Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Regulation of pulmonary ventilation

A

Parasympathetic - bronchiolar constriction

Sympathetic- bronchiolar dilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What controllers are involved in breathing

A

Cerebral cortex - voluntary breathing

Medulla oblongata- Involuntary breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where are central chemo-receptors located

A

medulla – sensitive to CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where are peripheral chemo-receptors located

A

Carotid bodies and aortic bodies
sensitive to increase of CO2
decreases in O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two circulations of the lungs

A

Bronchial - nourishes lung tissue

Pulmonary- blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is venous admixture

A

dilution of oxygenated blood (bronchial veins dumping into pulmonary veins) brings PAO2 down (104 to 100)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Boyle’s law

A

At constant temps, pressure is inversely related to volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

explain the movements of inspiration and expiration

A

inspiration- diaphragm contracts, rib cage expands

expiration- diaphragm relaxes, rib cage retracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

explain how a pneumothorax affects the lungs

A

a puncture in the pleural space allows air into the cavity separating the serous membrane. the lungs collapse do to air on the outside.
Puncture of the lungs allows air to enter the space….same as above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is lung compliance, what affects compliance

A

compliance is the ease at which lungs can be distended

lung elasticity and alveolar surface tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

VT

A

tidal volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

IRV

A

inspiration reserve volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ERV

A

expiration reserve volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

RV

A

reserve volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

TLC

A

total lung capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

FRC

A

functional reserve capacity

ERV + RV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

VT+IRV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Vital capacity

A

ERV+VT+IRV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

FVC

A

forced vital capacity

amount of air that can be forced exhaled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

FEV1

A

forced expiratory volume first second

amount of air that can be forced exhaled in the first second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

FEV1/FVC

A

ratio of air expelled in the first second compared to total expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why is VA more important than VE

A

VA is F(VT-VD)
VE is F x VT
VA takes into account deadspace and residual air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what 3 methods control contraction of bronchials

A

Autonomic regulation -PNS/SNS
reflex regulation- irritant receptors
local regulation- chemical (hypoxic vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

High VA/Q

A

dead space- lots of air no blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Low VA/Q

A

shunt lots of blood no air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Decreased PAO2 (hypoxic vasoconstriction)

A

shunts blood to alveoli that has air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Decreased PCO2 controls

A

causes bronchialconstriction limiting CO2 offloading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What pushes the oxygen-hemoglobin curve to the right

A 
-decreased affinity-
decreased pH
High CO2
increased temp
high levels 2,3DPG
29
Q

What pushes the oxygen-hemoglobin curve to the left

A 
-higher affinity-
increased pH
Low CO2
decreased temp
low levels of 2,3DPG
30
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary disease/injury

A 
Dyspnea
Cough
Abnormal breathing patterns
Hypo/Hyperventilation
Cyanosis
Chest pain  
Clubbing
Sputum Abnormalities
31
Q

COCA

A

color
odor
consistency
amount

32
Q

Conditions caused by pulmonary disease/injury

A 
Hypercapnia- high CO2
Hypoxemia- low O2
Acute respiratory failure
Pulmonary edema
aspiration
atelectasis- collapsed lung 
bronchiectasis- prolonged dilation of bronchial 
bronchiolitisis- inflammatory blockage of bronchial 
pleural abnormalities 
chest wall restrictions
flail chest- series of broken ribs
inhalation disorders
33
Q

Types of pneumothorax

A

Traumatic
Tension
Spontaneous

34
Q

Types of pleural effusion

A

Transudative- water from capillaries
Exudative- fluid rich in proteins from capillaries
Hemothorax- blood
empyeme- pus from infection

35
Q

Causes of hypoxemia

A

Decreased F1O2-high alt
Hypoventilation-COPD
Alveolocapillary diffusion abnormality- edema
VA/Q mismatch- asthma

36
Q

What causes pulmonary edema

A

Heart disease- pumonary HP exceeds oncotic
Capillary injury- increased permeability
Obstruction of lymphatic system

37
Q

Restrictive vs obstructive lung disease

A

Restrictive is decreased compliance - decreased volume

Obstructive is increased resistance - increased volume

38
Q

Three types of obstructive lung disease

A

Asthma
COPD (Emphysema and chronic bronchitis
Cystic Fibrosis

39
Q

IRDS is primarily a lack of __________

A

surfactant

40
Q

Triad for asthma

A

Bronchoconstriction

excessive mucus production swelling of bronchial mucosa

41
Q

clinical manifestations of chronic bronchitis

A

Decreased exercise tolerance
Wheezing, SOB and productive cough
Airway obstruction as evidence by decreased FEV1
BLUE BLOATER

42
Q

clinical manifestations of emphysema

A 
Dyspnea 
non productive cough (or no cough)
low TBW
barrel chested
PINK PUFFER
43
Q

What causes barrel chested

A

residual volume in lungs

44
Q

Triad for pulmonary embolism

A

Virchows triad
sluggish blood flow
Hypercoagulability
damage to venous intima

45
Q

three basic processes of the nephron

A

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorbtion
tubular secretion

46
Q

What controls renal glomerular filtration rate

A

Auto regulation
hormonal
neural

47
Q

Hormones that cause dilute urine

A

ANP/BNP

decrease Adolsterone and ADH

48
Q

Hormones that cause concentrated urine

A

ADH and Aldosterone

decreased ANP/BNP

49
Q

5 types of renal/urinary alterations

A 
urinary tract obstruction 
urinary tract infection 
glomerular disorders 
AKI
CKD
50
Q

Renal/bladder tumor triad

A

TOO LATE TRIAD
Hematuria
flank pain
flank/abdominal mass

51
Q

UTI triad

A

FUD
frequency
urgency
dysuria

52
Q

4 types of renal calculi

A

calcium containing (oxalate 70%, phosphate 30%)
struvite stones
uric acid stones
cystine stones

53
Q

Alkaline urine produces ____ stones

A

calcium phosphate

struvite stones

54
Q

acidic urine produces _____ stones

A

uric acid stones
cystine stones
calcium oxalate stones

55
Q

clinical manifestations of renal calculi

A 
pain
hematuria
sweating
N/V
dysuria
urgency
56
Q

Three types of AKI

A

prerenal -most common blood going to kidney
intrarenal- damage to kidney
postrenal- obstructions

57
Q

Three stages of acute tubular necrosis

A

oliguria - 500-mL/day

Recovery - stable

58
Q

ANS on the GI

A

SNS- inhibits

PNS- stimulates

59
Q

Three phases in digestion

A

cephalic
gastric
intestinal

60
Q

secretions from salivary glands

A

Amylase

61
Q

secretions from stomach

A

goblet cells- mucous
chief cells- pepsin gastrin
parietal cells- HCl and intrinsic factor

62
Q

secretions from small intestines

A

Secretin

CCK

63
Q

secretions from Pancreas

A

Pancreatic juice

HCO3

64
Q

clinical manifestations`gastrointestinal dysfunction

A 
Anorexia 
Pain
Vomiting 
Diarrhea
Constipation
65
Q

Types of pain associated with GI

A

Visceral- organ pain not well localized
Parietal- well localized
Referred

66
Q

Types of Diarrhea

A

Osmotic
Secretory
Motility
Exudative

67
Q

predisposing factors in the development of peptic ulcer

A 
Smoking
Age
NSAIDS
Alcohol
H.pylori
chronic disease
68
Q

Three bowel diseases are

A

Ulcerative collitis
Chrons
Diverticula

Pathophysiology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions