Exam 4 Flashcards

Question

what is the average age of menarche

Answer 1

Average age of menarche is 12 years

Answer 2

this is the first spontaneous ejaculation of sperm containing fluid

Answer 3

Average age of spermarche is 13 years

Answer 4

Breast budding, initial pubic-hair growth, growth spurt, hip widening, full pubic-hair pattern, breast maturation

Answer 5

Testes growth, initial pubic-hair growth, penis, facial hair, growth spurt, voice deepening, final pubic-hair

Answer 6

- genes = parents - gender= girls will happen earlier - body fat= girls will have higher body fat causes earlier onset - stress = ↑ stress will causes puberty to happen earlier

Answer 7

95% of an adult size and weight - myelination and synaptic pruning are nearly complete - limibic system reaches maturity - frontal cortex continues to develop

Answer 8

Helps regulate reward, desire, pleasure, and emotional experiences

Answer 9

Risk behavior Vulnerable to social pressures and stresses

Answer 10

the limbic system at 15 years old

Answer 11

- Instinctual and emotional areas develop before the reflective ones do - When emotions are intense, especially when one is with peers, the logical part of the brain shuts down - When stress, arousal, passion, sensory bombardment, drug intoxication, or deprivation is extreme, the adolescent brain is overtaken by impulses that might shame adults

Answer 12

- + aspect of teen brain development - ↑ myelination which ↓ reaction time - enhanced dopamine activity and promoting pleasurable experiences - synaptic growth enhances morla development an openness to new experiences and idea

Answer 13

circadian changes at puberty

Answer 14

A day–night cycle of biological activity that occurs approximately every 24 hours

Answer 15

Decreased motivation, interference with learning Report higher levels of depression, irritability, and lack of tolerance for frustration Have difficulty controlling their emotional responses

Answer 16

- girls 2,200 - boys 2,700 BOTH need iron and calcium

Answer 17

- anorexia | - bulimia

Answer 18

self starvation

Answer 19

binge eating and subsequent purging usually by induced vomiting and or use of laxatives

Answer 20

- body weight ↓ by 10% in 1 month (10-15lbs) | - BMI below 18

Answer 21

- body image | - moddiness

Answer 22

A person's idea of how his or her body looks Girls are more critical of their appearance and are likely to be dissatisfied

Answer 23

Rapid increases in hormones related to greater irritability and impulsivity, but not moodiness More changes in activities and social settings

Answer 24

girls will see/ feel they are heavier than you really are they dont know the healthy body type 1/3 of teen age girls think they are overweight when really only about 1/6 are.

Answer 25

Characterized by more systematic logic and the ability to think about abstract ideas Understand that a hypothetical problem need not correspond to the real world Use deductive reasoning to draw logical conclusions from the facts

Answer 26

From one or more specific experiences or facts to reach (induce) a general conclusion Bottom-up Squirrels on campus are brown Squirrels in the park are brown All squirrels are brown

Answer 27

From a general statement, premise, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out (deduce) specifics Top-down Fuji is an apple All apples are fruit

Answer 28

Includes reasoning that uses propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality If all mammals can walk And whales are mammals Can whales walk?

Answer 29

- intuitive thought - right side | - analytic thought - left side

Answer 30

Thought that arises from an emotion or a hunch, beyond rational explanation, and is influenced by past experiences and cultural assumptions

Answer 31

Thought that results from analysis, such as a systematic ranking of pros and cons, risks and consequences, possibilities and facts Analytic thought depends on logic and rationality

Answer 32

unconscious emotional experiential hot

Answer 33

conscious intellectual rational cold

Answer 34

Limbic system activated by puberty; prefrontal cortex matures more gradually *****Impulsive vs. inhibition

Answer 35

Experience in decision making and thinking facilitates more accurate use of analysis

Answer 36

With maturity, adolescents gradually balance formal analytic thinking and emotional, experiential thinking

