Exam 4 Flashcards
Gas conditioning
Adding heat and moisture to air we breathe in
What is the nasal cavity and oral cavity separated by?
Hard palate (palatine bone + maxilla)
Another name for pharynx?
Throat
Another name for Larynx?
Voice box
Another name for trachea?
Wind pipe
What are the nasal cavities? What do they do?
-Superior/Middle/Inferior nasal conchas (covered in mucosa) - Gas condition
What are the paranasal sinuses? What do they do?
-Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxilla -Lightens skull
Where is Nasopharynx located?
-Above palate, in throat
What is lining for Nasopharynx?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Where is the pharyngeal tonsils located? What is the other name for it?
- Nasopharynx
- Adenoids
What is the lining for Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx?
Nonkeratinized stratified sqaumous (think protection from hot/sharp foods)
Fauces
- Opening of oral cavity –> oropharynx
- Pair of muscular arches
Where are palatine tonsils located?
- Fauces (in oropharynx)
Where are lingual tonsils located?
- Base of tongue
Where is the oropharynx located?
Below soft palate
Lining - Larynx? (Superior & inferior)
Superior: Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Inferior: Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar epithelium
Lining - Trachea?
- Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Lining - Bronchi? (large)
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Lining - Bronchioles?
Simple Columnar (larger) –> Simple cuboidal (smaller)
Lining - Respiratory Bronchioles
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Lining - Alveolar ducts & Alveoli?
Simple Squamous
What are the cartilages of the Larynx?
- Thyroid cartilage
- Cricoid cartilage
- Epiglottis
Minor: Arytenoids, corniculate/cuneiform
Trachea
- Wind Pipe
- C-shaped hyaline cartilage (front and sides of trachea)
- Trachealis muscle @ back
Bronchiole tree consists of?
- Primary Bronchi
- Secondary Bronchi (Lobars)
- Tertiary Bronchi (Segmental)
Bronchioles
- Less than 1mm in diamater
- Made of smooth (involuntary) muscle
- Bronchoconstriction (sympathetic)
- Bronchodilation (parasympathetic)
Alveoli (alvelous)?
-Where diffusion of gases occur
Pulmonary Surfactant
- Chemical that keeps air sacs of alveolus open
- By decreasing surface tension
Respiratory Membrane
- Diffusion barrier where respiratory gases are exchanged between blood and air in alveoli
- Fused membrane of Type I alveolar cell and Capillary cell
Thryoid Cartilage
- Adam’s Apple (aka Laryngeal prominence)
- Biggest, doesn’t cover back
Cricoid Cartilage
- Small in front, big in back (ring shaped)
Epiglottis (larynx cartilage)
- A flap, looks like leaf
- Closes opening (glottis) of larynx, when swallowing so it doesn’t go into resp. tract
Arytenoid
- Minor Larynx Cartilage
- Imporant in speech, connected to vocal cords
Types of Alveoli cells?
- Type I: Simple squamous for rapid diffusion
- Type II: Simple cuboidal in shape, For pulmonary surfactant
What controls rate and depth of breathing?
Respiratory Rhythmicity Center in Medulla Oblongata
What are the 5 functions of saliva?
- Moistens bolus
- Cleans/lubricates oral cavity
- Begins chemical digestion
- Antibacterial
- Important for tastebuds
What are the 3 salivary glands?
- Parotid gland (sits below ears)
- Submandibular gland (below mandible)
- Sublingual gland (below tongue)
What are Intraperitoneal Organs? What do those organs include?
- Organs completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum
- Stomach and most of small intestines
What are Retroperitoneal Organs? What do those organs include?
- Organs in direct** **contact** with **posterior abdominal and pelvic walls**. Only their **front is covered in visceral peritoneum
1. Pancreas
2. Ascending/Descending colon of large intestines
3. Rectum
Lesser Omentum
- Between stomach and liver
Greater Omentum
- Hangs from stomach –> Goes to colon
- Holds intestines in place
Mesentary Proper
Holds small intestine to posterior wall
Mesocolon
Holds colon of large intestine to posterilr wall
What are the walls of the abdominal GI Tract / Digestive Tract / Alimentary Canal?
