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Psychology 101 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is motivation?

A

Something that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal

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2
Q

What is instinct theory?

A

says all behavior driven by instincts

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3
Q

Problems with instinct theory?

A

Motivation is biological and intrinsic and we participate in things that are not biologically innate

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4
Q

What is drive-reduction theory?

A

As drive state becomes strong, behavior is motivated

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5
Q

What is a drive

A

psychological state – an aroused state caused by physiological need

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6
Q

what is a need?

A

physiological state (hunger, water, etc)

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7
Q

incentives

A

positive/negative stimuli that can also motivate behavior

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8
Q

Environmental cues

A

Just after eating a big lunch, you find something that you want to eat

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9
Q

What is the hierarchy of human needs

A

There is an order to needs people are driven to meet All human behavior seeks to meet and satisfy these needs

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10
Q

What are “d-needs”?

A

Physiological needs (Strongest needs) Deficiency needs (1-4) – when we are deficient in these areas, there will be some indication

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11
Q

What are the strongest needs

A

Deficiency needs (1-4) – when we are deficient in these areas, there will be some indication

Physiological, safety, belongingness and love, and esteem

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12
Q

Weakest needs?

A

5&6: Self-actualization and self-transcendence

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13
Q

Do Americans fulfill all of the needs

A

Americans’ needs are only partially fulfilled: 85% fulfill physiological needs, 70% safety, 50% love, 40% self-esteem, 10% actualization

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14
Q

How might Maslow’s theory be different cross-culturally?

A

In the US, he believed that self-esteem is very important while it isn’t in other cultures

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15
Q

How do the narratives from Nazi concentration camps support Maslow’s hierarchy?

A

Fathers and sons fight “tooth and nail” over a piece of food

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16
Q

What did researchers do in the semi-starvation study by Ancel Keys (1950)?

A

Researchers gradually took away the food supply from 36 men

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17
Q

How did Keys’ study provide support for Maslow’s hierarchy?

A

Once the food supply was cut, they noticed that they rapidly lost weight, lost interest in everything that wasn’t food, lost ability to concentrate, they were obsessed with food because their d-needs were not being met

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18
Q

Define self-control

A

the ability to control ones emotions, behavior, and desires in order to obtain some reward or avoid punishment

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19
Q

What is a cold motivational state

A

complex, flexible, develop with age (learned over time)

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20
Q

Hot motivational state

A

When we are preoccupied with meeting a need; innate; simple and fast

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21
Q

What conclusion can we draw about self-control with Mischel’s different studies?

A

The participants were in hot motivational states. As adolescents…had less behavior problems in school, higher scores on coping with stress inventories, almost 200 points higher on college placement tests As adults…reported higher quality relationships, greater social competence, rated as more dependable workers

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22
Q

What happens in the brain when we experience hunger?

A

Increase in glucose

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23
Q

What specific parts of the brain influence hunger (e.g., trigger hunger or slow/depress hunger)?

A

The hypothalamus monitors appetite hormones

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24
Q

What do experiments with animals manipulating these different areas show

A

Found that many mice were missing leptin and therefore, once they were injected with leptin, they lost weight

