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Psychology > chapter 12: emotions, stress, and health > Flashcards

chapter 12: emotions, stress, and health Flashcards

1
Q

emotions

A

adaptive responses that support survival

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2
Q

What are the two main questions that theories of emotion generally address?

A

Does physiological arousal come before or after emotional feelings?
How do feeling and cognition interact?

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3
Q

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

A

experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
stimuli->arousal->emotion
problem: Emotions do not have different physical signatures.

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4
Q

Cannon- Bard Theory of Emotion

A

emotion arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger both physiological responses and subjective experience of emotion

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5
Q

Schachter and Singer Two Factor Theory

A

Arousal+ Context= Emotion

in order to experience emotion one must

  • be physically aroused
  • and cognitively label the arousal
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6
Q

spillover effect

A

spillover arousal from one event to the next, influencing a response

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7
Q

Zajonc and LeDoux theory

does cognition always precede emotion? not according to this theory

A

some emotional reactions, especially fears, likes and dislikes, develop in a low road through the brain, skipping conscious thought (in amygdala)

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8
Q

Autonomic nervous system’s divisions

A

sympathetic (arousing)

parasympathetic (calming)

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9
Q

Performance ____ at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks

A

peak

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10
Q

What are the physiological signs of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A 
Pupils contract
Salivation increases
Skin dries
Respiration decreased
Heart slows
Digestion activates
Decreased secretion of stress hormones
Immune system functioning enhanced
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11
Q

What are the physiological signs of the sympathetic nervous system?

A 
Pupils dilate
Salivation decreases
Skin perspires
Increased respiration
Accelerating heart rate
Digestion inhibited
Secretion of stress hormones 
Immune system functioning reduced
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12
Q

Depression and general negative activity is located in the _______ of the brain

avoidance emotions

A

right frontal lobe

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13
Q

HAppiness, enthusiastic, energized and anger is located in the ________ of the brain

reactive emotions

A

left frontal lobe

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14
Q

A polygraph often labels the __________ guilty

A

innocent

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15
Q

what three things are absent in written communication

A

gestures, facial expressions and voice tones

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16
Q

Women and emotion

A

tend to read emotional cues more easily and to be more empathetic
express more emotion with their faces

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17
Q

People attribute female emotionality to _______ and male emotionality to ____________

A

dispotion

circumstance

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18
Q

Facial expressions are universal across _____, the _____ and _______

A

countries, blind, babies

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19
Q

Causes of anger

A

evoked by misdeeds that we interpret as willful, unjustified and avoidable, and also by smaller frustrations and blameless annoyances

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20
Q

Consequences of anger

A

chronic hostility leads to heart disease
expressing anger can make us angrier
controlled assertions may resolve conflicts and forgiveness

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21
Q

Anger communicates _______________,____________ and __________ when used wisely

A

strength and competence, motivates actions and expresses grief

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22
Q

Feel-good, do-good

A

people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

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23
Q

facial feedback effect

A

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger or happiness

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24
Q

behavior feedback effect

A

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings and actions

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25
positive psychology
scientific study of human functioning with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive
26
catharsis
emotional release. in psychology, the catharsis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy)relieves aggresive urges
27
research areas in positive psychology
positive health positive emotions positive neuroscience positive education
28
pillars of positive psychology
positive well being positive character communities culture
29
subjective well-being
self-percieved happiness or satisfaction with life. used along with measures of objective well-being(for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate peoples quality of life.
30
emotional ups and downs tend to____
balance out
31
adaptation-level phenomenon
describes tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience. example- you may live on a small amount of money, say, $1,000 per month. You may think "if I had more money I would always be able to pay all my bills and still buy other things." Then you get a big raise and you start making $3,000 per month. At first this would be a very exciting new experience. After a while, however, when all the new income has been allotted to pay some bill, you might again start to think, "if I had more money.... "
32
prior experience
partly influences feelings of satisfaction and dissatisfaction, success and failure
33
relative deprivation
involves the perception that one is worse off relative to those they comparison themselves with example-Even rich people can feel poor as the even richer parade in front of them.
34
stress
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events. called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
35
what are the three main stressors?
catastrophes significant life changes daily hassels
36
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
selye's concept of the bodys adaptive response to stress in 3 phases- alarm, resistance, exhuastion
37
responses to stress
fight or flight alarm, resistance, exhaustion tend and befriend (mainly women)
38
tend and befriend stress response
under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others(tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)
39
male response to stress female response to stress
males tend to withdrawal socially, turn to alcohol or become aggressive. women often respond by nurturing and banding together
40
psychoneuroimmunology
your thoughts feelings and emotions influence your brain, which influences the endocrine hormones that affect your disease-fighting immune system.
41
the immune system is affected by
age, nutrition, genetics, body temperature and stress
42
immune system reacting too strongly
self-attacking diseases like arthritis and allergic reactions
43
immune system under reacting
bacterial infections flare up, dormant herpes virus' erupt, and cancer cells multiply
44
stress hormones____ the immune system
suppress
45
stress can_____ the transition from HIV to_____
speed up, | AIDS
46
stress is related to generation of inflammation which is associated with
heart problems
47
type A
friedman and rosenmans term for competative hard driving impatient, verbally aggressive and anger prone people
48
type B
term for easy going, relaxed people
49
type D
term for people who suppress negative emotion to avoid social disapproval
50
pessimists are more likely than optimists to develop
heart disease
51
what are the two ways people cope with stress
problem-focused coping | emotion-focused coping
52
coping
alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods
53
problem focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress directly-by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor (used when you feel you have control over the situation and can change the circumstances) example- when fighting with a family member you go directly to them to work things out
54
emotion focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction (used when you feel you cannot change a situation) example- reaching out to friends for comfort and support when you aren't getting along with a family member
55
why does the perceived loss of control predict health problems?
Losing control produces rising stress hormones, blood pressure increases, and immune responses drop
56
tyranny of choice can create
information overload and a greater likelihood that we will feel regret over some of the things we left behind.
57
external locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate.
58
internal locus of control
the perception that we control our own fate.
59
self control
ability to control impulses and delay short term gratification for greater long term rewards
60
exercising willpower
temporarily depletes the mental energy needed for self control on other tasks
61
self control requires attention and energy, but it predicts...
good adjustment, better grades and social success
62
What is the genetic marker for optimism?
oxytocin
63
social support helps fight illness in what two ways?
calms cardiovascular system, which lowers blood pressure and stress hormone levels fights illness by fostering stronger immune functioning "open heart therapy"
64
what all can reduce stress
aerobic exercise, relaxation, meditation and active spiritual engagement
65
religiously active people tend to live _____ than those who are not religiously active
longer

Psychology (6 decks)

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