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Pathophysiology > Altered cellular and Tissue Biology > Flashcards

Altered cellular and Tissue Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Cells that withstand stress and recover completely

A

Reversible cells injury

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2
Q

Cells that change structure in order to adapt to stress

A

Adaptation

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3
Q

Cell death caused by outside stressors

A

Necrosis

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4
Q

Cell triggered suicide

A

Apoptosis

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5
Q

5 types of cell adaption

A 
Atrophy 
Hypertrophy 
Hyperplasia 
Metaplasia 
Dysplasia
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6
Q

Atrophy that occurs early in development

A

Physiologic Atrophy

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7
Q

Atrophy that occurs with outside stressors

A 
Disuse - not using muscles
Denervation - paralyzed limbs
Ischemia induced - reduced O2 & Nutrients
lack of endocrine - menopause 
Nutrient starvation - not eating
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8
Q

Increase in the size of the cell due to hormones or physical use

A

Hypertrophy

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9
Q

Types of Hypertrophy

A 
mechanical - stretching a muscle
Trophic - hormones, GF
examples of physiological:
enlargement of uterus in pregnancy 
Skeletal muscle when working out
cardiac muscle due to HTN
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10
Q

Increased number of number cells due to increased cellular division

A

Hyperplasia

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11
Q

Two types of Hyperplasia

A

Physiological

Pathological

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12
Q

Types of Physiological Hyperplasia

A

Compensatory - callus formation, liver regeneration

Hormonal - estrogen dependent organs like the breast and uterus

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13
Q

types of Pathological hyperplasia

A

endometrial - excess menstrual bleeding
1 enlarged nucleus
2 clumping of chromatin
3 enlarged nucleoli

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14
Q

Increased number of cells in abnormal cells or mature cells

A

Dysplasia

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15
Q

A reversible conversion of a cell shape and type

A

metaplasia

example - smoking causes ciliated columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium

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16
Q

When a cell is unable to maintain homeostasis in face of stimuli

A

cellular injury

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17
Q

Types of cellular injury

A

reversible cellular injury

irreversible cellular injury

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18
Q

Injurious stimuli include

A 
hypoxia
free radicals 
chemical agents
infectious agents 
physical and mech forces
inflammation (allergic reaction)
genetics
nutritional imbalances 
cellular aging
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19
Q

6 major biological themes in cell injury/death

A

ATP depletion - Na/k pumps off
Lack of O2 or free radicals - MOST COMMON
Increased cytoplasmic Ca++ - enzyme turn on
Mitochondrial damage - no ATP
Defects in membrane permeability - increased Ca++

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20
Q

Three forms of cellular injury are

A

Hypoxic
Reactive oxygen
Chemical injury

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21
Q

Common causes of hypoxic injuries

A 
decreased P1O2
decreased heart function 
decreased RBC's
Respiratory disease 
Cardiovascular disease
metabolic inability to use O2 (poisoning)
Ischemia  (MOST COMMON)
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22
Q

Hypoxic sequelae

A 
decreased O2 into mitochondria -->
decreased ATP --->
No ATP no Na/K pumps --->
^ Na ICF, ^ Ca ICF, ^ K ECF --->
H2O follows Na into cell (hydropic sweeling)>
ER detaches ribosomes --->
no protein synthesis, swelling lysosomes -->
release of enzymes = cell death
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23
Q

Irreversible damage is characterized by

A

major disturbance in the membrane
increased ICF Ca++
Lack of ATP

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24
Q

Free radicals either ______ or _____ elctrons

A

barrow

steal

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25
Q

ROS is called

A

reactive oxygen species

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26
Q

ROS are produced where

A

in the mitochondria

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27
Q

Excess ROS leads to

A

oxidative stress

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28
Q

ROS react to the following

A

fatty acids - peroxidation or membrane lipids
Proteins - ion pump damage
DNA- impaired protein synthesis

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29
Q

Free radicals can be initiated within cells by

A 
oxidation reactions - normal metabolism
absorption of radiant energy- UV Xray
Enzymatic metabolism-exogenous chem/drug
Inflammation - leukocytes 
Reperfusion energy
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30
Q

Four biologically free radicals are

A 
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
Hydroxyl radical (OH-)
Superoxide 
Nitric oxide (NO-)
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31
Q

Cells have two methods of removing free radicals

A

Antioxidant molecules

Antioxidant enzymes

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32
Q

Antioxidant molecules are:

A

Vit E
Vit C
beta carotene

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33
Q

Antioxidant Enzymes are

A

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) >H2O2
glutathione peroxidase > H2O2 –> H2O
Catalase > H2O2 –> H20 + O2

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34
Q

Lipid peroxidation _____ electrons in the membrane

A

steal

leads to destruction of membrane bound organelles

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35
Q

Free radicals actions on proteins are

A

fragmentize polypeptides

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36
Q

Free radicals actions on DNA

A

fragmentize DNA strands

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37
Q

When a chemical combines with a molecular component if the cell membrane

A

direct toxicity

38
Q

Chemical injury sequelae is similar to

A

hypoxic injury

Ca++ > Na/K off > swelling Mito > cell death

39
Q

The chemical that destroys the rough ER of liver cells is

A

Carbon tetrachloride

40
Q

Due to carbon tetrachloride Livers become

A

fatty

41
Q

The chemical that affects the nervous sys, renal sys and hematopoietic is

A

Lead
hemolysis of RBC –> anemia
interferes with neurotransmitters
causes renal lessons