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25
Does the mouse experiment work for humans
Leptin shots don't work for humans
26
What hormone has been linked to obesity in rats and in some few humans?
Leptin
27
Social facilitation
other people increase our natural behavioral tendencies
28
Longitudinal research of social networks and likelihood of obesity (Christakis & Fowler, 2007)
If your friend becomes obese, you are 57% more likely to become obese as well
29
What is anorexia nervosa
Excessive fear of gaining weight/becoming overweight Sometimes engage in excessive exercise May begin as a weight loss diet Usually adolescents; mostly female Fall significantly below normal body weight
30
What is bulimia nervosa
May also be triggered by weight loss diet Repeated (pattern of) binging and purging Late teens, early 20s; mostly female More common than Anorexia (NIMH, 2009)
31
Which is the more common condition; Bulimia or Anorexia?
Bulimia
32
Cognition difference between anorexia and bulimia
thoughts preoccupied by weight (anorexia) vs. sweets (bulimia)
33
Psychological health difference between anorexia and bulimia
those with bulimia more prone to depression
34
Personality difference between anorexia and bulimia
impulsivity (B), self-control (A), and achievement seeking (A)
35
Contingent self-esteem
specific areas of which self-esteem is derived Physical attractiveness, specifically thinness is one of the most valued characteristics
36
Body image
beliefs and feelings toward physical body
37
emotion
a brief feeling state that involves cognition, physiological responses, and behavioral reactions to events
38
three components of emotion
cognition, physiological responses, and behavioral reactions to events
39
How does an emotion differ from definitions of mood or affect?
Mood – an enduring, longer lasting feeling state Affect – a broad descriptor used to denote evaluation, can represent emotion or mood
40
What is the Circumplex model?
The model of emotions
41
What dimensions does Circumplex model cross
Pleasant/unpleasant and activation/deactivation
42
What division of the nervous system is activated in fight-or-flight?
Sympathetic
43
How does this system affect us (i.e., what are the physical effects)?
Release stress hormones; release excess sugar into bloodstream
44
With the exception of physiological arousal, what are various ways in which researchers can determine the emotions individuals are experiencing?
Self-report – we can ask them Context – we can make inference Laboratory measures (electromyography)
45
What is EMG?
electromyography; detect brief changes in facial muscles
46
What does corrugator activity indicate
frowning muscle” Absence sometimes used to indicate positive emotion
47
zygomatic activity?
“smiling muscle” Combined with the orbicularis oculi
48
the Duchenne smile
The "true" smile
49
What have researchers found regarding left/right sides of the brain and positive vs. negative emotions?
Left side of the brain –positive emotion Right side of the brain – negative
50
What does activity in the frontal lobes show? (Davidson, 2000; Harmon-Jones et al., 2002; Hecht, 2010)
Depressed people have more right frontal lobe activity than non-depressed; less left frontal lobe activity compared to right Vs. Individuals who tend not to experience depressive states (e.g., alert infants, goal-oriented adults) show more left frontal lobe activity
51
Currently, what is the best explanation for the above associations?
Left side has more dopamine receptors
52
James-Lange theory
Physiological arousal experienced first, then we experience emotion Counter-intuitive
53
Cannon-Bard theory
Arousal not distinct enough to signal emotion and emotion happens too quickly Physiological arousal and emotion occur at same time
54
Two-factor theory
addressed cognition related to emotion Physiological arousal and cognition happen together, and then emotion is experienced Other theories didn’t give attention to this step
55
Which theory or theories have received the most empirical support?
Two factor theory and the Cannon and Bard theory
56
What is a spill-over effect? Provide an example
our physiological arousal from one event ‘spills over’ to influence emotional response to another event Example: physiological arousal from a run may intensify an emotion that comes later
57
What did the study by Dutton and Aron (1974) do
can physiological arousal increase feelings of attraction? Misattribution of arousal Iv – varied physiological arousal Dv – attractiveness; did they call?
58
What did the study by Dutton and Aron (1974) find
Men who were approached on the bridge were much more likely to call the woman
59
Can emotion precede cognition?
Yes, Priming studies reveal that we are influenced by emotions that are experienced on an unconscious level (i.e., “low-road”; Zajonc, 1980, 1984)
60
Neuroscience evidence (Whalen et al., 2004); Emotions precede cognition
Participants primed with fearful or happy eyes in fMRI Amygdala showed response despite no self reported awareness
