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Psychology > chapter 12: emotions, stress, and health > Flashcards

chapter 12: emotions, stress, and health Flashcards

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1
Q

emotions

A

adaptive responses that support survival

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2
Q

What are the two main questions that theories of emotion generally address?

A

Does physiological arousal come before or after emotional feelings?
How do feeling and cognition interact?

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3
Q

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

A

experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
stimuli->arousal->emotion
problem: Emotions do not have different physical signatures.

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4
Q

Cannon- Bard Theory of Emotion

A

emotion arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger both physiological responses and subjective experience of emotion

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5
Q

Schachter and Singer Two Factor Theory

A

Arousal+ Context= Emotion

in order to experience emotion one must

  • be physically aroused
  • and cognitively label the arousal
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6
Q

spillover effect

A

spillover arousal from one event to the next, influencing a response

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7
Q

Zajonc and LeDoux theory

does cognition always precede emotion? not according to this theory

A

some emotional reactions, especially fears, likes and dislikes, develop in a low road through the brain, skipping conscious thought (in amygdala)

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8
Q

Autonomic nervous system’s divisions

A

sympathetic (arousing)

parasympathetic (calming)

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9
Q

Performance ____ at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks

A

peak

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10
Q

What are the physiological signs of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A 
Pupils contract
Salivation increases
Skin dries
Respiration decreased
Heart slows
Digestion activates
Decreased secretion of stress hormones
Immune system functioning enhanced
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11
Q

What are the physiological signs of the sympathetic nervous system?

A 
Pupils dilate
Salivation decreases
Skin perspires
Increased respiration
Accelerating heart rate
Digestion inhibited
Secretion of stress hormones 
Immune system functioning reduced
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12
Q

Depression and general negative activity is located in the _______ of the brain

avoidance emotions

A

right frontal lobe

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13
Q

HAppiness, enthusiastic, energized and anger is located in the ________ of the brain

reactive emotions

A

left frontal lobe

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14
Q

A polygraph often labels the __________ guilty

A

innocent

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15
Q

what three things are absent in written communication

A

gestures, facial expressions and voice tones

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16
Q

Women and emotion

A

tend to read emotional cues more easily and to be more empathetic
express more emotion with their faces

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17
Q

People attribute female emotionality to _______ and male emotionality to ____________

A

dispotion

circumstance

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18
Q

Facial expressions are universal across _____, the _____ and _______

A

countries, blind, babies

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19
Q

Causes of anger

A

evoked by misdeeds that we interpret as willful, unjustified and avoidable, and also by smaller frustrations and blameless annoyances

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20
Q

Consequences of anger

A

chronic hostility leads to heart disease
expressing anger can make us angrier
controlled assertions may resolve conflicts and forgiveness

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21
Q

Anger communicates _______________,____________ and __________ when used wisely

A

strength and competence, motivates actions and expresses grief

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22
Q

Feel-good, do-good

A

people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

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23
Q

facial feedback effect

A

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger or happiness

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24
Q

behavior feedback effect

A

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings and actions

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25
Q

positive psychology

A

scientific study of human functioning with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

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26
Q

catharsis

A

emotional release. in psychology, the catharsis hypothesis maintains that “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy)relieves aggresive urges

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27
Q

research areas in positive psychology

A

positive health
positive emotions
positive neuroscience
positive education

28
Q

pillars of positive psychology

A

positive well being
positive character
communities
culture

29
Q

subjective well-being

A

self-percieved happiness or satisfaction with life. used along with measures of objective well-being(for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate peoples quality of life.

30
Q

emotional ups and downs tend to____

A

balance out

31
Q

adaptation-level phenomenon

A

describes tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.

example- you may live on a small amount of money, say, $1,000 per month. You may think “if I had more money I would always be able to pay all my bills and still buy other things.” Then you get a big raise and you start making $3,000 per month. At first this would be a very exciting new experience. After a while, however, when all the new income has been allotted to pay some bill, you might again start to think, “if I had more money…. “

32
Q

prior experience

A

partly influences feelings of satisfaction and dissatisfaction, success and failure

33
Q

relative deprivation

A

involves the perception that one is worse off relative to those they comparison themselves with

example-Even rich people can feel poor as the even richer parade in front of them.

34
Q

stress

A

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events. called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

35
Q

what are the three main stressors?

A

catastrophes
significant life changes
daily hassels

36
Q

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

selye’s concept of the bodys adaptive response to stress in 3 phases- alarm, resistance, exhuastion

37
Q

responses to stress

A

fight or flight
alarm, resistance, exhaustion
tend and befriend (mainly women)

38
Q

tend and befriend stress response

A

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others(tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

39
Q

male response to stress

female response to stress

A

males tend to withdrawal socially, turn to alcohol or become aggressive.

women often respond by nurturing and banding together

40
Q

psychoneuroimmunology

A

your thoughts feelings and emotions influence your brain, which influences the endocrine hormones that affect your disease-fighting immune system.

41
Q

the immune system is affected by

A

age, nutrition, genetics, body temperature and stress

42
Q

immune system reacting too strongly

A

self-attacking diseases like arthritis and allergic reactions

43
Q

immune system under reacting

A

bacterial infections flare up, dormant herpes virus’ erupt, and cancer cells multiply

44
Q

stress hormones____ the immune system

A

suppress

45
Q

stress can_____ the transition from HIV to_____

A

speed up,

AIDS

46
Q

stress is related to generation of inflammation which is associated with

A

heart problems

47
Q

type A

A

friedman and rosenmans term for competative hard driving impatient, verbally aggressive and anger prone people

48
Q

type B

A

term for easy going, relaxed people

49
Q

type D

A

term for people who suppress negative emotion to avoid social disapproval

50
Q

pessimists are more likely than optimists to develop

A

heart disease

51
Q

what are the two ways people cope with stress

A

problem-focused coping

emotion-focused coping

52
Q

coping

A

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods

53
Q

problem focused coping

A

attempting to alleviate stress directly-by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor (used when you feel you have control over the situation and can change the circumstances)

example- when fighting with a family member you go directly to them to work things out

54
Q

emotion focused coping

A

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction (used when you feel you cannot change a situation)

example- reaching out to friends for comfort and support when you aren’t getting along with a family member

55
Q

why does the perceived loss of control predict health problems?

A

Losing control produces rising stress hormones, blood pressure increases, and immune responses drop

56
Q

tyranny of choice can create

A

information overload and a greater likelihood that we will feel regret over some of the things we left behind.

57
Q

external locus of control

A

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate.

58
Q

internal locus of control

A

the perception that we control our own fate.

59
Q

self control

A

ability to control impulses and delay short term gratification for greater long term rewards

60
Q

exercising willpower

A

temporarily depletes the mental energy needed for self control on other tasks

61
Q

self control requires attention and energy, but it predicts…

A

good adjustment, better grades and social success

62
Q

What is the genetic marker for optimism?

A

oxytocin

63
Q

social support helps fight illness in what two ways?

A

calms cardiovascular system, which lowers blood pressure and stress hormone levels
fights illness by fostering stronger immune functioning
“open heart therapy”

64
Q

what all can reduce stress

A

aerobic exercise, relaxation, meditation and active spiritual engagement

65
Q

religiously active people tend to live _____ than those who are not religiously active

A

longer

Psychology (6 decks)

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