Exam 4 Flashcards
1
Q
The ______ is the principle muscle of inspiration
A
diaphragm
2
Q
The diaphragm is _____ shaped with its posterior attachment placed much more ______ its the anterior attachment
A
dome;
inferior
3
Q
The diaphragm forms the ____ of the thoracic cavity and the ______ of the abdominal cavity
A
floor; roof
4
Q
During respiration, when the diaphragm contracts, the vertical dimension of the thoracic cavity is _______. When the diaphragm ascends as it relaxes, the vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity ______
A
increased;
decreased
5
Q
During abdominal straining, movement of the diaphragm is important in ____ _____
A
blood circulation, blood from IVC is forced superiorly
6
Q
What are the peripheral attachments of the diaphragm to?
A
inferior margin of osteocartilaginous thoracic cage (ribs and costal cartilages) and superior lumbar vertebrae
7
Q
Name the two parts of the diaphragm.
A
peripheral muscular part and central tendon
8
Q
True or False: The fibers of the peripheral muscular part of the diaphragm converge to the central tendon.
A
True
9
Q
Name the three parts of the peripheral muscular part of the diaphragm
A
- sternal part
- costal part
- lumbar part
10
Q
The lumbar part of the peripheral muscular part of the diaphragm arises by….
A
two musculotendinous crura
11
Q
The ____ _____ ligament arches between the two musculotendinous crura
A
median arcuate
12
Q
The ____ _____ ligaments are thickening of the fascia of the psoas major muscle
A
medial arcuate
13
Q
The _____ ______ ligaments are thickenings of the fascia of the quadratus lumborum muscle
A
lateral arcuate
14
Q
The central tendon is an _________ that fuses with the inferior surface of the fibrous pericardium
A
aponeurosis
15
Q
The central tendon has ____ leaves
A
3 (clover)
16
Q
The diaphragmatic ______ (______) permit structures to pass between the thorax and abdomen
A
apertures (hiatuses)
17
Q
Name the diaphragmatic apertures.
A
- vena caval
- esophageal
- aortic
18
Q
What passes through each of the following diaphragmatic apertures:
- vena caval
- esophageal
- aortic
A
- IVC, some branches of right phrenic nerve, but most branches pass directly through diaphragm
- esophagus, anterior and posterior vagal trunks
- aorta, thoracic duct, azygos vein
19
Q
Name other structures passing through the diaphragm.
A
phrenic nerves, musculophrenic vessels, inferior intercostal vessels, subcostal nerves and vessels, sympathetic trunks, greater and lesser splanchnic nerves, hemiazygous vein
20
Q
What is the blood supply to the superior surface of the diaphragm?
A
superior phrenic artery
branches of the internal thoracic artery (musculophrenic and pericardiacophrenic)
21
Q
What is the blood supply to the inferior surface of the diaphragm?
A
inferior phrenic artery
22
Q
For venous drainage, the superior surface of the diaphragm is drained by….
A
pericardiacophrenic, musculophrenic; both empty into the internal thoracic veins
23
Q
For venous drainage, the inferior surface of the diaphragm is drained by….
A
inferior phrenic vein, empties into IVC
24
Q
The entire motor supply and most of the sensory supply to the diaphragm is from the ______ nerves.
A
phrenic (C3, C4, C5)
25
______ ________ nerves and the _____ nerve are sensory to the periphery of the diaphragm
lower intercostal, subcostal
26
Name the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall.
psoas major, psoas minor, iliacus, quadratus lumborum
27
The lumabr plexus is embedded in the....
psoas major muscle
28
Describe the psoas minor muscle.
small weak
present in 50-60% of people
located anterior to psoas major
assists psoas major in flexion of trunk
29
What two muscles make up the iliopsoas? What is its primary function?
psoas major and iliacus;
| principle flexor of the thigh
30
Each muscle of the posterior abdominal wall is enclosed in fascia that is continuous with the _____ _____- iliac fascia, psoas fascia, quadratus lumborum fascia, and thoracolumbar fascia
transversalis fascia
31
The psoas fascia is associated with what ligament?
medial arcuate ligament of the diphragm
32
The quadratus lumborum fascia is associated with what ligament?
lateral arcuate ligament
33
The quadratus lumborum lies between the ______ and _____ layers of the thoracolumbar fascia
anterior and middle
34
Blood supply to the posterior abdominal wall includes....
subcostal artery and abdominal aorta and its branches
35
Name the unpaired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta.
celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric
36
Name the paired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta.
suprarenal, renal arteries, testicular/ovarian arteries
37
Name the paired parietal branches of the abdominal aorta.
inferior phrenic, 4 pairs of lumbar arteries
38
Name the unpaired parietal branches of the abdominal aorta.
median sacral artery
39
Name veins draining the posterior abdominal wall (the IVC and its tributaries)
common iliac veins, 3rd and 4th lumbar veins, right testicular/ovarian veins, renal veins, azygos vein, right suprarenal vein, inferior phrenic veins, hepatic veins
40
Describe the path of lymphatic drainage for the posterior abdominal wall.
external and internal iliac lymph nodes --> common iliac lymph nodes --> lumbar lymph nodes --> efferent vessels form the right and left lumbar trunks --> thoracic duct
41
What forms the thoracic duct?
the intestinal lymphatic trunks (cisterna chyli)
42
The thoracic ducts drains most of the body except...
the right upper quadrant
43
The lumbar plexus includes the ventral rami of ____-_____ nerves
L1-L4
44
In about 50% of people, there is a contribution to thel lumbar plexus from the _______ nerve
subcostal, T12
45
Why is L5 not included in the lumbar plexus?
the ventral ramus of L5 and part of L4 join to form the lumbosacral trunk which aids in the formation of the sacral plexus
46
The lumbar plexus runs _____ to the deep fascia
deep
47
The arteries in the region of the lumbar plexus run in the _____ fascia
subserous
48
What are the largest and most important branches of the lumbar plexus?
obturator and femoral nerves
49
The _________ and ________ nerves are formed from ____ and often arise by a common stem
ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric;
| L1
50
The ilioinguinal nerve is more _____ while the iliohypogastric is more ______
inferior
| superior
51
The ilioinguinal and hypogastric nerves enter the abdomen ______ to the medial arcuate ligament and pass _____ to the quadratus lumborum
posterior
| anterior (posterior to kidney)
52
The ______ nerve pierces the transversus abdominus and internal oblique muscles with its branches supplying the abdominal muscles
iliohypogastric
53
The lateral cutaneous branch of the the iliohypogastric nerve is distributed in the _____ region
gluteal
54
The ilioinguinal nerve passes through the external and internal oblique muscles (where they form the anterior wall of the inguinal canal) and exits through the....to supply the skin of the suprapubic and inguinal regions
superficial inguinal ring
55
The genitofemoral nerve is formed by ____-____ and pierces what muscle?
L1-L2;
| psoas major
56
The genitofemoral nerves divides into ____ and ______ branches lateral to the common and external iliac arteries
femoral and genital
57
The genital branch passes through the _____ _____ ____ and supplies the cremaster muscle in a male and emerges from the ______ ____ _____ and supplies the scrotum.
deep inguinal ring;
| superficial inguinal ring
58
In a female the genital branch ends...
in the skin of the labia major
59
The femoral branch supplies the skin...
just inferior to the inguinal ligament on the anterior surface of the thigh
60
The lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh is formed from ____-____
L2-L3
61
The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (lateral cutaneous nerve if the thigh) passes through the psoas major muscle and emerges superior to the ____ _____ and enters the thigh just medial to the ____
iliac crest, ASIS
62
The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve supplies skin of the.....
anterolateral surface of the thigh
63
The obturator nerve is formed from....
L2, L3, L4
64
The obturator nerve pierces the ____ ___ and emerges at its medial edge
psoas major
65
The obturator nerve leaves the pelvis through the _____ ________ and enter the medial thigh
obturator membrane (obturator foramen)
66
What does the obturator nerve innervate?
adductor muscles of the thigh
67
Occasionally an accessory obturator nerve us found arising from L3-L4 and descends along the medial border of the psoas major and enters the thigh. It may innervate the....
pectineus muscle, the hip joint, or may substitute for a portion of the obturator nerve
68
The femoral nerve is formed by....
L2, L3, L4
69
The femoral nerve pierces the psoas major muscles and emerges between the ____ _____ and _____ muscles. It supplies these two muscles and innervates the knee extensors.
psoas major and iliacus
70
True or False: The lumbosacral trunk is included in the lumbar plexus.
False, it is not
71
The lumbosacral trunk is ____ - ____ and takes part in formation of the sacral plexus
L4-L5
72
True or False: The lumbar plexus is less vulnerable to injury than the brachial plexus.
