromosomes.

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45
Q

How many chromosomes does the ova have?

A

23.

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46
Q

How many chromosomes does the sperm have?

A

23.

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47
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A fertilized egg.

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48
Q

What is an embryo?

A

The first eight weeks of a new human organism.

49
Q

What is a fetus?

A

A new human organism from 8 weeks until birth.

50
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

51
Q

Who discovered the structure of DNA?

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

52
Q

When did Watson and Crick publish the structure of DNA?

A

1953

53
Q

What is DNA?

A

A double-stranded chain of chemical molecules that looks like a ladder that has been twisted around itself.

54
Q

What shape is DNA?

A

A double helix

55
Q

How many nucleotides is on each DNA rung?

A

2

56
Q

What are the 4 nucleotides of DNA?

A

Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine.

57
Q

How do genes exert their influence?

A

They provide the directions for making proteins

58
Q

What are the 2 main functions of proteins?

A

Construction of the body and as enzymes.

59
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Act as catalysts that modify chemical reactions in the body.

60
Q

How much do humans differ among each other in sequences of DNA?

A

By 0.5%.

61
Q

What are different versions of a gene called?

A

Alleles

62
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

An allele that will produce its effect regardless of which allele it is paired with on the other chromosome.

63
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

An allele that will only have an influence when paired with the same allele.

64
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

Two difference alleles are paired together.

65
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

Two identical alleles are paired together.

66
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

An observable characteristic.

67
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The genetic combination of alleles.

68
Q

What is an X-linked gene?

A

A characteristic produced by an unpaired gene on the X chromosome.

69
Q

Why do males more often show characteristics that are caused by recessive genes?

A

They only have one X chromosome.

70
Q

What are polygenic traits?

A

Characteristics that are determined by several genes.

71
Q

What is the human genome project?

A

A project to map the location of all the genes on the human chromosomes and to determine the genes’ codes.

72
Q

When did the human genome project start?

A

1990

73
Q

How many of our genes are protein encoding?

A

21,000

74
Q

What percent of our genes are protein encoding?

A

3%

75
Q

What is junk DNA?

A

Non-protein-coding DNA

76
Q

What does 80% of junk DNA do?

A

It controls the expression of other genes - the translation of their encoded information into the production of proteins, thus controlling their functioning.

77
Q

Why is it important to identify genes and their functions?

A

To improve our understanding of human behavior and psychological as well as medical disorders.

78
Q

How many combinations of chromosomes can one parent produce?

A

8 million.

79
Q

What are the number of genetic combinations that can be passed on to offspring from both parents?

A

60-70 trillion.

80
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Those whose genes endow them with more adaptive capabilities are more likely to survive and transmit their genes to more offspring.

81
Q

What is heritability?

A

The percentage of the variations in a characteristic that can be attributed to genetic factors.

82
Q

What is the heritability estimates for intelligence?

A

50%

83
Q

What is the heritability estimates for schizophrenia?

A

60-90%

84
Q

What is the heritability estimates for personality characteristics and occupational interests?

A

40-50%

85
Q

Is genetic influence stronger on behavioral characteristics or common medical disorders?

A

Behavioral characteristics.

86
Q

Why do adoption studies tend to overestimate the heritability of intelligence?

A

The children’s adoptive environments are unusually similar.

87
Q

Does heritability appear lower or higher if we look only at closely related individuals?

A

Lower.

88
Q

What does vulnerability mean?

A

Genes contribute a predisposition for a disorder which may or may not exceed the threshold required to produce the disorder.

89
Q

What is the idea that mind and brain are both physical?

A

Materialistic monism.

90
Q

What is a model?

A

An organism or a system used to understand a more complex one.

91
Q

What was Descartes most important contribution?

A

Suggesting the physical control of behavior.

92
Q

What did von Helmholtz show?

A

Nerves are not like electrical wires because they conduct too slowly.

93
Q

What did studies of brain-damaged patients in the mid-1800s convince researches?

A

Behaviors originated in specific parts of the brain.

94
Q

What does localization mean?

A

Specific functions are found in specific parts of the brain.

95
Q

Why do X-linked characteristics affect males more than females?

A

The responsible gene is not paired with another gene on the Y chromosome.

96
Q

If two parents are heterozygous for the a dominant characteristic, when can the produce a child with the recessive characteristic?

A

If the child receives two recessive genes.

97
Q

What has the Human Genome Project done?

A

Made a map of the human genes.

98
Q

What is heritability greatest for that we have discussed?

A

Schizophrenia

99
Q

If we all had identical genes, what would be the estimated heritability for a characteristic?

A

0%

100
Q

What 3 things occurred during the Decade of the Brain?

A

Genes contributing to the development of schizophrenia were discovered. Drugs that block addiction were discovered. New treatments for depression were developed.

101
Q

Who is credited with establishing the first psychology laboratory in Germany in 1879?

A

Wilhelm Wundt.

102
Q

Dr. Locke is a philosopher who believes there is no distinction between the physical brain and the mind. This position is known as?

A

Materialistic monism.

103
Q

_ was a dualist.

A

Plato

104
Q

Descartes believed that the “seat of the soul” was located where?

A

In the Pineal gland.

105
Q

What did Fritsch and Hitzig show through their experiments?

A

Muscle movement is the result of brain stimulation.

106
Q

Who discovered that nerves conduct electricity at a rate significantly slower than the speed of light?

A

Hermann von Helmholtz

107
Q

Where did Broca’s mute patient have damage?

A

In the left hemisphere.

108
Q

What did Phineas Gage’s personality change following frontal lobe damage produce?

A

The idea that different functions are localized in different portions of the brain.

109
Q

If you underwent a procedure to test for a particular disease that is triggered by a defective protein inherited from your parents, what specific genetic component will they be looking for?

A

A particular allele of a gene.

110
Q

At six weeks after conception, a developing human is know as what?

A

An embryo.

111
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins produced by genetic mechanisms that modify rates of chemical reactions.

112
Q

How many different bases make up human DNA?

A

4

113
Q

Why are males more likely to have red-green color blindness?

A

It’s an X-linked recessive trait.

114
Q

When is a trait polygenic?

A

When it is influenced by more than one gene.

115
Q

What are 3 traits believed to have a genetic basis?

A

Personality, drug addiction, sexual orientation.

116
Q

What is the differential survival of organisms with more adaptive traits?

A

Natural selection.

117
Q

What are 3 things true of gene activity?

A

They may fluctuate in the amount of protein they code for at different times. A gene may become active at only a certain time in the life cycle. The activity of a gene may be influenced by experience.

118
Q

What trait is the most researched in terms of heritability?

A

Height

119
Q

What is the best way to think about a relationship among genes, environment, and intelligence?

A

Genes set the potential range and environment determines the actual capacity.

Neuroscience (6 decks)

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