chapter 11 motivation Flashcards
motivation
need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
instinct
complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species that is unlearned
drive reduction theory
idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy a need
homeostasis
tendency to mantain a balanced or constant internal state
incentive
positive or negative stimulus that motivates behavior
yerkes dodson law
principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point beyond which performance decreases; moderate arousal produces optimal performance
maslows hierarchy of needs
views human motives as pyramid
at the base are basic physiological needs and at the top are the highest human needs
Maslow Hierarchy of needs: actual hierarchy
self-transcendence needs self- actualization needs esteem needs belongingness and love needs safety needs physiological needs
How do humans regulate calorie intake in the physiology of hunger?
How do humans regulate calorie intake in the physiology of hunger?
Glucose
form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues
triggers feeling of huger when low
arcuate nucleus
brain structure that pumps appetite suppressing hormones
the appetite hormones
GHRELIN-involves hunger arousing hormones secreted by empty stomach
INSULIN-hormone secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose
LEPTIN-protein hormone recreated by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger
OREXIN-hunger triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus
PYY-digestive tract hormone; sends I’m not hungry” signals to the brain
Set point
point at which your weight thermostat is supposedly set. When your body falls below this point, increased hunger and lower metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight
Taste preferences
Body chemistry and environmental factors influence taste preferences
friends and food
we find ourselves eating more when eating with others
the presence of others amplify natural behavior tendencies called social facilitation
serving size
quantity of consumed food is influenced by size of serving, dinnerware and cultural norms
food variety
promotes overeating
BMI for underweight
below 18.5
BMI for normal
18.5-24.9
BMI for overweight
25.0-29.9
BMI for obese
30 or above
obesity rates across the world are
increasing
in 2010, no US state had an obesity rate less than
20%
Basal metabolic rate
bodys resting rate of energy output
genetics influence body weigth
weights resemble biological parents
identical twins have similar weights
What environmental factors influence obesity?
Sleep loss contributes to fall in leptin levels and rise in ghrelin
Social influence
sexual orientation
enduring sexual attraction to another
How many people are exclusively homosexual?
Bisexual?
3-4% of men and 2% of women
5% of men and 13% of women
APA reports efforts to change sexual orientation are _____ to be successful and involve some risk of ______
unlikely,harm
Homosexuality is more likely based on ______ factors
biological
differing brain centers, genetics, parental hormone exposure
In homosexual men, what parts of the brain differ and how?
anterior hypothylamus is smaller and anterior commissure is larger
Genetic influences on homosexuality
family: runs in family
Twin studies: identical twins more likely than fraternal
Prenatal hormones
research reveals that homosexuals have many traits that are intermediate between heterosexual females and males
testosterone
most important male sex hormone
develops male sex organs and male sex characteristics
estrogen sex hormones
estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males contributes to female sex characteristics
pubertal stage
surge triggers development of sex characteristics and sexual interest
menopause
stage later in life where estrogen levels drop
____ or ______ may cause hormonal shifts
surgery or drugs
sexual response cycle
the four stages of sexual responding
Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
sexual dysfunction
a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning
erectile disorder
inability to develop or maintain an erection due to insufficient blood flow to the penis
refractory period
a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm
female orgasmic disorder
feeling distressed due to infrequently or never experiencing orgasm
paraphilias
experiencing sexual arousal from fantasies,behaviors or urges involving nonhuman objects, the suffering of self or others, and/or non consenting persons
AIDS
life threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by HIV; depletes immune system and leaves person vulnerable to infection
sophisticated brain allows us to experience sexual arousal from
what is real and what is imagined
external sexual stimuli
men- erotic material aligns with personal sexual interest
women- content and intensity of sex
imagined sexual stimuli
95% of people report having sexual fantasies
influences of higher teen pregnancy
minimal communication about birth control
guilt related to sexual activity
alcohol use
media related norms of unprotected promiscuity
Characteristics of teens who delay having sex
High intelligence
Religious engagement
Father presence
Participation in service learning program
the need to belong affects
thoughts, emotions, and behaviors
______ pain is experienced in social isolation
real
affiliation need
the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group
narcissism
excessive self-love and self-absorbtion
maintaining a balance with social media
- monitor your time
- monitor your feelings
- hide your more distracting online friends
- turn off device
- social networking fasting
- refocus by taking a nature walk
achievement motivation
a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard
grit
in psychology, passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals.