True; because it is deeply placed; also limited mobility of the hip joint (in comparison to shoulder joint) reduces the potential for stretching injuries
73
L1 divides into _____ and _____ divisions
superior and inferior
74
The superior division of L1 gives rise to the ..... nerves; The inferior division joined with a twig from L2 forms the .... nerve
ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric;
| genitofemoral
75
L2, L3, and L4 each divide into....
a small ventral branch and large dorsal branch
76
All 3 ventral divisions of L2-L4 join to form the _____ nerve
obturator
77
There are two smaller branches of the dorsal divisions of L2 and L3 which join to form....
lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
78
The two larger branches of the dorsal branches of L2 and L3 join the dorsal branch of L4 to form the _____ nerve
femoral
79
The obturator nerve gives branches to the ____ and _____ joints
hip and knee
80
Clinical question! Pain from a diseased hip joint will often be referred to the.....
area of the medial surface of the hip; If this is the case both joints should be checked thoroughly for disease
81
The psoas muscle is enclosed in fascia, therefore a collection of blood may result in....
pressure on the plexus
82
Since the proximal part of the plexus is fixed, space occupying lesions may compress the plexus against...
the posterior abdominal wall
83
The pelvis is the region where the ____ and ____ ____ meet
trunk and lower limbs
84
What forms the pelvic girdle?
the right and left hip bones articulating with the sacrum
85
The hip (coxal) bones (anteriorly and medially) have three portions that meet at the acetabulum. What are they?
ilium, ischium, and pubis
86
What is the acetabulum?
cup shaped socket on the lateral aspect for the articulation with the head of the femur (hip joint)
87
Before puberty, the hip bones are separated by _____. Ossification begins at age ___-___ and is complete by age ____
cartilage;
| 15-17, 23
88
The ilium forms the superior _____ of the hip bone and the superior ____ of the acetabulum.
2/3, 2/5
89
Name some important landmarks on the ilium
```
ala (wing)-iliac fossa
iliac crest (internal and external lips)
ASIS, AIIS, PSIS, PIIS
Auricular surface (medial)
greater sciatic notch
gluteal lines
arcuate line
body
tuberosity of ilium
```
90
The highest point of the iliac crest is associated with _____ vertebra
L4
91
There are _____ gluteal lines. Name them
3; posterior, anterior (middle), inferior
92
The ischium forms the posteroinferior ____ of the hip bone and posterior _____ of the acetabulum
1/3, 2/5
93
Name some important landmarks of the ischium.
body, ischial tuberosity, ischial spine, ramus
94
The ischial tuberosity is also known as the....
butt bone, sits bone
95
What does the ischial spine separate?
the greater sciatic notch from the lesser sciatic notch
96
The ramus of the ischium joins the inferior ramus of the pubis to form the ______ ______ which completes the obturator foramen
ischiopubic ramus
97
The pubis forms the_______ part of the hip bone and the anteromedial _____ of the acetabulum
inferoanterior; 1/5
98
Name some of the important landmarks of the pubis.
body, pubic crest, pubic tubercle, pectin pubis, 2 rami (superior and inferior), pubic arch, subpubic angle
99
The body of the right pubis joins the body of the left pubis at the _____ ______
pubic symphysis
100
The pectin pubis is also called the ______ ______
pectineal line
101
The superior ramus of the pubis fuses with....
ilium and ischium
102
The ASIS and pubic symphysis are in the same ______ plane
frontal/coronal
103
What is the pelvic brim?
bony outline formed by the pubic crest, pecten pubis, arcuate line, ala and promontory of the sacrum
104
The pelvic brim divides the pelvis into the...
greater pelvis (major )and lesser pelvis (minor)
105
The greater pelvis is located _____ the brim while the lesser pelvis is located _____ the brim
above, below
106
The greater pelvis is called the _____ _____ and is part of the abdominal cavity
false pelvis
107
The lesser pelvis is called the _____ _____ and contains the pelvic cavity
true pelvis
108
The lesser pelvis has both a superior and inferior ____ _____
pelvic aperture
109
The sacrum is made up of....
