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Exam 2 Materials Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones in adult?

A

206 (Axial 80, Appendicular 126)

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2
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • Lots of collagen fibers
  • Very strong/resilient
  • Compressed all the time & can bounce back
  • 80% water
  • Located: Intervertebral discs
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3
Q

Elastic cartilage

A
  • Large chondrocytes
  • Located: External ear
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4
Q

Functions of Bones

A
  1. Support
  2. Storage (minerals, fat in yellow bone marrow)
  3. Protection
  4. Movement
  5. Hemopoiesis (blood cells made in bone barrow)
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5
Q

Endosteum

A

-Covers internal surface of bones

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6
Q

Endochondral ossification

A
  • Begins with hyaline cartilage
  • Produces majority of bone in body
  1. Cartilage dies in diaphysis, periosteum forms
  2. Primary ossification of diaphysis
  3. Second ossification of epiphyses
    1. Medullary cavity forms
  4. Bone replaces cartilage (except hyaline cartilage @ ends and epiphyseal plates)
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7
Q

What are the 4 types of paranasal sinuses / nasal cavities?

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Ethmoid
  3. Sphenoid
  4. Maxillary
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8
Q

How many cranial?

A

8

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9
Q

Articular Cartilages

A

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage on epiphyses –> reduce friction between bones

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10
Q

What is fibrous (structural) joint? Subdivisions?

A
  • Bones held by collagen fibers, no joint cavity
  • Gomphoses
  • Suture
  • Syndesmoses
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11
Q

How does bone fracture heal?

A
  1. Hematoma (blood clot) occurs
  2. Fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus forms
  3. Bone (hard) callus replaces soft callus
  4. Bone remodeled
    1. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts involved
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12
Q

Synarthroses joint

A
  • Immobile joints (most stable)
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13
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A
  • Most common
  • “Glassy” - can’t see fibers, matrix is clear
  • Located: Articular ends of long bones
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14
Q

Haversian (Central) Canal

A

Carries blood vessels and nerves

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15
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

-Slightly mobile joints

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16
Q

How is bone remodeled?

A
  1. Zone 1: Resting cartilage next to epiphyses
  2. Zone 2: Proliferating cartilage (making more cartilage)
  3. Zone 3: Hypertrophic cartilage (cartilage too big)
  4. Zone 4: Cartilage cells calcified (dying)
  5. Zone 5: Osteoblasts formed, bone remodeled by calcium
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17
Q

Bursa

A

Sacs outside most synovial joints where ligaments, muscles, tendons, bones rub

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18
Q

Canaliculi

A

Between lacunaes, allowing metabolic interactions between osteocytes

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19
Q

Haversian System (Osteon)

A
  • Basic structure/functional unit of mature compact bone
  • Cylindrical
  • Parallel to shaft of bone
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20
Q

What is cartilaginous joint? Subdivisions?

A

Bones held by cartilage, no joint cavity.

  • Synchondroses
  • Symphyses
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21
Q

Perforating Fibers

A

Collagen fibers that go straight into bone

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22
Q

How many bones in “arm”

A
  • 30 total
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23
Q

Periosteum

A
  • Covering of bone (but not articular cartilage)
  • Anchor for blood vessels/nerves
    • Anchored by perforating fibers
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24
Q

Perichondrium

A

Connective tissue membrane surround outside cartilage

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25
Q

Perforating (Volkman’s) Canals

A

Perpendicular connections to central canals w/blood vessels & nerves

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26
Q

Synchondroses joint

A
  • Cartilaginous joint
  • Bones joined by hyalina cartilage (immobile)
  • Epiphyseal plate
27
Q

Syndesmoses joint

A
  • Fibrous joint
  • Between parallel bones (radius and ulna), immobile
28
Q

Tendon sheaths

A

Elongated bursas around tendons where they rub (wrist and ankles)

29
Q

How many facial bones?

