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Anatomy > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Gas conditioning

A

Adding heat and moisture to air we breathe in

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2
Q

What is the nasal cavity and oral cavity separated by?

A

Hard palate (palatine bone + maxilla)

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3
Q

Another name for pharynx?

A

Throat

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4
Q

Another name for Larynx?

A

Voice box

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5
Q

Another name for trachea?

A

Wind pipe

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6
Q

What are the nasal cavities? What do they do?

A

-Superior/Middle/Inferior nasal conchas (covered in mucosa) - Gas condition

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7
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses? What do they do?

A

-Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxilla -Lightens skull

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8
Q

Where is Nasopharynx located?

A

-Above palate, in throat

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9
Q

What is lining for Nasopharynx?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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10
Q

Where is the pharyngeal tonsils located? What is the other name for it?

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Adenoids
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11
Q

What is the lining for Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx?

A

Nonkeratinized stratified sqaumous (think protection from hot/sharp foods)

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12
Q

Fauces

A
  • Opening of oral cavity –> oropharynx
  • Pair of muscular arches
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13
Q

Where are palatine tonsils located?

A
  • Fauces (in oropharynx)
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14
Q

Where are lingual tonsils located?

A
  • Base of tongue
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15
Q

Where is the oropharynx located?

A

Below soft palate

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16
Q

Lining - Larynx? (Superior & inferior)

A

Superior: Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Inferior: Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar epithelium

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17
Q

Lining - Trachea?

A
  • Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
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18
Q

Lining - Bronchi? (large)

A

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

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19
Q

Lining - Bronchioles?

A

Simple Columnar (larger) –> Simple cuboidal (smaller)

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20
Q

Lining - Respiratory Bronchioles

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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21
Q

Lining - Alveolar ducts & Alveoli?

A

Simple Squamous

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22
Q

What are the cartilages of the Larynx?

A
  • Thyroid cartilage
  • Cricoid cartilage
  • Epiglottis

Minor: Arytenoids, corniculate/cuneiform

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23
Q

Trachea

A
  • Wind Pipe
  • C-shaped hyaline cartilage (front and sides of trachea)
  • Trachealis muscle @ back
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24
Q

Bronchiole tree consists of?

A
  • Primary Bronchi
  • Secondary Bronchi (Lobars)
  • Tertiary Bronchi (Segmental)
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25
Q

Bronchioles

A
  • Less than 1mm in diamater
  • Made of smooth (involuntary) muscle
  • Bronchoconstriction (sympathetic)
  • Bronchodilation (parasympathetic)
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26
Q

Alveoli (alvelous)?

A

-Where diffusion of gases occur

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27
Q

Pulmonary Surfactant

A
  • Chemical that keeps air sacs of alveolus open
  • By decreasing surface tension
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28
Q

Respiratory Membrane

A
  • Diffusion barrier where respiratory gases are exchanged between blood and air in alveoli
  • Fused membrane of Type I alveolar cell and Capillary cell
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29
Q

Thryoid Cartilage

A
  • Adam’s Apple (aka Laryngeal prominence)
  • Biggest, doesn’t cover back
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30
Q

Cricoid Cartilage

A
  • Small in front, big in back (ring shaped)
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31
Q

Epiglottis (larynx cartilage)

A
  • A flap, looks like leaf
  • Closes opening (glottis) of larynx, when swallowing so it doesn’t go into resp. tract
32
Q

Arytenoid

A
  • Minor Larynx Cartilage
  • Imporant in speech, connected to vocal cords
33
Q

Types of Alveoli cells?

A
  • Type I: Simple squamous for rapid diffusion
  • Type II: Simple cuboidal in shape, For pulmonary surfactant
34
Q

What controls rate and depth of breathing?

A

Respiratory Rhythmicity Center in Medulla Oblongata

35
Q

What are the 5 functions of saliva?

A
  1. Moistens bolus
  2. Cleans/lubricates oral cavity
  3. Begins chemical digestion
  4. Antibacterial
  5. Important for tastebuds
36
Q

What are the 3 salivary glands?

A
  1. Parotid gland (sits below ears)
  2. Submandibular gland (below mandible)
  3. Sublingual gland (below tongue)
37
Q

What are Intraperitoneal Organs? What do those organs include?

A
  • Organs completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum
  • Stomach and most of small intestines
38
Q

What are Retroperitoneal Organs? What do those organs include?

A
  • Organs in direct** **contact** with **posterior abdominal and pelvic walls**. Only their **front is covered in visceral peritoneum
    1. Pancreas
    2. Ascending/Descending colon of large intestines
    3. Rectum
39
Q

Lesser Omentum

A
  • Between stomach and liver
40
Q

Greater Omentum

A
  • Hangs from stomach –> Goes to colon
  • Holds intestines in place
41
Q

Mesentary Proper

A

Holds small intestine to posterior wall

42
Q

Mesocolon

A

Holds colon of large intestine to posterilr wall

43
Q

What are the walls of the abdominal GI Tract / Digestive Tract / Alimentary Canal?

