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Psychology > chapter 11 motivation > Flashcards

chapter 11 motivation Flashcards

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1
Q

motivation

A

need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

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2
Q

instinct

A

complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species that is unlearned

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3
Q

drive reduction theory

A

idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy a need

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4
Q

homeostasis

A

tendency to mantain a balanced or constant internal state

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5
Q

incentive

A

positive or negative stimulus that motivates behavior

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6
Q

yerkes dodson law

A

principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point beyond which performance decreases; moderate arousal produces optimal performance

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7
Q

maslows hierarchy of needs

A

views human motives as pyramid

at the base are basic physiological needs and at the top are the highest human needs

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8
Q

Maslow Hierarchy of needs: actual hierarchy

A 
self-transcendence needs
self- actualization needs
esteem needs
belongingness and love needs
safety needs
physiological needs
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9
Q

How do humans regulate calorie intake in the physiology of hunger?

A

How do humans regulate calorie intake in the physiology of hunger?

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10
Q

Glucose

A

form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues
triggers feeling of huger when low

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11
Q

arcuate nucleus

A

brain structure that pumps appetite suppressing hormones

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12
Q

the appetite hormones

A

GHRELIN-involves hunger arousing hormones secreted by empty stomach
INSULIN-hormone secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose
LEPTIN-protein hormone recreated by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger
OREXIN-hunger triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus
PYY-digestive tract hormone; sends I’m not hungry” signals to the brain

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13
Q

Set point

A

point at which your weight thermostat is supposedly set. When your body falls below this point, increased hunger and lower metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight

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14
Q

Taste preferences

A

Body chemistry and environmental factors influence taste preferences

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15
Q

friends and food

we find ourselves eating more when eating with others

A

the presence of others amplify natural behavior tendencies called social facilitation

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16
Q

serving size

A

quantity of consumed food is influenced by size of serving, dinnerware and cultural norms

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17
Q

food variety

A

promotes overeating

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18
Q

BMI for underweight

A

below 18.5

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19
Q

BMI for normal

A

18.5-24.9

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20
Q

BMI for overweight

A

25.0-29.9

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21
Q

BMI for obese

A

30 or above

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22
Q

obesity rates across the world are

A

increasing

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23
Q

in 2010, no US state had an obesity rate less than

A

20%

24
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

bodys resting rate of energy output

25
Q

genetics influence body weigth

A

weights resemble biological parents

identical twins have similar weights

26
Q

What environmental factors influence obesity?

A

Sleep loss contributes to fall in leptin levels and rise in ghrelin
Social influence

27
Q

sexual orientation

A

enduring sexual attraction to another

28
Q

How many people are exclusively homosexual?

Bisexual?

A

3-4% of men and 2% of women

5% of men and 13% of women

29
Q

APA reports efforts to change sexual orientation are _____ to be successful and involve some risk of ______

A

unlikely,harm

30
Q

Homosexuality is more likely based on ______ factors

A

biological

differing brain centers, genetics, parental hormone exposure

31
Q

In homosexual men, what parts of the brain differ and how?

A

anterior hypothylamus is smaller and anterior commissure is larger

32
Q

Genetic influences on homosexuality

A

family: runs in family

Twin studies: identical twins more likely than fraternal

33
Q

Prenatal hormones

A

research reveals that homosexuals have many traits that are intermediate between heterosexual females and males

34
Q

testosterone

A

most important male sex hormone

develops male sex organs and male sex characteristics

35
Q

estrogen sex hormones

A

estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males contributes to female sex characteristics

36
Q

pubertal stage

A

surge triggers development of sex characteristics and sexual interest

37
Q

menopause

A

stage later in life where estrogen levels drop

38
Q

____ or ______ may cause hormonal shifts

A

surgery or drugs

39
Q

sexual response cycle

A

the four stages of sexual responding

Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

40
Q

sexual dysfunction

A

a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning

41
Q

erectile disorder

A

inability to develop or maintain an erection due to insufficient blood flow to the penis

42
Q

refractory period

A

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

43
Q

female orgasmic disorder

A

feeling distressed due to infrequently or never experiencing orgasm

44
Q

paraphilias

A

experiencing sexual arousal from fantasies,behaviors or urges involving nonhuman objects, the suffering of self or others, and/or non consenting persons

45
Q

AIDS

A

life threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by HIV; depletes immune system and leaves person vulnerable to infection

46
Q

sophisticated brain allows us to experience sexual arousal from

A

what is real and what is imagined

47
Q

external sexual stimuli

A

men- erotic material aligns with personal sexual interest

women- content and intensity of sex

48
Q

imagined sexual stimuli

A

95% of people report having sexual fantasies

49
Q

influences of higher teen pregnancy

A

minimal communication about birth control
guilt related to sexual activity
alcohol use
media related norms of unprotected promiscuity

50
Q

Characteristics of teens who delay having sex

A

High intelligence
Religious engagement
Father presence
Participation in service learning program

51
Q

the need to belong affects

A

thoughts, emotions, and behaviors

52
Q

______ pain is experienced in social isolation

A

real

53
Q

affiliation need

A

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

54
Q

narcissism

A

excessive self-love and self-absorbtion

55
Q

maintaining a balance with social media

A
  • monitor your time
  • monitor your feelings
  • hide your more distracting online friends
  • turn off device
  • social networking fasting
  • refocus by taking a nature walk
56
Q

achievement motivation

A

a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard

57
Q

grit

A

in psychology, passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals.

Psychology (6 decks)

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