30
Q

Symphyses joint

A
  • Cartilaginous Joints
  • Bones joined by pad of fibrocartilage (slightly mobile)
  • Pubic symphyses
31
Q

Functions of cartilage

A
  • Support (Elastic cartilage)
  • Articulations (Hyaline cartilage and Fibrocartilage)
  • Precursor for bone growth (hyaline cartilage)
32
Q

Concentric Lamella

A

Rings around central canal

33
Q

Osteogenic

A
  • Mesenchymal stem cells
  • Undergoes mitosis to make more stem cells or osteoblasts
34
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A
  • Develops from Mesenchyme
  • Produces
    • Flat bones
    • Some facial bones
    • Mandible
    • Central portion of clavicle
35
Q

Diarthroses

A

Freely mobile joints

36
Q

Trabeculae

A

Thin columns and plates of bone that create a spongy structure

37
Q

What makes a male pelvis different from females?

A
  1. Subpubic angle 90 degrees or less
  2. Hips are more narrow
  3. Pelvic is longer
  4. Coccyx is vertical (female post. tilt)
  5. Acetabulum larger
38
Q

Functions of skeletal muscle tissue

A
  1. Movement
  2. Maintains posture
  3. Regulates temperature
  4. Storage (don’t worry too much)
  5. Support
39
Q

Order of skeletal muscle structural organization

A
  1. Muscle
  2. Fascicles (bundles of fibers)
  3. Muscle fiber
  4. Myofibrils
  5. Myofilaments
  6. Actin and Myosin
40
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Plasma membrane of muscle fibers

41
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm of muscle fibers

42
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Smooth ER of muscle fibers
  • Stores calcium ions for muscle contractions
43
Q

T-tubules

A
  • Deep T-pouches of the sarcolemma that extends into sarcoplasm
  • Function: brings stimulus down to cisternae
44
Q

Terminal cisternae

A

Blind sacs at end of sarcoplasmic reticulum

Site of calcium ion release for muscle contraction

45
Q

Epimysium

A

Membrane surrounds the entire muscle

46
Q

Perimysium

A

Membrane that covers the fascicles

47
Q

Endomysium

A

Inside a fasicles and between each muscle fiber, they electrically insulate fibers

48
Q

Fasicles

A

Bundles of muscle fibers

49
Q

Myofibrils

A
  • Cylindrical structures of a muscle fiber that extend the whole length of cell
  • Myofibrils are made up of myofilaments
50
Q

Myofilaments

A
  • Short bundles that make up myofibrils
  • Do not run entire length, organized into repetitive groups
  • Actin (thin) and Myosin (thick)
51
Q

Titin

A
  1. Filaments of an elastic protein
  2. Help return myofilaments to resting position after contraction
52
Q

Sarcomere

A
  • Functional contracile unit in a skeletal muscle fiber
  • Defined by area between two adjacent Z discs
  • Shortens during muscle fiber contractions
53
Q

H Zone

A
  • Light central region of A band
  • No thin filaments
54
Q

M Line

A

The middle (protein) line in the H Zone that keeps the thick filaments together

55
Q

Z Discs

A

A protein, in middle of I band, attaching to thin filaments

56
Q

A band

A
  • Dark band in middle of sarcomere
  • Thick filaments only
  • Lateral ends has overlapping thin filaments
  • Stays constant in contractions
57
Q

I band

A
  • Light bands
  • Thin filaments and titin protein only
  • Narrows during contractions
58
Q

Neuromuscular Junctions

A

Where motor neuron comes into close proximity to muscle fibers

59
Q

Circular Arrangement

A

Orbicularis Oris

60
Q

Parallel Arrangement

A

Rectus Abdominus

61
Q

Convergent

A
  • Triangular in shape, fibers coverge to one point
  • Pectoralis major
62
Q

Unipennate

A
  • All fibers go to one side
  • Extensor Digitorum
63
Q

Bipennate

A
  • Fibers go to two sides
  • Rectus Femoris (thigh)
64
Q

Multipennate

A
  • Fibers go to multiple sides
  • Deltoid

Anatomy (18 decks)

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