Answer 37

- adolescent egocentrism - imaginary audience - personal fable - illusion of invulnerability

Answer 38

Thinking intensely about themselves

Answer 39

Others are watching them constantly

Answer 40

Their experiences and feelings are unique

Answer 41

Misfortune happens only to others

Answer 42

Previous research suggests egocentrism fosters adolescent risk taking Current perspectives propose egocentrism may be protective Adolescents who feel psychologically invincible tend to be resilient slide 33--37

Answer 43

A generation grew up with technology Many have been networking since childhood Within nations, the digital divide is shrinking, though digital differences remain Low-income families continue to be less likely to have high-speed Internet at home. Adolescents from low-SES neighborhoods are less likely to use the Internet The most notable digital divide is age

Answer 44

Adolescent cognitive growth benefits from shared experiences and opinions Video games with violent content promote aggression Adolescents sometimes share personal information online without thinking about the possible consequences Anonymity provided by electronic technology often brings out the worst in people

Answer 45

identity vs role confusion

Answer 46

Erikson's term for the fifth stage of development, in which the person tries to figure out “Who am I?” but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt

Answer 47

- achievement - diffusion - foreclosure - moratorium

Answer 48

Does not know or care what their identity is

Answer 49

Adopt parents’ or society’s roles and values wholesale without questioning or analysis

Answer 50

An adolescent's choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achievement decisions

Answer 51

- depression | - major depressive disorder

Answer 52

Self-esteem for boys and girls dips at puberty Signs of depression are common Level of family and peer support is influential Cultural contexts are influential; familism

Answer 53

Deep sadness and feelings of hopelessness, lethargy, and worthlessness Varied causal factors: Biological and psychological stress; genes; rumination with peers

Answer 54

- cluster suicides - parasuicide - suicidal ideation

Answer 55

Several suicides committed by members of a group within a brief period of time

Answer 56

Any potentially lethal action against the self that does not result in death Parasuicide is common, completed suicide is not

Answer 57

Thinking about suicide, usually with some serious emotional and intellectual or cognitive overtones

Answer 58

how the family relate to each other the support system more focus on this = ↓ in depression

Answer 59

- conflicts with parents - bickering - uninvolved parenting

Answer 60

Parent–adolescent conflict typically peaks in early adolescence and is more a sign of attachment than of distance Less evident in cultures that stress familism

Answer 61

Bickering involves petty, peevish arguing, usually repeated and ongoing

Answer 62

Although teenagers may act as if they no longer need their parents, neglect can be very destructive

Answer 63

- communication - support - connectedness - control

Answer 64

Do family members talk openly with one another?

Answer 65

Do they rely ono one another?

Answer 66

How emotionally close are they?

Answer 67

Do parents encourage or limit adolescent autonomy?

Answer 68

- peer pressure - deviancy training - selection - facilitation

Answer 69

Peer pressure involves encouragement to conform to one's friends or contemporaries in behavior, dress, and attitude

Answer 70

Destructive peer support in which one person shows another how to rebel against authority or social norms

Answer 71

Teenagers select friends whose values and interests they share, abandoning friends who follow other paths

Answer 72

Peers facilitate both destructive and constructive behaviors in one another

Answer 73

- alcohol - tobacco - pot

Answer 74

when they try it

Answer 75

the bad influences of the drug

Answer 76

you need it to live

Answer 77

Most frequently abused drug May permanently impair memory and self-control

Answer 78

Impairs digestion, nutrition Damage hearts, lungs, brains, and reproductive systems

Answer 79

More likely to drop out of school, become teenage parents, and be unemployed Affects memory, language proficiency, and motivation

Answer 80

Misuse of opioids in adolescents: 4.2 percent (2,000) Rate of overdose deaths among adolescents is increasing Youth who have witnessed a family member overdose or who have a large number of friends who misuse prescription drugs also are at increased risk

Answer 81

Treat pain cautiously Talk with teens in your life about pain treatment and management

