Chapter 2 VOCAB Flashcards
DNA nitrogen pyrimidines
Cytosine and Thymine
DNA nitrogen purines
Adenine and Guanine
DNA is in the shape of _________
Double-helix
Proteins are composed of one or more ______
polypeptides
Polypeptides are composed of
Amino Acids
A group of three nitrogen bases are called a _____
codons
Type of bonds between the pairing bases
Hydrogen bonding
Complement base pairing are ___ and ___, and ___ and ____
Adenine and Thymine
Guanine and Cytosine
The fragmented single strand of DNA is called the ___
template
The enzyme responsible for adding the correct nucleotide to the single strand of DNA during DNA replication
DNA polymerase
A inherited alteration of genetic material
mutation
The mutation where one base pair replaces another
base pair substitution
Mutations that have no consequence are called
silent mutations
base pair substitution which produces a change in the amino acid
missense mutation
base pair substitution which produces a stop codon
nonsense
The three stop codons are
UAA, UAG, UGA
a mutation that inserts or deletes two or more base pairs of the DNA
Frameshift mutation
Outside agents that cause mutations
mutagens
mutations with the absence of mutagens are called
spontaneous mutations
DNA sequences that are common to have mutations are called
mutation hot spots
DNA is short for
deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA is short for
ribonucleic acid
When RNA is synthesized from DNA
transcription
When amino acids are created form RNA
translation
Type of RNA that is synthesized from DNA
messenger RNA (mRNA)
What enzyme separates DNA during transcription
RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase binds on the DNA at the _____ site
promoter site
RNA polymerase continues to separates DNA until it reaches a ____
stop codon or
termination sequence
The sequences that are removed from mRNA
introns
The sequences that remain on mRNA
exons
The RNA that carries the amino acid and 3 nucleotides during translation
transfer RNA (tRNA)
The places where protein synthesis happens
ribosomes
Two types of human cells are
Gametes
somatic cells
Gametes consist of
sperm and eggs
Somatic cells consist of
all other human cells
somatic cells are called ______ consisting or 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs
diploid cells
somatic cells are reproduced through
mitosis
gamete cells are called _____ because they only contain one chromosome pair (23 chromosomes)
haploid cells
haploid cells are formed from diploid cells through
meiosis
when two chromosomes are the virtually identical they are called
homologous
the 22 homologous pairs of chromosomes are called
autosomes
an electronic view of chromosomes lined up in pairs is
karyotype
cells with normal numbers of chromosomes are called
euploid cells
an euploid cell that has more then the desired number of chromosomes is called
ployploid
A zygote that has three copies of EACH chromosome is called
triploid
when a CELL does not contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes it is called
aneuploidy
when a CELL has three copies of one chromosome it is called
trisomy
when sister chromosomes fail to separate and one cell receives both copies it is called
nondisjunction
when an extra portion of one chromosome is present in the cell
partial trisomy
trisomy of the 21st chromosome
down syndrome
only having one copy of a chromosome
monosomy
Monosomy of the X chromosome is called
Turner syndrome
Indivduals with two X and one Y chromosome (XXY) is called
Klinefelter Syndrome
Broken chromosomes and/or broken DNA is called
deletions
a repeat of a section of DNA
duplication
less harmful than deletion
when two breaks occur on a chromosome but the section is put back in, in reverse
inversion
interchanging genetic material between two non homologous chromosomes
translocation reciprocal translocation (if it happens on two different chromosomes)
When the long arm of two nonhomologous chromosomes fuse at centromeres, creating a single chromosome
robertsonian translocation
the appearance of an individual
Gene expression
phenotype
composition of genes at a given locus
Genes make up
genotype
Two different alleles (dominate and recessive)
Heterozygous
two of the same alleles (dominate OR recessive)
Homozygote
when a heterozygote has the allele but it is not expressed
carrier
a chart that expresses dominate and recessive genes
Punnett square
a chart that shows disease in a family blood line
pedigree
the probability that a person will develop a genetic disease
recurrence risk
showing signs and symptoms of an autosomal dominate disorder with no family history is most likely
germline mosaicism
the tumor suppressor gene is found on _____ chromosome
long arm of chromosome 13
When a nitrogen group is replaced with a methyl group
DNA methylation
mating of two related people
consanguinity
For female sex hormones X, parts are turned off
X inactivation
the theory that X chromosomes are turned off
dosage compensation
Cells that of chromosomes that are turned off (only in females)
barr bodies
When homologous chromosomes switch entire arms
crossover