5 fused vertebrae
110
Name some important landmarks of the sacrum and coccyx.
sacral promontory, ala, sacral foramina (anterior and posterior), sacral canal, auricular surface, median sacral crest, intermediate sacral crest, lateral sacral crest
111
What structure go into the sacral canal?
cauda equina and filum terminale
112
What is the median sacral crest?
fused spinous processes
113
What is the intermediate sacral crest?
fused facet (zygopophyseal) joints
114
What is the lateral sacral crest?
fused transverse processes
115
The sacroiliac joints are strong synovial joints between the articular surfaces of the ____ and _____
sacrum and ilium
116
What are the strongest ligaments in the body?
sacroiliac ligaments
117
The interosseous sacroiliac ligaments unite the....
iliac and sacral tuberosities
118
The posterior (dorsal) sacroiliac ligaments are composed of...
1. strong short transverse fibers and
| 2. long vertical fibers
119
The strong short transverse fibers of the posterior sacroiliac ligaments join the ilium and the....of the lateral crest of the sacrum
1st and 2nd tubercles
120
The long vertical fibers of the posterior sacroiliac ligaments unite the.... of the sacrum to the posterior iliac spines
3rd and 4th transverse tubercles
121
The anterior sacroiliac ligaments are located on the anterior and inferior aspects of the sacroiliac joint. What is unique about them?
They are replaced by bone after 50 years of age
122
Although sacroiliac joints are strong, weight-bearing synovial joints, the possess little _______
mobility (slight gliding and rotary movement)
123
The sacroiliac joints function for stability. Particularly to...
transmit weight of most of the body to the lower extremities
124
L5 and S1 articulate with one another at an anterior intervertebral joint and two posterior synovial joints. This is the ______ joint
lumbosacral
125
What is spondylolysis?
defect in which vertebral body is separated from the inferior articular process (pars interarticularis defect)
126
What is spondylolisthesis
vertebral body slips forward
127
The sacrococcygeal joint is a ______ _______ joint united by fibrocartilage
secondary cartilaginous
128
The pubic symphysis is a _____ _____ joint
secondary cartilaginous
129
Both the sacrococcygeal joint and pubic symphysis are important during childbirth because...
they loosen to help the baby have enough space to pass through along the birth canal
130
The iliolumbar ligaments extend from the..... to the .... and is very strong
transverse process of L5 (sometimes L4) to the iliac crest
131
The iliolumbar ligament plays a significant role in....
stabilizing the 5th lumbar vertebrae, prevents shifting anteriorly
132
The sacrotuberous ligaments passes from the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity forming the _____ ______ ______
lesser sciatic foramen
133
Name structures that pass through the lesser sciatic foramen.
1. tendon and nerve of obturator internus
2. pudendal nerve
3. internal pudendal vessels
134
The sacrospinous ligament passes from the lateral margin of the sacrum and coccyx to the ischial spine forming the ______ _____ ______
greater sciatic foramen
135
Name some structures passing through the greater sciatic foramen.
1. piriformis muscle
2. sciatic nerve
3. superior and inferior gluteal vessels/nerves
4. pudendal nerve
5. internal pudendal vessels
136
True or False: There is both parietal and visceral pelvic fascia.
True
137
The parietal pelvic fascia is continuous superiorly with the _______ and ______ fascia
transversalis and iliopsoas fascia
138
The anterior wall of the pelvis is made up of...
pubic bones and pubic symphysis
139
The lateral walls of the pelvis is made up of...
obterator internus
140
The posterior wall of the pelvis is made up of...
sacrum, ilium, sacroiliac joints and ligaments, piriformis lines lateral aspect
141
The pelvic floor is formed mainly by the ______ ______
pelvic diaphragm
142
Name the muscles of the pelvic diaphragm.
1. 2 levator ani muscles (on right and left)
a. puborectalis
b. pubococcygeus
c. iliococcygeus
2. 2 coccygeus (ishiococcygeus) muscles
143
The ____ _____ muscles are the largest and most important muscles in the pelvic floor
levator ani
144
The levator ani muscles are innervated by the ventral rami of ____-_____
S2-S4
145
The puborectalis is attached to the posterior aspect of the pubic bodies, it forms a sling around the anorectal junction and maintains the _____ _____
anorectal angle (about 80 degrees)
146
The _______ is the main part of the levator ani. It is attached to the posterior aspect of the pubic bodies, the tendinous arch and the coccyx.
pubococcygeus
147
The pubococcygeus united with the contralateral muscle at the _______ _________
anococcygeal body (tendinous raphe- fibrous septum)
148
The _______ is a very thin muscle attached to the tendinous arch and the ischial spine, it blends posteriorly with the anococcygeal body
iliococcygeus
149
The two coccygeus muscles (ischiococcygeus) arise from the ischial spine and attach to the coccyx and sacrum. They are innervated by the ventral rami of...