Answer 82

18-25 years old

Answer 83

``` Completing an education Being financially independent Leaving home Marrying Having children ```

Answer 84

``` Demographic diversity Subjective conceptions Identity explorations Risk behaviors Across culture ```

Answer 85

we arent teens but also not adults

Answer 86

identity and confusion stage 1 love 2 work -who are you - not with parents and if your not married you will explore more

Answer 87

as you dont know hwat you want to do so there is more risk

Answer 88

some cultures will see what adults are different -think of the industrial people will get married later

Answer 89

Recreational in adolescence

Answer 90

More intimate and serious in emerging adulthood

Answer 91

Transient and tentative in adolescence

Answer 92

More focused and serious in emerging adulthood

Answer 93

A major marker of becoming an adult Gained earlier for 1/3 of high school graduates or those not finishing high school May start later for college graduates

Answer 94

Traditionally, ages 18 to 25 were a time for hard physical work and childbearing Physical work and parenthood are no longer expected of every young adult in the twenty-first century College attendance postponement of marriage

Answer 95

±10% in early 1900s, but ±67% today

Answer 96

Median age of first marriage: 29.2 (M), 27.1 (F) 1990- 26.1(M) and 27.1(F)

Answer 97

Period between the ages of 18 and 25, which is now widely thought of as a separate developmental stage Explore their identities Lead unstable lives filled with job changes, new relationships, and moves Emerging adults are usually in good health

Answer 98

96.4% rated good and above

Answer 99

6 medical visits per year for adults over 65

Answer 100

Less than 1/3 of adults aged 18-45 had flu shot

Answer 101

6.5–8.5 hours of sleep a night for young adults

Answer 102

Increases appetite, weight, depression, accidents Decreases energy, alertness, health, life expectancy

Answer 103

Aerobic exercise: 150 minutes moderate or 75 minutes intense exercise per week, at least 10 minutes at a time

Answer 104

Muscle-strengthening exercise: twice a week

Answer 105

Full standard for aerobic exercise met by 62 percent; for muscle-strengthening exercise by 33 percent

Answer 106

Set point: a particular body weight that homeostatic processes strive to maintain

Answer 107

No more than two drinks a day increases life expectancy Reduces coronary heart disease and strokes Lowers blood pressure

Answer 108

Destroys brain cells Is major cause of liver damage and several cancers Contributes to osteoporosis Decreases fertility Accompanies many suicides, homicides, and accidents

Answer 109

formal operational

Answer 110

Extends adolescent thinking by being more practical, flexible, and creative Occurs as a person is less impulsive and reactive and more practical and imaginative Emotion and subjective factors play roles in thinking Ambiguity and contradiction happen regularly

Answer 111

Relativistic thinking: the correct answer may vary from situation to situation

Answer 112

Ability to consider a thesis and its antithesis and arrive at a synthesis Able to see the pros and cons, advantages and disadvantages, possibilities and limitations Accept the world is filled with contradictions

Answer 113

truggle for emerging adults, but usually mastered as cognition matures

Answer 114

Tendency to undervalue, or ignore, future consequences and rewards in favor of immediate gratification Reduced with age as prefrontal cortex matures Postformal thinking allows better planning and collaboration

Answer 115

- subjective thought | - objective thought

Answer 116

Thinking that is based on personal qualities of the individual thinker (i.e., experiences, culture, goals)

Answer 117

Thinking that is not based on thinker's personal qualities but instead based on valid facts and numbers

Answer 118

Intimacy vs. isolation Family, friendship, love Stronger sense of one’s own identity is needed to achieve intimacy

Answer 119

linked lives financial support emotional support helicopter parent

Answer 120

The success, health, and well-being of each family member are connected to those of other members

Answer 121

Parents of all income levels in the United States help their adult children

Answer 122

Reach peak functional significance

Answer 123

Men tend to share activities and interests and talk about external matters But do not talk of failures or emotional problems Demand less of their friends, so they have more of them