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscularis Externa
- Adventitia or Serosa
Mucosa and it’s 3 components?
- Deepest layer
- 3 components:
1. Epithelium Lining
2. Lamina Propia (areolar connective tissue)
3. Muscularis Mucosae (smooth muscle)
Submucosa
- Largest area of connective tissue
- Blood vessels and nerves
- Lymphatic ducts
- Mucin-secreting glands
Muscularis Externa, its 2 sublayers, and exceptions?
- Inner layer: Squeezes lumen
- Outer layer: Shortens tubes
Exceptions:
- Esophagus has skeletal muscle
- Stomach has 3 layers
Adventitia
- Outermost layer
- Arreolar CT w/ collagen and elastic fibers
- In esophagus and rectum
Serosa
- Serous membrane only in abdomen (small/large intestine, etc)
- Mainly visceral layer of peritoneum
- Areolar CT and simple squamous epithelium
Lacteals
- Specialized lymphatic capillaries
- In villi of small intestines, absorbs fats
Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
- Immune/Defense system** in **mucosa** in **GI Tract
- In lymphatic tissue
Lining of Esophagus?
- Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium (for protection of rough foods)
Gastric folds (rugae)
- Temporary folds in stomach
Lining of stomach wall?
- Simple Columnar epitehlium
External Respiration
Exchange of gases between lungs** and **enviroment
Internal Respiration
Exchange of gases between lungs and blood, and then between blood and tissues
Parietal Cell (of stomach)
- Produces hydrochloric acid
- Intrinsic factor: Absorbs B12 / Produce Erythryocytes
Chief Cells
- Works w/parietal cells
- Produces pepsinogen (inactive) + Hydrochloric acid (parietal cell) = pepsin
- Begins protein digestion (in stomach)
How long are the Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum respectively in the small intestine?
10, 7.5, and 10.8 inches
What does the duodenum do?
-Receives bile from major duodenal papilla
What does the jejunum do?
-Primary part for chemical digestion/nutrient absorption
What does ileum do?
-Last part of small intestine, starts to reabsorb water here
Ileocecal valve
- A sphincter at the illeum that controls entry –> large intestine
Circular Folds (Plicae Circularis)
- Only in small intestines
- Increase surface area** = **nutrient absorption
- Circular Folds –> villi –> microvilli
Main functions of large intestines?
- Reabsorption of fluids, ions, and electrolytes
- Packs wastes into feces
- Stores feces** until **expulsion
Order of large intestines?
- Cecum
- Ascending colon
- Transverse colon
- Descending colon
- Sigmoid Colon
- Rectum
- Anal Canal
Lining of large intestines
- Simple columnar epithelium w/goblet cells
Nephrons (of kidneys)
- Microscopic structures that make urine
Afferent arterioles (of kidneys)
- Little arteries going into nephron
- Things that aren’t filtered go through here
Renal Corpuscle (of kidneys)
- Capsule surrounding glomerulus
- Aka Bowman’s Capsule
Glomerulus
- “Ball” of capillaries
- First part of making urine
- Where filtrates** goes through **filtration
Efferent arterioles
- Arterioles where remaining blood exits glomerulus
- Can go to either:
1) Peritubular Capillaries
2) Vasa Recta
Peritubular Tubes
- Capillaries surrounding convoluted tubes** in **renal cortex
Vasa Recta
- Capilaries associated with nephron loop (long one sticking out) in the medulla
Components of a Nephron? (4 parts)
1) Renal Corpuscle
2) Proximal Convoluted Tubule
3) Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle)
4) Distal Convoluted Tubule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
- Simple Cuboidal Epithelium w/tall microvilli
- Reabsorbs nutrients and water –> entering peritubular capillaries returning it –> blood system
Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle)
- Reabsorbs water/solutes
Distal Convoluted Tubule
- In renal cortex
- Removes K+ and H+ from pertiubular capillaries –> tubular fluid