S4 and S5
150
What is the function of the two coccygeus muscles?
to support the abdominopelvic viscera
151
Name the functions of the pelvic diaphragm.
1. supports pelvic viscera
2. resists the inferior thrust that accompanies increases in intraabdominal pressure
3. raise the pelvic floor and assist the anterior abdominal muscles in compressing the abdominal and pelvic contents
- important in coughing, forced expiration, fixation of the trunk when lifting heavy objects
152
What forms the sacral plexus?
the lumbosacral trunk (L4, L5) and the ventral rami of S1-S4
153
The sacral plexus is closely related to the anterior surface of what muscle?
piriformis
154
all branches of the sacral plexus leave the pelvis through the _____ _____ _______ expect the perforating cutaneous nerves and those supplying the pelvic diaphragm
greater sciatic foramen
155
Which nerve is the largest in the body?
Sciatic nerve
156
The sciatic nerve is formed from the ventral rami of...
L4-S3
157
The vental rami forming the sciatic nerve converge on the anterior surface of the ______ muscle
piriformis
158
The sciatic nerve passes through the greater sciatic foramen ______ to the piriformis to enter the gluteal region
inferior
159
The pudendal nerve is formed from the ventral rami of...
S2, S3, S4
160
The pudendal nerve is accompanied by what artery?
internal pudendal artery
161
The pudendal nerve leaves the pelvis between the _______ and _______ muscles via the greater sciatic foramen
piriformis and coccygeus
162
The pudendal nerve enters the perineum through the...
lesser sciatic foramen
163
The superior gluteal nerve is formed by the dorsal divisions of...
L4, L5, S1
164
The superior gluteal nerve leaves the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen superior to the piriformis muscle. It supplies the....
gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fascia lata
165
The inferior gluteal nerve is formed from....
L5, S1, S2
166
The inferior gluteal nerves leaves the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen _______ to the piriformis muscle and supplies the gluteus maximus.
inferior
167
```
Other components of the sacral plexus include the following:
1. twigs to piriformis
2. twigs to pelvic diaphragm
3. nerve to the quadratus femoris
4. nerve to the obturator internus
Each is made up from what?
```
1. S1-S2
2. Not listed
3. L5-S1
4. L5-S1
168
The coccygeal plexus is formed from...
ventral rami of S4-S5 and the coccygeal nerves
169
The _____ ______ artery supplies most of the pelvic viscera as well as the musculoskeletal part of the pelvis and the gluteal region
internal iliac artery
170
The internal iliac artery divides into _____ and ______ divisions at the superior edge of the greater sciatic foramen
anterior and posterior
171
Name the branches of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery
1. umbilical
2. obturator
3. inferior vesical (males only)
4. vaginal (females only)
5. uterine
6. middle rectal
7. internal pudendal
8. inferior gluteal
172
The umbilical artery is obliterated at a point and forms the ____ _____ _____. It also gives off a _____ ______ artery which supplies the bladder.
medial umbilical fold;
| superior vesical
173
The obturator artery exits the pelvis through the obturator foramen with the...
obturator nerve
174
Anytime you hear pudendal think...
perineum, likely supplies perineum
175
The inferior gluteal artery exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen inferior to the piriformis- it supplies skin of the.....and usually passes between S2 an S3
buttocks and posterior surface of the thigh
176
Name the branches of the posterior division of the internal iliac artery.
1. superior gluteal
2. iliolumbar
3. lateral sacral
177
The superior gluteal artery exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen superior to the piriformis- it supplies the.....and usually passes between the lumbosacral trunk an S1
gluteal muscles
178
The iliac branch of the iliolumbar artery supplies the...while the lumbar branch supplies the...
iliacus and ilium;
| psoas major and quadratus lumborum
179
The spinal branches of the lateral sacral artery supply the...
spinal meninges and roots of the sacral nerves
180
The pelvis is drained mainly by the...
internal iliac veins and their tributaries
181
The internal and external iliac veins unite to form the....which unite to form the...
right and left common iliac veins
| IVC
182
What are the largest tributaries of the internal iliac veins
superior gluteal veins
183
The pelvic venous plexuses unite and drain mainly into the ______ ______ vein
internal iliac
184
The ureters pass over the pelvic brim _____ to the origins of the external iliac arteries
anterior
185
The ureters carry urine from the _____ _____ to the ______ by way of peristalsis
renal pelvis to bladder
186
True or False: The blood supply of the ureters includes the common and internal iliac arteries, the ovarian/testicular arteries, uterine arteries (female), and inferior vesical arteries (male).
