Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > chapter 9: Thinking and Language > Flashcards

chapter 9: Thinking and Language Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

cognition

A

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

concept

A

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
concepts simplify our thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

prototypes

A

a mental image or best example of a category. matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories

And the more closely something matches our prototype of a concept—such as a bird or a German—the more readily we recognize it as an example of the concept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

algorithm (more complex and tedious than heuristics) (less error prone than heuristics)

A

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. contrasts with the usually speedier-but also more error-prone- use of heuristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

heuristic (faster,and simpler than algorithms, but also more error prone)

A

a simple thinking strateogy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error prone than algorithms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

insight

A

a sudden flash of inspiration that solves a problem; contrasts with strategy-based solutions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

problem solving strateogies for finding apple juice in the grocery store

A

trial and error- wander around randomly to find it
algorithms- create a methodical path to make sure you check every single aisle
heuristics- check only related aisles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

confirmation bias

A

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence. this predisposes us to verify rather than challenge our hypotheses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

fixation

obstacle to problem solving

A

an inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective

ex: the match stick problem is an inability to arrange six match sticks to form 4 equilateral triangles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

mental set

obstacle to problem solving

A

an example of fixation

our tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

a mental set predisposes how we think

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

intuition

A

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning
gut feeling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

availability heuristic

A

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
exapmle- thinking planes are more dangerous than car crashes bc we remember plain crashes as being more catastrophic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

fixation

A

such as mental set, may prevent us from taking the fresh perspective that would lead to a solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

overconfidence

A

when we typically are more confident than correct or over estimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

belief perseverance

A

clinging to ones initial conceptions after ones beliefs have been disproven

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

framing

A

sways decisions and judgement by influencing the way an issue is posed, it can also influence beneficial decisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

powers of intuition

A
  • intuition is analysis that turns into habit
  • intuition is usually adaptive, allowing for quick reactions
  • intuition is huge
  • critical thinkers are often guided by intuition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

creativity

A

the ability to make new and valuable ideas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

convergent thinking

A

narrowing the available solutions to a problem and coming up with the best possible solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

divergent thinking

A

expanding the total solutions for a problem, leads to creative thinking that diverges into different directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

5 major components of creative thinking

A
  • expertise
  • imaginative thinking skills
  • a venturesome personality
  • intrinsic motivation
  • a creative environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

to develop creativity

A
  • develop your expertise
  • allow time for incubation
  • set aside time for the mind to roam freely
  • experience other cultures and ways of thinking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

animals common cognitive skills

A
  • use concepts and numbers
  • display insight
  • use tools and transmit culture
  • voice recognition in baboon troops
  • mirror self recognition
  • display learning, remembering, and cooperation in elephants
24
Q

language

A

our spoken, written, or singed words and how we combine them to communicate meaning

  • used to transmit civilizations knowledge from one generation to the next
  • connect humans
25
Q

phonemes

A

in language, the small distinctive sound unit

26
Q

morphemes

A

in language, the smallest unit that carries any meaning

-a word or part of a word (prefix, suffix, etc)

27
Q

grammar

A

in language, a system of rules that enable us to communicate with and understand each other

28
Q

semantics

A

set of rules for deriving meaning from sound

29
Q

syntax

A

set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences

30
Q

receptive language

A

an infants ability to understand what is said to them around 4 months

31
Q

production language

A

an infants ability to produce words beginning around 10 months

32
Q

babbling stage

A

(beginning at 4 months) stage of speech development when babies begin to utter various random sounds

33
Q

one-word stage

A

(1-2 years old) when children begin talking in single word sentences

34
Q

two-word stage

A

(beginning at 2 years old) stage when speech development has advanced and children talk in two word sentences

35
Q

telegraphic speech

A

early sage when children begin to talk and sound like a telegram and utter mostly nouns and verbs

36
Q

universal language

A

all human languages contain verbs, noun, and adjectives as the building blocks for grammar

37
Q

aphasia

A

impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing understanding)

38
Q

brocas area

A

controls language expression- an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

39
Q

wernicke’s area

A

controls language reception- a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression. usually in the left temporal lobe.

40
Q

linguistic determinism

A

whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

41
Q

category

A

boundaries begin to blur as movement from prototypes occurs

42
Q

what are the three problem solving strategies

A

algorithm
heuristic
insight

43
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match particular prototype; includes stereotypes and social judgments

44
Q

Perils and powers of intuition

A

is frozen in a stereotype
usually adaptive , enabling quick reactions (learned associations surface as “gut” feelings
is huge! (critical thinkers often guided by intuition)

45
Q

Smart critical thinkers listen to…

A

the unseen mind, and then evaluate evidence, tests conclusions and plans for the future

46
Q

creativity is supported by

A

aptitude or the ability to learn
intelligence
working memory

47
Q

other animals use______, _______, and ________ and they transmit skills from one generation to the next

A

concepts, numbers and tools

48
Q

What are the three building blocks of spoken language?

A

phonemes
morphemes
grammar

49
Q

How many languages are there worldwide?

A

700+ and each are structurally very different

50
Q

Chomsky argued that all languages share

A

basic elements called a universal grammar

theorized humans are born with predisposition to learn grammar rules

51
Q

Infants can recognize and learn simple sentences at ___ months old by discerning word breaks and analyzing which syllables most often go together

A

7

52
Q

what are the troubles of learning a second language as an adult?

A

have an accent of their native language

difficulty mastering the new grammar

53
Q

In language processing, the brain operates by…

A

dividing its mental functions into smaller tasks

54
Q

evidence from bilingual speakers suggest people think ___________ in different languages

A

differently

55
Q

expanding language _________ ability to think

A

expands

56
Q

Bilingual speakers use executive control over language to

A

inhibit attention to irrelevant information

Psychology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions