Altered cellular and Tissue Biology Flashcards
Cells that withstand stress and recover completely
Reversible cells injury
Cells that change structure in order to adapt to stress
Adaptation
Cell death caused by outside stressors
Necrosis
Cell triggered suicide
Apoptosis
5 types of cell adaption
Atrophy Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Metaplasia Dysplasia
Atrophy that occurs early in development
Physiologic Atrophy
Atrophy that occurs with outside stressors
Disuse - not using muscles Denervation - paralyzed limbs Ischemia induced - reduced O2 & Nutrients lack of endocrine - menopause Nutrient starvation - not eating
Increase in the size of the cell due to hormones or physical use
Hypertrophy
Types of Hypertrophy
mechanical - stretching a muscle Trophic - hormones, GF examples of physiological: enlargement of uterus in pregnancy Skeletal muscle when working out cardiac muscle due to HTN
Increased number of number cells due to increased cellular division
Hyperplasia
Two types of Hyperplasia
Physiological
Pathological
Types of Physiological Hyperplasia
Compensatory - callus formation, liver regeneration
Hormonal - estrogen dependent organs like the breast and uterus
types of Pathological hyperplasia
endometrial - excess menstrual bleeding
1 enlarged nucleus
2 clumping of chromatin
3 enlarged nucleoli
Increased number of cells in abnormal cells or mature cells
Dysplasia
A reversible conversion of a cell shape and type
metaplasia
example - smoking causes ciliated columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium
When a cell is unable to maintain homeostasis in face of stimuli
cellular injury
Types of cellular injury
reversible cellular injury
irreversible cellular injury
Injurious stimuli include
hypoxia free radicals chemical agents infectious agents physical and mech forces inflammation (allergic reaction) genetics nutritional imbalances cellular aging
6 major biological themes in cell injury/death
ATP depletion - Na/k pumps off
Lack of O2 or free radicals - MOST COMMON
Increased cytoplasmic Ca++ - enzyme turn on
Mitochondrial damage - no ATP
Defects in membrane permeability - increased Ca++
Three forms of cellular injury are
Hypoxic
Reactive oxygen
Chemical injury
Common causes of hypoxic injuries
decreased P1O2 decreased heart function decreased RBC's Respiratory disease Cardiovascular disease metabolic inability to use O2 (poisoning) Ischemia (MOST COMMON)
Hypoxic sequelae
decreased O2 into mitochondria --> decreased ATP ---> No ATP no Na/K pumps ---> ^ Na ICF, ^ Ca ICF, ^ K ECF ---> H2O follows Na into cell (hydropic sweeling)> ER detaches ribosomes ---> no protein synthesis, swelling lysosomes --> release of enzymes = cell death
Irreversible damage is characterized by
major disturbance in the membrane
increased ICF Ca++
Lack of ATP
Free radicals either ______ or _____ elctrons
barrow
steal
ROS is called
reactive oxygen species
ROS are produced where
in the mitochondria
Excess ROS leads to
oxidative stress
ROS react to the following
fatty acids - peroxidation or membrane lipids
Proteins - ion pump damage
DNA- impaired protein synthesis
Free radicals can be initiated within cells by
oxidation reactions - normal metabolism absorption of radiant energy- UV Xray Enzymatic metabolism-exogenous chem/drug Inflammation - leukocytes Reperfusion energy
Four biologically free radicals are
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) Hydroxyl radical (OH-) Superoxide Nitric oxide (NO-)
Cells have two methods of removing free radicals
Antioxidant molecules
Antioxidant enzymes
Antioxidant molecules are:
Vit E
Vit C
beta carotene
Antioxidant Enzymes are
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) >H2O2
glutathione peroxidase > H2O2 –> H2O
Catalase > H2O2 –> H20 + O2
Lipid peroxidation _____ electrons in the membrane
steal
leads to destruction of membrane bound organelles
Free radicals actions on proteins are
fragmentize polypeptides
Free radicals actions on DNA
fragmentize DNA strands
When a chemical combines with a molecular component if the cell membrane
direct toxicity
Chemical injury sequelae is similar to
hypoxic injury
Ca++ > Na/K off > swelling Mito > cell death
The chemical that destroys the rough ER of liver cells is
Carbon tetrachloride
Due to carbon tetrachloride Livers become
fatty
The chemical that affects the nervous sys, renal sys and hematopoietic is
Lead
hemolysis of RBC –> anemia
interferes with neurotransmitters
causes renal lessons
Carbon monoxide causes injury most similar to
hypoxic injury
Chemical that causes largely liver damage