True
187
Why is the blood supply for the ureters so vast?
Because they travel a long distance
188
The nerve supply of the ureters is derived from....
adjacent autonomic plexuses
189
The _____ ______ is a potential space between the pubic bone and bladder
retropubic space
190
The neck of the bladder is held in place by the _____ ______ (male) and _____ _____ (female) as well as lateral ligaments of the bladder
male: puboprostatic ligament
female: pubovesical ligament
191
The urinary bladder has strong muscular walls with and internal sphincter and _____ muscles
detrusor
192
The _____ is a smooth area outlined by where the two ureters come into the bladder and where the urethra begins
trigone
193
The urinary bladder is enveloped in loose connective tissue called ____ ______
vesical fascia
194
True or False: The main arterial blood supply of the urinary bladder is branches of the internal iliac arteries (superior vesical and inferior vesical (male) and vaginal arteries (female)
True
195
The urinary bladder is innervated by a vesical nerve plexus specifically the _____ _______ nerves which are ______
pelvic splanchnic
| parasympathetic
196
The pelvic splanchnic nerves are motor to the ______ and inhibitory to the ______
detrusor;
| sphincter
197
The nerve fibers of the pelvic splanchnic nerves are stimulated by ______- bladder contracts, bladder relaxes to allow for urine flow
stretching
198
The sympathetic innervation of the urinary bladder is ____-_____
T11-L2
199
_____ is a hernia of the bladder (can sink into vagina in female)
cystocele
200
The ______ ______ is a long muscular tube the conveys urine from the internal urethral orifice to the external urethral orifice at the tip of the penis. It also conveys semen
male urethra
201
Name the four parts of the male urethra.
1. intramural (pre-prostatic)
2. prostatic (through prostate)
3. intermediate (membranous)
4. spongy (longest)
202
Blood supply to the male urethra is...
inferior vesical and middle rectal arteries
203
The female urethra is a short muscular tube with blood supply from the internal pudendal and vaginal arteries. Females are more likely to develop....because of its characteristics
UTIs
204
Male internal genital organs include...
1. ductus deferens
2. seminal glands (vesicles)
3. prostate gland
205
The ductus deferens is a continuation of the ______
epididdymus
206
The ductus deferens ends by joining the....to form the....
seminal gland
| ejaculatory duct
207
The blood supply for the ductus deferens is...
artery to the ductus deferens-->arises from superior vesical artery
208
The seminal vesicles are supplied by the inferior vesical and middle rectal arteries. What do that do?
secrete thick, alkaline fluid that mixes with sperm
209
The prostate gland is ______ size. It secretes a milky white fluid that provide ____% of volume of semen
walnut, 20%
210
True or False: Arterial supply for the prostate gland in mainly from the superior vesical arteries.
False, it is mainly from inferior vesical arteries
211
BPH- benign prostatic hyperplasia can cause problems with ______
urination
212
The ______ ______ function to cause secretions during sexual arousal
bulbourethral glands
213
Give specific information regarding the innervation (sympathetic and parasympathetic, etc) of the male genital organs
sympathetic: lumbar splanchnic nerves (T12-L2)
parasympathetic: pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2, S3)
inferior hypogastric/pelvic plexus
214
Name the female internal genital organs
vagina and uterus
215
The vagina lies posterior to the _____ and anterior to the _____
urethra, rectum
216
Name the muscles that compress the vagina and act as spinchters
1. pubovaginalis muscles
2. external urethral sphincter (especially urethrovaginal sphincter part)
3. bulbospongiosus muscle
217
The position of the uterus is typically....
anteverted and anteflexed
218
Name the parts of the uterus.
1. Fundus- upper part
2. body
3. isthmus- lower part into cervix
4. cervix-leads into vagina
219
Name the three layers of the walls of the urethra from outside to inside
perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
220
The broad ligament of the uterus contains...
```
suspensory ligament of the ovary
uterine tube
round ligaments of the uterus
mesovarium
mesosalpinx
```
221
The suspensory ligament of the ovary carries...
blood vessels
222
The round ligament of the uterus is associated with the _____ inguinal ring
superficial
223
The ______ ______ ligaments also called ______ ligaments are the principal ligamentous supports of the uterus
transverse cervical or Cardinal
224
True or False: There are uterosacral ligaments in a female.