Answer 124

Women tend to share secrets, reveal their weaknesses and problems, and expect sympathy Are more intimate and emotional

Answer 125

Robert Sternberg-three aspects of love - passion - intimacy - commitment

Answer 126

An intense physical, cognitive, and emotional onslaught characterized by excitement, ecstasy, and euphoria

Answer 127

Knowing someone well; sharing secrets as well as sex

Answer 128

Grows gradually through decisions to be together, mutual caregiving, kept secrets, shared possessions, and forgiveness

Answer 129

Western ideal of consummate love includes passion, intimacy, and commitment Ideal is difficult to achieve Passion may fade, intimacy may grow and stabilize, and commitment may deepen

Answer 130

Changes over time Financial security Good communication

Answer 131

Demand/withdraw interaction Situation in a romantic relationship wherein one person wants to address an issue and the other refuses

Answer 132

commitment

Answer 133

passion | intimacy

Answer 134

passion | commitment

Answer 135

intimacy | commitment

Answer 136

passion intimacy commitment

Answer 137

25-65 years old

Answer 138

25-40 young adulthood | 40-65 middle adulthood

Answer 139

- average - --F= 63.7 inch - --M= 69.1 inch height will decease over time

Answer 140

males- 1 1/2 inch | females 2 inch

Answer 141

- loss of disk height - ↓ vertebral bones (bone density ) - ↓ arch o1n the foot - poor posture