Ethanol
The ability to produce disease in a host
Pathogenicity
Pathogenicity depends on the ability for it to
Invade host and destroy cells
Produce toxins
Produce damaging reactions
cellular membranes that are injured by direct contact with cellular or chemical components
(lymphocytes and histamines)
inflammatory injury
injurious genetic factors include
cell nucleus altered
plasma membrane structure, shape receptors altered
injurious nutrition factors include
insufficient or excessive essential nutrients
Injurious physical elements are
Temperature extremes changes in atmospheric pressure ionizing radiation (DNA damaged) Illumination mechanical stress noise
Instantaneous damage caused by a single wave of sound
Acoustic Trauma
hearing loss over a prolonged period of time
Noise-induced hearing loss
When mechanical energy to the body results in tearing, shearing or crushing
Blunt force trauma
2 types of blunt force trauma are
Blow
impact
A blow injury is
when a moving objects strikes the body
An impact injury
when a moving body strike a fixed object
The two most common types of blunt force trauma
Motor vehicle accidents
falls
Bleeding into the skin or underlying tissue due to a blow
contusion
or
hematoma
The two types of hematomas are
epidural
subdural
Bleeding between the skull and soft tissue underlying is called a
epidural hematoma
Bleeding between the dura mater and arachnoid matter would be called a
subdural hematoma
Removal of the superficial layer of the skin caused by friction
abrasion
a tear of rip of the skin
laceration
Broken bones are called
fractures
Types of sharp injuries
Incised wound - cut longer than deep
Stab wound - deeper than long
Puncture wound - penetrating wound by sharp pointed object
Chopping wound - made by heavy wedged instruments
Types of entrance wounds by gun shot
Contact - point blank
Intermediate - close (gun powder flashing)
Indeterminate - everything else
Type of wound when the cells fail to receive O2
Asphyxial injuries
Types of asphyxial injuries
Suffocation - lack of o2 or blockage of O2
Strangulation - compression of blood vessels to the brain
Chemical - prevention of delivery or blockage of O2 by a chemical
Manifestations of cellular injury
Water - swelling lipids, CHO - build up in the liver Glycogen - IC deposits found ECF Proteins - albumin in urine Pigments - Calcium - Urate -
Most common type of glycogen manifestation
Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
Brownish yellow spots associated with ageing
Lipofuscin
brown-black that block UV light
melanin
Two types of hemoglobin derivatives
hemosiderin - excess iron
bilirubin - yellow green in bile
(hyperbilirubinemia occurs with destruction of RBC, causing jaundice and more)
Excess calcium activates what
enzymes
The enzymes that c++ activates are
Phospholipase - causes membrane damage
Proteases - break down membrane proteins
Endonucleases - DNA fragmentation
ATPase - increase the rate of ATP depletion
disorder where extra urate crystals found in tissues that are pain and cause arthritis
Gout
Two types of manifestations are
Cellular
Systemic
Types of systemic manifestations are
Fever - release of pyrogens Increased WBC - due to inflammatory Increased HR - due to ^ metabolic rate Pain - pressure, various others Serum elevation of cellular enzymes - enzymes are released through broken membranes
The two types of cell death are
Necrosis - passive degenerative process
Apoptosis - programed cell death
4 patterns of tissue necrosis are
Coagulative - Cells are dead but tissue remain for a few days (caused by hypoxia)
Liquefactive - Watery break up of cells (bacterial infections)
Caseous - combo of coagulative and liquefactive (Tb)
Gangrenous - large are of cell death
Types of gangrenous
Dry - no bacterial
Wet - bacterial infection
Gas - bacterial caused by a clostridium
Apoptosis occurs when
DNA damage
accumulation of misfolded proteins
Injury due to infection
After duct obstruction (kidney, pancreas)
Two theories of cell aging
wear and tear
intrinsic genetics
theories that go along with the wear and tear
somatic mutation
Free radical
immunological
Theories that go along with intrinsic genetics
Neuroendocrine
Programmed sentence
The most characteristic tissue change with ageing is
tissues gets rigid and stiff
The death of an entire organism
Somatic death
postmortem decrease in body temp is called
algor mortis
Muscles become stiff after death is called
rigor mortis
rigor mortis is caused by
Depletion of ATP on Actin and Myosin
Blood settling causing the body to turn purple is called
livor mortis