True
225
What is the principle support of the uterus is the ....
pelvic floor
226
Name the two puches associated with the uterus.
```
vesicouterine pouch
rectouterine pouch (Pouch of Douglas) --deepest point in pelvis
```
227
The uterine tubes are also called fallopian tubes. They lie within the ______ part of the broad ligament
mesosalpinx
228
Name the 4 parts of the uterine tubes.
1. infundibulum (fimbriae)
2. ampulla
3. isthmus
4. uterine part
229
Fertilization usually occurs in the
ampulla
230
What is the function of the fimbriae?
When an egg is released, the fimbriae move and pull the egg into the fallopian tube
231
Describe the innervation of the uterus and vagina.
sympathetic-T12-L2-lumbar splanchnic nerves-infeior hypogastric
parasympathetic- S2-S4-pelvic splanchnic nerves
232
The ovaries are contained in the ______ part of the broad ligament
mesovarium
233
The ligament of the ovary attaches the ovary to the ______ and the suspensory ligament of the ovary conveys...
uterus;
| conveys ovarian vessels/nerves
234
The _____ is the fixed terminal part of the large intestine.
rectum
235
The _____ pouch is present in males only while the ______ pouch is present in females only.
rectovesical pouch- males
| rectouterine pouch of Douglas- females
236
The rectum has 3 sharp flexures including the terminal anorectal flexure that should be _____ degrees
80
237
The blood supply for the rectum is the...
superior rectal artery (branch of inferior mesenteric)
2 middle rectal arteries (branches of internal iliac arteries)
2 inferior rectal arteries (branches of internal iliac arteries)
238
The ______ is defined as the region of the trunk inferior to the pelvic diaphragm, which overlies the pelvic outlet
perineum
239
The male perineum includes the...
anal canal, membranous and spongy parts of the urethra, root of scrotum and penis
240
Superficial muscles of the perineum for a male include
1. bulbospongiosus- role in erection
2. ischiocavernosus- compresses blood
3. superficial transverse perineal- small
241
The female perineum (vulva) includes the...
mons pubis, labia majora and minora, vestibule of the vagina, clitoris, bulb of the vestibule and greater vestibule glands
242
Superficial muscles of the perineum for a female include
1. bulbospongiosus- erection of clitoris
2. ischiocavernosus
3. superficial transverse perineal
243
The muscles of the perineum are all supplied by the ____ nerve
pudendal
244
The perineum is divided into two unequal triangles by an imaginary line joining the ischial tuberosities. Name them.
anal triangle and urogenital triangle
245
The _____ ______ is a thin sheet of striated muscle stretching between the two sides of the pubic arch covering the anterior part of the pelvic outlet.
perineal membrane
246
The sphincter urethrae muscle in a male functions to....In a female it functions to.....
male- constricts the membranous urethra
| female- compresses the urethra and vagina
247
The sphincter urethrae muscle in innervated by a branch of the ______ nerve
pudendal
248
The deep transverse perineal muscle are innervated by a branch of the pudendal nerve and function to steady the perineal body- this supports the.....
pelvic floor and viscera
249
The anal triangle contains....
anal canal, external anal sphincter, and ishioanal fossa
250
What does the ischioanal fossa contain?
internal pudendal artery, vein and pudendal nerve
251
The ____ _____ is the midpoint of a line joining the ischial tuberosities
perineal body
252
The perineal body is the site of...
convergence of several muscles including the bulbospongiosis, external anal sphincter, superficial and deep transverse perineal muscles and slips of muscle from the external urethral sphincter, levator ani and muscular coat of the rectum. It is also the last support of the pelvic floor
253
The gluteal region is bounded superiorly by the ___ _____ and inferiorly by the inferior border of the _____ ______ muscle
iliac crest; gluteus maximus
254
The PSIS corresponds to vertebra ____
S2
255
Name the following bursa:
1. between greater trochanter and gluteus maximus
2. between ischial tuberosity and gluteus maximus
3. between ITB and vastus lateralis
1. trochanteric
2. ischial
3. gluteofemoral
256
What muscle is the chief extensor of the hip?
gluteus max
257
Clinical! What is the most common bursitis?
trochanteric
258
The gluteus medius is a powerful ______ of the hip
abductor
259
What does a positive trendelenberg sign signify?
