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Pathophysiology > ANS > Flashcards

ANS Flashcards

1
Q

Two types of nervous systems

A

CNS

PNS

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2
Q

what are the two divisions of the PNS

A

afferent

efferent

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3
Q

Two major division of the efferent peripheral system

A

Somatic

Autonomic

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4
Q

Somatic pathways consist of __ neuron between CNS and effector

A

1 neuron

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5
Q

Somatic neurons normally innervate _____

A

skeletal muscle

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6
Q

Autonomic pathways consist of ____ between CNS and effector

A

2 neurons

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7
Q

ANS innervates ____

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, GI neurons

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8
Q

ANS is activated by ______

A

spinal cord, brain stem (pons and medulla) and hypothalamus

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9
Q

Brainstem is responsible for controlling ____ of the ANS

A

cardio and respiratory

MAP, HR, respiratory frequency, tidal volume

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10
Q

Hypothalamus is responsible for controlling ____ of the ANS

A

Temperature regulation
water balance
feeding control

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11
Q

signals sent to CNS in ganglia that return immediately to the effector organ

A

reflex

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12
Q

examples of reflex are

A

sweating (thermo)
bladder emptying (water regulation)
smells -> digerstive enzymes (glands)
baroreceptor (MAP)

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13
Q

Functions of the ANS included

A

homeostasis control

4 F’s (fighting, fooling around, fleeing or feeding)

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14
Q

2 subdivisions of efferent ANS

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

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15
Q

sympathetic system is also called the

A

thoracolumbar

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16
Q

Sympathetic system responses

A

—-responds to stress—-
fight or flight
preparing for physical activity

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17
Q

Parasympathetic system is also called

A

craniosacral

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18
Q

Parasympathetic system responses

A

—–conserves energy—–

when not in stressful situation

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19
Q

ANS cell bodies are located

A

outside the CNS

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20
Q

Cluster of nerve bodies found outside the CNS

A

ganglia or ganglion

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21
Q

The two neurons in the ANS are called

A

Preganglionic neurons

Postganglionic neurons

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22
Q

sympathetic ganglia lie close to the spinal cord being called ______

A

sympathetic trunk

23
Q

75% of parasympathetic fibers are located in the _____

A

vagus nerves

24
Q

acetylcholine (aCh) is released at

A

ALL preganglionic synapses
and postganglionic synapses in the parasympathetic system
(except sympathetic, sweat glands, piloerector muscles and blood vessels)

25
Q

Most sympathetic postganglionic neurons secrete

A

norepinephrine

26
Q

neurons that secrete norepinephrine are called

A

adrenergic

27
Q

aCh is released through

A

exocytosis

28
Q

aCh is released due to a rise in ____

A

calcium (intracellular )

29
Q

aCh is hydrolyzed by

A

acetylcholinesterase

30
Q

A bulbous enlargement of the postganglionic ganglia is called

A

varicosities

31
Q

removal of neurotransmitters

3 steps

A
  1. reuptake (50%-80%)
  2. diffusion out of cleft
  3. enzymatic destruction
32
Q

adrenal medulla release _____ directly into the _____

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

blood stream

33
Q

cells of the adrenal medulla that release neurotransmitters are called

A

chromaffin

34
Q

chromaffin cells are like _____

A

sympathetic Postganglionic neurons (no axons)

35
Q

norepinephrine in the blood stream last _____

A

5-10 times longer

36
Q

receptor-dependent cells are excited or inhibited by:

A
  1. change in membrane permeability

2. enzyme is activated or inactivated

37
Q

aCh actions on the heart

A

increase SA node permeability to K

decreasing the heart rate

38
Q

norepinephrine actions on the heart

A

increase SA node permeability of Na

increase heart rate

39
Q

The two types on ANS receptors

A

cholinergic (acetylcholine)

Adrenergic (epinephrine or norepinephrine)

40
Q

Two types of cholinergic receptors

A

muscarinic

nicotinic

41
Q

Muscarinic receptors operate through ___

A

2nd messenger system

linked to gated K+ channels

42
Q

Nicotinic receptors operate through ____

A

opening a cation channel

43
Q

cholinergic changes in the body

A

lower HR
lower atrial contractility
dilate coronary arties
contract smooth muscle (bronchial)

44
Q

Adrenergic receptors are linked to

A

G-protein linked 2nd messenger

45
Q

Two types of adrenergic receptors are

A

Alpha

Beta

46
Q

alpha receptors are responsible for

A

systemic vasoconstriction

47
Q

Beta receptors are responsible for

A

sympathetic cardiac stimulation

airway dilation

48
Q

effects on receptors by norepinephrine

A

excites alpha receptors highly

excites beta receptors slightly

49
Q

effects on receptors by epinephrine

A

excites alpha and beta equally

50
Q

fight or flight term coined by

A

Walter cannon

51
Q

sympathetic stress response on the body

A 
increased arterial pressure
increased blood flow to active muscles
decreased blood flow to GI tract and kidney
increased cellular metabolic rate
increased blood glucose levels 
increased glycolysis in muscles and liver
increase muscle strength (recruitment) 
increased mental activity 
increased rate of blood coagulation
52
Q

some effector tissues in the ANS are innervated by other means called

A

non-adrenergic
non-cholinergic
(NANC)

53
Q

Alpha receptor (adrenergic) function

A

a1 vasoconstriction

54
Q

Beta receptor (adrenergic) function

A

b1 increased HR
b1 increased force of contraction
b2 bronchodilation
b2 vasodilation

Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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