61
What is the facial feedback hypothesis?
bodily reactions can influence emotional experience
62
findings of Strack et al. (1989)
When asked who was happiest, someone holding a pencil in their teeth was perceived to be happier than someone holding it in their hand and in their lips
63
How did Ekman develop his emotion atlas?
analyzed hundreds of films and photographs of people experiencing real emotion
64
What six emotions did Ekman argue were primary?
Surprise, anger, sadness, disgust, fear, and happiness
65
Which emotional expression is most universal according to cross-cultural research by Ekman and colleagues?
Combination of sadness and happiness
66
What is emotion detection?
ability to recognize emotion
67
On average, how good are we in detecting emotion
General performance is good We are particularly good for certain emotions
68
Does detecting emotion differ with regard to positive or negative emotions?
faster to detect single angry face than the single happy face
69
How do prior experience, personality, and gender influence emotion detection abilities?
Experience Physical abuse Personality Extraversion More introverted detect emotions better Gender Gender and “emotion literacy” Women
70
What is happiness?
a positive state of mind; also called subjective well-being
71
What effects of happiness have been shown in experimental research?
Flexible thinking, creativity, interest and exploration “Feel good, do good phenomenon”
72
Describe the relationship between wealth and happiness
If we don’t have any, we are miserable; once we have enough to be comfortable, increases in health/money matter less
73
Describe two phenomena that have a large influence on our happiness
Adaptation level and relative deprivation
74
Adaptation level
the tendency to judge stimuli relative to those we have previously experienced; means we will adapt quickly and the new thing will be the norm "We always recalibrate"
75
Relative deprivation
sense that we are worse off than others
76
What is personality?
a person’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
77
What is the contemporary approach to personality?
Adult human personality reflects differences along five broad dimensions
78
What do studies of personality and U.S. geography reveal? Specifically, describe a ‘Midwesterner’
* Personality traits tend to cluster in regions. Sociable, considerate, and traditional
79
Who was Sigmund Freud?
* Not a psychologist by training * Was a physician and wanted to become a neurologist * Developed his own theory of personality
80
What is conversion hysteria?
* Those with physical symptoms with no apparent biological cause
81
How did Freud think about the unconscious in a unique way?
* He saw it as a reservoir of unacceptable resources. Where we thought of things that were too unacceptable to be said out loud
82
What are three techniques Freud used in his psychoanalytic therapy?
Free association Dream interpretation Slips of the tongue
83
Free association
* relax, say whatever comes to mind
84
Dream interpretation
* believed dreams were the “royal road to the unconscious”
85
Slips of the tongue
“faulty actions”; errors in speech, memory, or behavior
86
What were the three interacting systems of personality according to Freud?
Id Ego Superego
87
Id
basic drives; operates on pleasure principle (as soon as newborn baby needs something, it cries; present from birth)
88
Ego
operates on reality principle; conscious thoughts, perceptions, and memories; wants to meet needs but in reasonable manner (develops from 3-4)
89
Superego
what we “ought” to do; parents’ wishes, values, and morals; strive for perfection (forms around age 5)
90
How was personality like an iceberg according to Freud?
* Different parts operate at different levels of awareness * Most of our personality is hidden like the majority of an iceberg is underwater
91
What was the Oedipus complex? How was it resolved?
* Pertains to boys and says that boys obtain an unconscious sexual desire for their mother and this desire causes jealousy and hatred for the father and this was resolved by them identifying with their father
92
What is a defense mechanism? Provide some examples of them
* created by the ego to help deal with anxiety about losing control; they each distort reality in different ways ## Footnote **Repression** **Regression** **Reaction formation** **Projection** **Rationalization** **Displacement** **Denial**
93
Repression
underlies all; banish from consciousness
94
Regression
return to an earlier, safer time
95
Reaction formation
makes unacceptable feelings, desires, and impulses look like their opposite
96
Projection
attributes own unacceptable feelings, desires, and impulses to another
97
Rationalization
rationalize; self-justify
98
Displacement
* directs unacceptable feelings away from a person or object that aroused the feelings and toward a more acceptable target
99
Denial
refusing to believe
100

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