Answer 142

``` males = 189.3 (starts to ↓ at age 60) females = 159. (starts to ↓ at age 50) ```

Answer 143

bmi over 40

Answer 144

6 for the obesity chart

Answer 145

Increased risk of type II diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases Increased mortality rate

Answer 146

around 25 years old they have the lowest risk to have type 2 diabetes or cardiac issues

Answer 147

- mortality - morbidity - disability - vitality

Answer 148

Annual number of deaths per 100,000 people

Answer 149

Rate of diseases in a given population Higher in nations with lower mortality Higher in females than males

Answer 150

Difficulty in performing ADLs

Answer 151

How healthy and energetic an individual feels

Answer 152

progress of aging Gradual physical decline that is related to aging and during which the body becomes less strong and efficient Involves genetic and environmental influences Occurs in everyone and in every body part, but the rate of decline is highly variable within and between persons

Answer 153

the condition that comes naturally with aging

Answer 154

not everyone will get these and come from the primary aging

Answer 155

Increases with age *****Mainly in systolic blood pressure Hypertension increases the risk of heart disease and stroke

Answer 156

Exercise, lose weight, avoid salt, medication

Answer 157

Maximum breathing function decreases with age * ***Gas exchange * ***Forced vital capacity

Answer 158

every 10 years it will decrease by 4%

Answer 159

every 10 years it will decrease by .2L the normal is 3-5 L

Answer 160

Smoking increases the risk of COPD

Answer 161

Exercising, avoid pollutant | Quit smoking

Answer 162

- ↓ grow knowledge improves - brain sized decreases - reaction time lengthens - decreased working memory

Answer 163

Severe brain loss before 65 is usually related to drug abuse, poor circulation, viruses, or genes

Answer 164

Multitasking gets harder | Complex tasks may become impossible

Answer 165

Collagen decreases by about 1 percent per year (starting at age 20) By age 30: Skin is becoming thinner and less flexible; wrinkles become visible

Answer 166

Hair becomes gray and thinner Women’s hair becomes thinner overall Men lose hair on the top but not the sides *****Male pattern baldness

Answer 167

-females after menopaos causes wrnles to be visible BUT ↑ body fat ↓wrinkles

Answer 168

- body shape changed by 50 | - muscles weaken joints lose flexibility and agility is reduced (balance)

Answer 169

Increased waist circumference Fatty tissue deposits in abdomen, upper arms, buttocks, chin

Answer 170

- presbyopia - Loss of peripheral vision Decreased color vision Reduced pupil size

Answer 171

Caused by thickening or hardening of lens

Answer 172

driving - harder to do --- compensate by turning your head

Answer 173

blue color may appear faded | - job issues

Answer 174

less light will be able to come in and need to ↑ light in the room

Answer 175

Presbycusis A loss of hearing that is associated with senescence and that usually does not become apparent until after age 60 May occur earlier with damage from loud music and earphones

Answer 176

high pitch

Answer 177

Rates of infertility increases 16% in young couples 50% in couples in their 40s

Answer 178

fever, drugs, stress, alcohol, smoking

Answer 179

disease, smoking, extreme dieting, obesity

Answer 180

Cessation of menstruation and ovulation

Answer 181

Average age is 51

Answer 182

Affected primarily by genes Smoking, exercise, alcohol consumption

Answer 183

alleviated symptoms osteoprosis (not for prevention as it can cause breast cancer) breast cancer

Answer 184

vaginal dryness, body temperature disturbances (hot flashes), hot flushes, cold sweats

Answer 185

Exercise helps every condition at every age Overweight people are sometimes healthier than trim ones Physical activity reduces breast cancer risks, despite weight

Answer 186

Intensity is unnecessary; regular exercise is 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of intensive exercise

Answer 187

Exercise of Type II muscles

Answer 188

21% of adult men and 17% of adult women

Answer 189

In US, high- SES people are less likely to smoke In poor nations, rates of smoking increase with income

Answer 190

Moderate drinking is beneficial | Excessive drinking is harmful

Answer 191

No more than two drinks a day

Answer 192

Destroys brain cells Causes liver damage and several cancers Osteoporosis Decreases fertility

Answer 193

General intelligence → Abilities →Specific skills

Answer 194

analytic, creative, practical

Answer 195

g cannot be measured directly Heavily influenced by genetics Changes over time Predicts education, income, and longevity

Answer 196

Analyzing problem and generate different solutions Plan, evaluate, analyze, monitor, compare/contrast, filter

Answer 197

Response to novel situation and problems Inventing, discovering, imaging, creating

Answer 198

Adapt behavior to the demands of a situation

Answer 199

selective optimization with compensation momentary gains that lead to long term losses

Answer 200

Maximize gains while minimizing losses

Answer 201

Immediate comfort over long-term health and cognition

Answer 202

- avoidant coping - problem focused coping - emotion focused coping

Answer 203

Method of responding to a stressor by ignoring, forgetting, or hiding it

Answer 204

Strategy to deal with stress by tackling a stressful situation directly

Answer 205

Strategy to deal with stress by changing feelings about the stressor rather than changing the stressor itself Religious coping

Answer 206

- intimacy vs isolation | - generativity vs stagnation

Answer 207

Young adults seek companionship and love or become isolated from others, fearing rejection.

Answer 208

Middle-aged adults contribute to future generations through work, creative activities, and parenthood or they stagnate.

Answer 209

- marriage | - nonmarital romantic relationships

Answer 210

More adults never marry

Answer 211

Cohabitation | Living apart together

Answer 212

Honeymoon period; happiest of all

Answer 213

Happiness dips; divorce is more common now than later in marriage.

Answer 214

Happiness holds steady.

Answer 215

Happiness dips as children reach puberty.

Answer 216

Happiness rises when children leave the nest.

Answer 217

Happiness is high and steady, barring serious health problems.

Answer 218

Adults satisfy their need to be generative in many ways, including creativity, caregiving, and employment. parenthood- physical and psychological needs care giving - squeezed sandwich generation employment

Answer 219

- extrinsic rewards of work | - intrinsic rewards of work

Answer 220

The tangible benefits, usually in the form of compensation (e.g., salary, health insurance, pension), that one receives for doing a job

Answer 221

The intangible gratifications (e.g., job satisfaction, self-esteem, pride) that come from within oneself as a result of doing a job