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exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

social psychologists

A

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

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2
Q

Attribution theory

A

the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition.

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3
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

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4
Q

attitude

A

feelings influenced by our beliefs that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

attitudes affect actions and actions affect attitudes.

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5
Q

peripheral route persuasion

A

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues. this method doesnt engage in systematic thinking but it does produce fast results

ex: people are persuaded to make the snap judgement to buy a product when it is endorsed by a celebrity.

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6
Q

central route persuasion

A

occurs when interested people focus on arguments and respond with favorable thoughts. occurs mostly when people are naturally analytical or involved in the issue.

this method is more thoughtful, less superficial, and more durable.

ex: advertising a car by its best features

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7
Q

foot in the door phenomenon

A

tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. shows that actions can affect your attitude because in some circumstances doing becomes believing.
“fake it until you make it”

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8
Q

role

A

set of expectations about a social position defining how those in the position ought to behave

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9
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

acting to reduce the discomfort(dissonance) we feel when our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. ex:

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10
Q

conformity

A

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

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11
Q

normative social influence

A

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

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12
Q

informational social influence

A

influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality

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13
Q

Stanley Milgram

A

performed experiments to study obedience in social psychology

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14
Q

social facilitation

A

improved performance on simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others

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15
Q

social loafing

A

tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when individually accountable

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16
Q

deindividuation

A

loss of self awareness and self restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

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17
Q

group polarization

A

the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

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18
Q

groupthink

A

mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

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19
Q

prejudice

A

unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members

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20
Q

stereotype

A

generalized belief about a group of people

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21
Q

discrimination

A

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

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22
Q

just world phenomenon

A

tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

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23
Q

ingroup

A

people with whom we share a common identity

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24
Q

outgroup

A

those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

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25
Q

scapegoat theory

A

theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

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26
Q

frustration aggression principle

A

principle that frustration creates anger, which can generate aggression

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27
Q

mere exposure effect

A

phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

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28
Q

passionate love

A

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

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29
Q

companionate love

A

deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

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30
Q

equity

A

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

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31
Q

self-disclosure

A

act of revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

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32
Q

bystander effect

A

tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

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33
Q

social exchange theory

A

social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

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34
Q

reciprocity norm

A

expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped him

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35
Q

social responsibility norm

A

expectation that people will help those needing their help

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36
Q

conflict

A

perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

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37
Q

social trap

A

situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in a mutually destructive behavior

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38
Q

mirror image perception

A

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

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39
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

belief that leads to its own fulfillment

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40
Q

superordinate goals

A

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

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41
Q

GRIT (Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction)

A

strategy designed to decrease international tensions

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42
Q

personality

A

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

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43
Q

psychodynamic theory

A

view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences (Freud)

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44
Q

psychoanalysis

A

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; treats psychological disorders by exposing and interpreting unconscious tensions

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45
Q

unconscious

A

reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, and memories; information processing of which we are unaware

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46
Q

free association

A

method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

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47
Q

id

A

part of Freud’s personality structure; reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives

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48
Q

ego

A

part of Freud’s personality structure; largely conscious “executive” part of the personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality

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49
Q

superego

A

part of Freud’s personality structure; represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and for future aspirations

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50
Q

reality principle

A

satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

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51
Q

psychosexual stages

A

childhood stages of development during which the id’s pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

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52
Q

psychosexual stage zones

A 
Oral (0 - 18 months)
Anal (18 - 36 months)
Phallic (3 - 6 years)
Latency (6 - puberty)
Genital (puberty on)
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53
Q

Oedipus complex

A

boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

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54
Q

identification

A

process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos

55
Q

fixation

A

lingering focus of pleasure seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage in which conflicts were unresolved

56
Q

defense mechanism

A

ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

57
Q

repression

A

basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

58
Q

regression

A

retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage

59
Q

reaction formation

A

switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites

60
Q

projection

A

disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

61
Q

rationalization

A

offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one’s actions

62
Q

displacement

A

shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person

63
Q

denial

A

refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

64
Q

collective unconscious

A

Carl Jung; Neo-Freudian concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history

65
Q

projective test

A

personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics

66
Q

TAT (Thematic Appreciation Test)

A

projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

67
Q

Rorschcach inkblot test

A

Hermann Rorschach; most widely used projective test; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

68
Q

terror management theory

A

death related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminder of their impending death

69
Q

humanistic theory

A

view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth (Maslow and Rogers)

