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Pathophysiology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Regulation of pulmonary ventilation

A

Parasympathetic - bronchiolar constriction

Sympathetic- bronchiolar dilation

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2
Q

What controllers are involved in breathing

A

Cerebral cortex - voluntary breathing

Medulla oblongata- Involuntary breathing

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3
Q

Where are central chemo-receptors located

A

medulla – sensitive to CO2

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4
Q

Where are peripheral chemo-receptors located

A

Carotid bodies and aortic bodies
sensitive to increase of CO2
decreases in O2

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5
Q

What are the two circulations of the lungs

A

Bronchial - nourishes lung tissue

Pulmonary- blood supply

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6
Q

What is venous admixture

A

dilution of oxygenated blood (bronchial veins dumping into pulmonary veins) brings PAO2 down (104 to 100)

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7
Q

What is Boyle’s law

A

At constant temps, pressure is inversely related to volume

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8
Q

explain the movements of inspiration and expiration

A

inspiration- diaphragm contracts, rib cage expands

expiration- diaphragm relaxes, rib cage retracts

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9
Q

explain how a pneumothorax affects the lungs

A

a puncture in the pleural space allows air into the cavity separating the serous membrane. the lungs collapse do to air on the outside.
Puncture of the lungs allows air to enter the space….same as above

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10
Q

What is lung compliance, what affects compliance

A

compliance is the ease at which lungs can be distended

lung elasticity and alveolar surface tension

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11
Q

VT

A

tidal volume

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12
Q

IRV

A

inspiration reserve volume

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13
Q

ERV

A

expiration reserve volume

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14
Q

RV

A

reserve volume

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15
Q

TLC

A

total lung capacity

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16
Q

FRC

A

functional reserve capacity

ERV + RV

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17
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

VT+IRV

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18
Q

Vital capacity

A

ERV+VT+IRV

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19
Q

FVC

A

forced vital capacity

amount of air that can be forced exhaled

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20
Q

FEV1

A

forced expiratory volume first second

amount of air that can be forced exhaled in the first second

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21
Q

FEV1/FVC

A

ratio of air expelled in the first second compared to total expiration

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22
Q

Why is VA more important than VE

A

VA is F(VT-VD)
VE is F x VT
VA takes into account deadspace and residual air

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23
Q

what 3 methods control contraction of bronchials

A

Autonomic regulation -PNS/SNS
reflex regulation- irritant receptors
local regulation- chemical (hypoxic vasoconstriction

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24
Q

High VA/Q

A

dead space- lots of air no blood

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25
Low VA/Q
shunt lots of blood no air
26
Decreased PAO2 (hypoxic vasoconstriction)
shunts blood to alveoli that has air
27
Decreased PCO2 controls
causes bronchialconstriction limiting CO2 offloading
28
What pushes the oxygen-hemoglobin curve to the right
``` -decreased affinity- decreased pH High CO2 increased temp high levels 2,3DPG ```
29
What pushes the oxygen-hemoglobin curve to the left
``` -higher affinity- increased pH Low CO2 decreased temp low levels of 2,3DPG ```
30
what are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary disease/injury
``` Dyspnea Cough Abnormal breathing patterns Hypo/Hyperventilation Cyanosis Chest pain Clubbing Sputum Abnormalities ```
31
COCA
color odor consistency amount
32
Conditions caused by pulmonary disease/injury
``` Hypercapnia- high CO2 Hypoxemia- low O2 Acute respiratory failure Pulmonary edema aspiration atelectasis- collapsed lung bronchiectasis- prolonged dilation of bronchial bronchiolitisis- inflammatory blockage of bronchial pleural abnormalities chest wall restrictions flail chest- series of broken ribs inhalation disorders ```
33
Types of pneumothorax
Traumatic Tension Spontaneous
34
Types of pleural effusion
Transudative- water from capillaries Exudative- fluid rich in proteins from capillaries Hemothorax- blood empyeme- pus from infection
35
Causes of hypoxemia
Decreased F1O2-high alt Hypoventilation-COPD Alveolocapillary diffusion abnormality- edema VA/Q mismatch- asthma
36
What causes pulmonary edema
Heart disease- pumonary HP exceeds oncotic Capillary injury- increased permeability Obstruction of lymphatic system
37
Restrictive vs obstructive lung disease
Restrictive is decreased compliance - decreased volume | Obstructive is increased resistance - increased volume
38
Three types of obstructive lung disease
Asthma COPD (Emphysema and chronic bronchitis Cystic Fibrosis
39
IRDS is primarily a lack of __________
surfactant
40
Triad for asthma
Bronchoconstriction | excessive mucus production swelling of bronchial mucosa
41
clinical manifestations of chronic bronchitis
Decreased exercise tolerance Wheezing, SOB and productive cough Airway obstruction as evidence by decreased FEV1 BLUE BLOATER
42
clinical manifestations of emphysema
``` Dyspnea non productive cough (or no cough) low TBW barrel chested PINK PUFFER ```
43
What causes barrel chested
residual volume in lungs
44
Triad for pulmonary embolism
Virchows triad sluggish blood flow Hypercoagulability damage to venous intima
45
three basic processes of the nephron
glomerular filtration tubular reabsorbtion tubular secretion
46
What controls renal glomerular filtration rate
Auto regulation hormonal neural
47
Hormones that cause dilute urine
ANP/BNP | decrease Adolsterone and ADH
48
Hormones that cause concentrated urine
ADH and Aldosterone | decreased ANP/BNP
49
5 types of renal/urinary alterations
``` urinary tract obstruction urinary tract infection glomerular disorders AKI CKD ```
50
Renal/bladder tumor triad
TOO LATE TRIAD Hematuria flank pain flank/abdominal mass
51
UTI triad
FUD frequency urgency dysuria
52
4 types of renal calculi
calcium containing (oxalate 70%, phosphate 30%) struvite stones uric acid stones cystine stones
53
Alkaline urine produces ____ stones
calcium phosphate | struvite stones
54
acidic urine produces _____ stones
uric acid stones cystine stones calcium oxalate stones
55
clinical manifestations of renal calculi
``` pain hematuria sweating N/V dysuria urgency ```
56
Three types of AKI
prerenal -most common blood going to kidney intrarenal- damage to kidney postrenal- obstructions
57
Three stages of acute tubular necrosis
oliguria - 500-mL/day | Recovery - stable
58
ANS on the GI
SNS- inhibits | PNS- stimulates
59
Three phases in digestion
cephalic gastric intestinal
60
secretions from salivary glands
Amylase
61
secretions from stomach
goblet cells- mucous chief cells- pepsin gastrin parietal cells- HCl and intrinsic factor
62
secretions from small intestines
Secretin | CCK
63
secretions from Pancreas
Pancreatic juice | HCO3
64
clinical manifestations`gastrointestinal dysfunction
``` Anorexia Pain Vomiting Diarrhea Constipation ```
65
Types of pain associated with GI
Visceral- organ pain not well localized Parietal- well localized Referred
66
Types of Diarrhea
Osmotic Secretory Motility Exudative
67
predisposing factors in the development of peptic ulcer
``` Smoking Age NSAIDS Alcohol H.pylori chronic disease ```
68
Three bowel diseases are
Ulcerative collitis Chrons Diverticula

Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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