chapter 10: intelligence Flashcards
intelligence
the mental potential to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
general intelligence (g)
a general intelligence factor that, according to spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test; predicts abilities in varied academic areas
savant syndrome
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing “island of brilliance”
intelligence test
a method for assessing an individuals mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores
achievement test
a test designed to assess what a person has learned
aptitude test
a test designed to predict a persons future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn
gardners multiple intelligences (8 intelligences)
intelligence is multiple abilities that come in different packages
- linguistic (T.S. eliot, poet)
- logical-mathematical (albert einstein, scientist)
- musical (igor stravinsky, composer)
- spatial (pablo picasso, artist)
- bodily-kinesthetic (matha graham, dancer)
- intrapersonal/self (sigmund freud, psychiatrist)
- interpersonal (gandhi, leader)
- naturalist (darwin, naturalist)
how does the existence of savant syndrome support gardners theory of multiple intelligences
people with savant syndrome have limited mental ability overall but one or more exceptional skills, which, according to gardner, suggests that our abilities come in seperate packages rather than being fully expressed by one general intelligence that encompasses all of our talents
thurstones clusters of primary mental abilities
our intelligence may be broken down into 7 factors
word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, memory
sternbergs three intelligences
analytical intelligence
creative intelligence
practical intelligence
analytical intelligence
traditional academic problem solving
creative intelligence
ability to generate novel ideas
practical intelligence
skill at handling everyday tasks
emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
perceiving emotions
recognizing emotions in faces, music, and stories
understanding emotions
predicting them and how they may change and blend
managing emotions
knowing how to express them in varied situations
using emotions
to enable adaptive and creative thinking
francis galton
believed intelligence was genetic
stanford-binet
the revision of binets intelligence test that was improved by terman at stanford university
intelligence quotient
defined orginally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ = ma/ca x 100) on contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.
wechsler adult intelligence scale (wais)
the wais and its companion versions for children are the most widely used intelligence tests; contain verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.
standardization
defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group.
normal curve
the bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near extremes.
reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternative forms of the test, or on retesting.
validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
content validity
the extent to which a test samples the behavior that it of interest
predictive validity
the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior.
cohort
a group of people sharing a common characteristic, such as from a given time period
crystallized intelligence
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
cross-sectional evidence of intellectual decline
researchers at one point in life compare people of different ages
longitudinal evidence for intellectual stability
showed that there was more stability to learning and that there is not a fast decline in intelligence
intellectual disabilities
a condition that limits the mental abilities one can perform
-lower than 70 on IQ test
down syndrome
a condition of mild to severe intellectual disabilities and sometimes physical disorders due to extra copy of chromosome 21
twin and adoption studies
intelligence test scores of identical twins raised together are nearly as similar as those of the same person taking the same test twice
inheritability of intelligence
extent to which intelligence test score variation can be attributed to genetic variation
environmental influences on intelligence
- malnutrition
- sensory deprivation
- social isolation
growth mindset
-fostered belief that intelligence is changeable
-increased when effort rather than ability encouraged
-made teens more resilient when frustrated by others
ability + opportunity + motivation = success
girls outperform in
- spelling
- verbal fluency
- locating objects
- detecting emotions
- sensitivity to: touch taste and color
boys outperform in
- spatial ability
- complex math problems
- both extremes of intelligence
racial and ethnic similarities and differences
- racial and ethnic groups differ in their average intelligence test scores
- high scoring people and groups are more likely to achieve high levels of education and income
- groups differences provide poor basis for judging individuals
- race is not a clearly defines biological category
hypothesis about racial differences in intelligence
- there are genetically disposed racial differences in intelligence
- socially influenced racial differences in intelligence
- racial differences in test scores, but the tests are inappropriate or bias
2 meanings of bias
scientist: based on its validity to predict future behaviors only for some groups of test-takers
- a test is considered bias if it detects innate differences in intelligence and performance differences caused by cultural experiences
self-fulfilling stereotype threat
is a self-confirming concert that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
- women dont perform bad on math tests compared to men unless told that they usually do when compared to men
- black students perform worse when reminded of their race before a test