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis Externa
  • Adventitia or Serosa
44
Q

Mucosa and it’s 3 components?

A
  • Deepest layer
  • 3 components:
    1. Epithelium Lining
    2. Lamina Propia (areolar connective tissue)
    3. Muscularis Mucosae (smooth muscle)
45
Q

Submucosa

A
  • Largest area of connective tissue

- Blood vessels and nerves

- Lymphatic ducts

  • Mucin-secreting glands
46
Q

Muscularis Externa, its 2 sublayers, and exceptions?

A
  1. Inner layer: Squeezes lumen
  2. Outer layer: Shortens tubes

Exceptions:

  1. Esophagus has skeletal muscle
  2. Stomach has 3 layers
47
Q

Adventitia

A
  • Outermost layer
  • Arreolar CT w/ collagen and elastic fibers
  • In esophagus and rectum
48
Q

Serosa

A
  • Serous membrane only in abdomen (small/large intestine, etc)

- Mainly visceral layer of peritoneum

- Areolar CT and simple squamous epithelium

49
Q

Lacteals

A
  • Specialized lymphatic capillaries

- In villi of small intestines, absorbs fats

50
Q

Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

A
  • Immune/Defense system** in **mucosa** in **GI Tract

- In lymphatic tissue

51
Q

Lining of Esophagus?

A
  • Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium (for protection of rough foods)
52
Q

Gastric folds (rugae)

A
  • Temporary folds in stomach
53
Q

Lining of stomach wall?

A
  • Simple Columnar epitehlium
54
Q

External Respiration

A

Exchange of gases between lungs** and **enviroment

55
Q

Internal Respiration

A

Exchange of gases between lungs and blood, and then between blood and tissues

56
Q

Parietal Cell (of stomach)

A
  • Produces hydrochloric acid
  • Intrinsic factor: Absorbs B12 / Produce Erythryocytes
57
Q

Chief Cells

A
  • Works w/parietal cells
  • Produces pepsinogen (inactive) + Hydrochloric acid (parietal cell) = pepsin

- Begins protein digestion (in stomach)

58
Q

How long are the Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum respectively in the small intestine?

A

10, 7.5, and 10.8 inches

59
Q

What does the duodenum do?

A

-Receives bile from major duodenal papilla

60
Q

What does the jejunum do?

A

-Primary part for chemical digestion/nutrient absorption

61
Q

What does ileum do?

A

-Last part of small intestine, starts to reabsorb water here

62
Q

Ileocecal valve

A
  • A sphincter at the illeum that controls entry –> large intestine
63
Q

Circular Folds (Plicae Circularis)

A
  • Only in small intestines
  • Increase surface area** = **nutrient absorption
  • Circular Folds –> villi –> microvilli
64
Q

Main functions of large intestines?

A
  • Reabsorption of fluids, ions, and electrolytes
  • Packs wastes into feces
  • Stores feces** until **expulsion
65
Q

Order of large intestines?

A
  1. Cecum
  2. Ascending colon
  3. Transverse colon
  4. Descending colon
  5. Sigmoid Colon
  6. Rectum
  7. Anal Canal
66
Q

Lining of large intestines

A
  • Simple columnar epithelium w/goblet cells
67
Q

Nephrons (of kidneys)

A
  • Microscopic structures that make urine
68
Q

Afferent arterioles (of kidneys)

A
  • Little arteries going into nephron
  • Things that aren’t filtered go through here
69
Q

Renal Corpuscle (of kidneys)

A
  • Capsule surrounding glomerulus
  • Aka Bowman’s Capsule
70
Q

Glomerulus

A
  • “Ball” of capillaries
  • First part of making urine
  • Where filtrates** goes through **filtration
71
Q

Efferent arterioles

A
  • Arterioles where remaining blood exits glomerulus
  • Can go to either:
    1) Peritubular Capillaries
    2) Vasa Recta
72
Q

Peritubular Tubes

A
  • Capillaries surrounding convoluted tubes** in **renal cortex
73
Q

Vasa Recta

A
  • Capilaries associated with nephron loop (long one sticking out) in the medulla
74
Q

Components of a Nephron? (4 parts)

A

1) Renal Corpuscle
2) Proximal Convoluted Tubule
3) Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle)
4) Distal Convoluted Tubule

75
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

A
  • Simple Cuboidal Epithelium w/tall microvilli
  • Reabsorbs nutrients and water –> entering peritubular capillaries returning it –> blood system
76
Q

Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle)

A
  • Reabsorbs water/solutes
77
Q

Distal Convoluted Tubule

A
  • In renal cortex
  • Removes K+ and H+ from pertiubular capillaries –> tubular fluid

Anatomy (18 decks)

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