70
Q

self-actualization

A

one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved in order to fulfill one’s potential

71
Q

final exam

A

https://quizlet.com/135364860/psychology-final-exam-dr-lawrence-flash-cards/

72
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

attitude of total acceptance toward another person

73
Q

personality inventory

A

questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits

74
Q

MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)

A

most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests; originally developed to identify emotional disorders

75
Q

emperically derived test

A

test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

76
Q

big 5 factors

A 
conscientiousness
agreeableness
neuroticism
openness
extraversion
77
Q

social cognitive perspective

A

view behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits and their social context

78
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

79
Q

self esteem

A

one’s feelings of high or low self-worth

80
Q

self efficacy

A

one’s sense of competence and effectiveness

81
Q

psychological disorder

A

syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior

82
Q

medical model

A

concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and cured often through treatment in a hospital

83
Q

epigenetics

A

study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

84
Q

anxiety disorder

A

psychological disorder characterized by distressing persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

85
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

86
Q

panic disorder

A

anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

87
Q

phobia

A

anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

88
Q

OCD (obsessive compulsive disorder)

A

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts, or actions

89
Q

PTSD post traumatic stress disorder

A

disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

90
Q

major depressive disorder

A

disorder in which a person experiences two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, one of which being in a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure

91
Q

symptoms of major depressive disorder

A

o Depressed mood
o Dramatically reduced interest or enjoyment in most activities
o Significant challenges regulating appetite and weight
o Significant challenges regulating sleep
o Physical agitation or lethargy
o Feeling listless or with much less energy
o Feeling worthless or feeling unwarranted guilt
o Problems in thinking, concentrating, or making decisions
o Thinking repetitively of death and suicide

92
Q

bipolar disorder

A

disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

93
Q

mania

A

a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common

94
Q

rumination

A

compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes

95
Q

chronic schizophrenia

A

form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood; as people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten

96
Q

acute schizophrenia

A

form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event and has extended recovery periods

97
Q

dissociative identity disorder

A

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities (formerly called multiple personality disorder)

98
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing even toward friends and family members; may be more aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

99
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

an eating disorder in which a person maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise

100
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

an eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating with purging or fasting

101
Q

personality disorders

A

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

102
Q

psychotherapy

A

treatment involving psychological techniques, consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

103
Q

eclectic approach

A

an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy

104
Q

biomedical therapy

A

prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person’s physiology

105
Q

resistance

A

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety laden material

106
Q

interpretation

A

in psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

107
Q

transference

A

in psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships

108
Q

psychodynamic therapy

A

therapy derived from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight

109
Q

insight therapy

A

variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the person’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses

110
Q

client centered therapy

A

humanistic therapy which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening with in a genuine and empathetic environment to facilitate clients’ growth (Carl Rogers)

111
Q

active listening

A

empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies

112
Q

carl rogers

A

client centered therapy; active listening; unconditional positive regard

113
Q

sigmund freud

A

id, ego, superego; psychoanalysis, psychodynamic theory

114
Q

behavior therapy

A

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

115
Q

counterconditioning

A

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors

116
Q

exposure therapy

A

behavioral techniques that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid

117
Q

systematic desensitization

A

type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety triggering stimuli, commonly used to treat phobias

118
Q

virtual reality exposure therapy

A

anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic simulations of their greatest fears

119
Q

aversive conditioning

A

type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior

120
Q

token economy

A

operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange their tokens for various privileges or treats

121
Q

cognitive therapy

A

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

122
Q

CBT (cognitive behavior therapy)

A

popular integrative therapy that combines changing self-defeating thinking with changing behavio

123
Q

group therapy

A

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction

124
Q

family therapy

A

therapy that treats the family as a system; views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by other family members

125
Q

psychopharmacology

A

the study of the effects on mind and behavior

126
Q

antipsychotic drugs

A

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder (such as chlorpromazine)

127
Q

antianxiety drugs

A

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation (such as Xanax or Ativan)

128
Q

antidepressant drugs

A

drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD (several used are SSRIs)

129
Q

ECT (electroconvulsive therapy)

A

biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

130
Q

rTMS ( repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation)

A

application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain, used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

131
Q

psychosurgery

A

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

132
Q

resilience

A

personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

133
Q

postraumatic growth

A

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

134
Q

lobotomy

A

psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients; procedure cuts nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion controlling centers of the inner brain

Psychology (6 decks)

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