42
Q

Carbon monoxide causes injury most similar to

A

hypoxic injury

43
Q

Chemical that causes largely liver damage

A

Ethanol

44
Q

The ability to produce disease in a host

A

Pathogenicity

45
Q

Pathogenicity depends on the ability for it to

A

Invade host and destroy cells
Produce toxins
Produce damaging reactions

46
Q

cellular membranes that are injured by direct contact with cellular or chemical components
(lymphocytes and histamines)

A

inflammatory injury

47
Q

injurious genetic factors include

A

cell nucleus altered

plasma membrane structure, shape receptors altered

48
Q

injurious nutrition factors include

A

insufficient or excessive essential nutrients

49
Q

Injurious physical elements are

A 
Temperature extremes
changes in atmospheric pressure
ionizing radiation (DNA damaged)
Illumination 
mechanical stress
noise
50
Q

Instantaneous damage caused by a single wave of sound

A

Acoustic Trauma

51
Q

hearing loss over a prolonged period of time

A

Noise-induced hearing loss

52
Q

When mechanical energy to the body results in tearing, shearing or crushing

A

Blunt force trauma

53
Q

2 types of blunt force trauma are

A

Blow

impact

54
Q

A blow injury is

A

when a moving objects strikes the body

55
Q

An impact injury

A

when a moving body strike a fixed object

56
Q

The two most common types of blunt force trauma

A

Motor vehicle accidents

falls

57
Q

Bleeding into the skin or underlying tissue due to a blow

A

contusion
or
hematoma

58
Q

The two types of hematomas are

A

epidural

subdural

59
Q

Bleeding between the skull and soft tissue underlying is called a

A

epidural hematoma

60
Q

Bleeding between the dura mater and arachnoid matter would be called a

A

subdural hematoma

61
Q

Removal of the superficial layer of the skin caused by friction

A

abrasion

62
Q

a tear of rip of the skin

A

laceration

63
Q

Broken bones are called

A

fractures

64
Q

Types of sharp injuries

A

Incised wound - cut longer than deep
Stab wound - deeper than long
Puncture wound - penetrating wound by sharp pointed object
Chopping wound - made by heavy wedged instruments

65
Q

Types of entrance wounds by gun shot

A

Contact - point blank
Intermediate - close (gun powder flashing)
Indeterminate - everything else

66
Q

Type of wound when the cells fail to receive O2

A

Asphyxial injuries

67
Q

Types of asphyxial injuries

A

Suffocation - lack of o2 or blockage of O2
Strangulation - compression of blood vessels to the brain
Chemical - prevention of delivery or blockage of O2 by a chemical

68
Q

Manifestations of cellular injury

A 
Water - swelling
lipids, CHO - build up in the liver
Glycogen - IC deposits found ECF
Proteins - albumin in urine 
Pigments - 
Calcium - 
Urate -
69
Q

Most common type of glycogen manifestation

A

Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

70
Q

Brownish yellow spots associated with ageing

A

Lipofuscin

71
Q

brown-black that block UV light

A

melanin

72
Q

Two types of hemoglobin derivatives

A

hemosiderin - excess iron
bilirubin - yellow green in bile
(hyperbilirubinemia occurs with destruction of RBC, causing jaundice and more)

73
Q

Excess calcium activates what

A

enzymes

74
Q

The enzymes that c++ activates are

A

Phospholipase - causes membrane damage
Proteases - break down membrane proteins
Endonucleases - DNA fragmentation
ATPase - increase the rate of ATP depletion

75
Q

disorder where extra urate crystals found in tissues that are pain and cause arthritis

A

Gout

76
Q

Two types of manifestations are

A

Cellular

Systemic

77
Q

Types of systemic manifestations are

A 
Fever - release of pyrogens 
Increased WBC - due to inflammatory 
Increased HR - due to ^ metabolic rate
Pain - pressure, various others
Serum elevation of cellular enzymes - enzymes are released through broken membranes
78
Q

The two types of cell death are

A

Necrosis - passive degenerative process

Apoptosis - programed cell death

79
Q

4 patterns of tissue necrosis are

A

Coagulative - Cells are dead but tissue remain for a few days (caused by hypoxia)
Liquefactive - Watery break up of cells (bacterial infections)
Caseous - combo of coagulative and liquefactive (Tb)
Gangrenous - large are of cell death

80
Q

Types of gangrenous

A

Dry - no bacterial
Wet - bacterial infection
Gas - bacterial caused by a clostridium

81
Q

Apoptosis occurs when

A

DNA damage
accumulation of misfolded proteins
Injury due to infection
After duct obstruction (kidney, pancreas)

82
Q

Two theories of cell aging

A

wear and tear

intrinsic genetics

83
Q

theories that go along with the wear and tear

A

somatic mutation
Free radical
immunological

84
Q

Theories that go along with intrinsic genetics

A

Neuroendocrine

Programmed sentence

85
Q

The most characteristic tissue change with ageing is

A

tissues gets rigid and stiff

86
Q

The death of an entire organism

A

Somatic death

87
Q

postmortem decrease in body temp is called

A

algor mortis

88
Q

Muscles become stiff after death is called

A

rigor mortis

89
Q

rigor mortis is caused by

A

Depletion of ATP on Actin and Myosin

90
Q

Blood settling causing the body to turn purple is called

A

livor mortis

Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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