Weak hip abductors (gluteus medius) on the opposite side of the pelvis drop
260
The gluteus minimus is the ______ of the three glute muscles
deepest
261
The superior border of the piriformis is marked by a line from the _____ to the ____ ______ and exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen
PSIS to the greater trochanter
262
The piriformis is known as a.... because many vessels are named depending on their location relative to this muscle
landmark of the gluteal region
263
The obturator internus exits the pelvis through the...
lesser sciatic foramen
264
The superior and inferior gemellus muscles can be described as ______
fleshy
265
The superficial gluteal nerves include (3)...
1. superficial clunial nerves
2. middle clunial nerves
3. inferior clunial nerves
266
The superficial cluneal nerves supply the.... of the buttocks. They are the lateral branches of dorsal rami L1-L3
superior 2/3
267
The middle cluneal nerves supply the.... They are the lateral branches of dorsal rami S1-S3
skin over sacrum and adjacent areas of buttocks
268
The inferior cluneal nerves supply the.... of the buttocks. They are the gluteal branches of posterior femoral cutaneous nerves
inferior 1/3
269
The deep gluteal nerves all are branches of the ____ _____ and exit the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen
sacral plexus
270
Name the deep gluteal nerves (7)
1. superior gluteal nerve
2. inferior gluteal nerve
3. sciatic nerve
4. posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
5. nerve to the quadratus femoris
6. nerve to obturator internus
7. pudendal nerve
271
The superior gluteal nerve is ______ to the piriformis muscle. It travels with what artery? It also has superior and inferior branches
superior;
| superior gluteal artery
272
The inferior gluteal nerve is ______ to the piriformis muscle. It travels with what artery?
inferior;
| inferior gluteal artery
273
What is the largest nerve in the body?
sciatic
274
The sciatic nerve is formed from the ventral rami of...
L4-S3
275
The sciatic nerve exits the greater sciatic foramen ______ to the piriformis muscle?
inferior
276
True or False: The sciatic nerve helps supply muscles of the gluteal region.
False, it does not
277
The sciatic nerve divides in to what branches in the popliteal fossa?
common fibular (peroneal) and tibial nerves
278
The posterior femoral cutaneous nerve supplies more skin than any other cutaneous nerve. It exits in company with...
inferior gluteal nerve, vessels, and sciatic nerve
279
The nerve to the quadratus femoris in addition to muscle innervation, also provides some innervation to the what joint?
hip joint
280
What is unique about the path of the nerve to the obturator internus?
it exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen and eventually re-enters the pelvis through the lesser sciatic foramen
281
The pudendal nerve supplies structures in the ______
perineum
282
The arteries in the gluteal region are branches of the ______ ______ artery
internal iliac
283
What artery of the gluteal region passes between the lumbosacral trunk and S1?
superior gluteal artery
284
The superior gluteal artery has superficial and deep branches and exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen _____ to the piriformis.
superior
285
What nerve usually passes between S2 and S3?
inferior gluteal nerve
286
The inferior gluteal nerve exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen _____ to the piriformis
inferior
287
True or False: The internal pudendal artery is one of the gluteal arteries.
True
288
The veins in the gluteal region are tributaries of the...
internal iliac vein
289
True or False: The superior and inferior gluteal veins accompany the corresponding arteries.
True
290
The _____ ______ is formed by the right and left hip bones articulating with the sacrum
pelvic girdle
291
The ______ is the largest, strongest, and heaviest bone in the body
femur
292
The head of the femur forms 2/3 of a sphere. It is directed medially, superiorly, and anteriorly. It has a depression called the _____ ____ _____ which is the attachment of the ligamentum capitis femoris
fovea capitis femoris
293
The neck of the femur connects the head to the body. The intertrochanteric line serves as its boundary. It forms the neck-shaft angle which is usually around______ degrees.
125
294
The _____ _______ is a projection from the junction of the neck and body of the femur- easily palpated
greater trochanter
295
The greater trochanter is the site of attachment for...
hip abductors and lateral rotators
296
The lesser trochanter is located in angle between the neck and body of the femur and is the site of attachment of the ______ ______
iliopsoas tendon
297
The intertrochanteric crest is a prominent ridge that joins the trochanters posteriorly. The _____ ______ is a rounded elevation at its crest
quadrate tubercle
298
The body of the femur is slightly bowed _______ (direction)
anteriorly
299
The _____ _____ rough ridge of bone on the posterior aspect that ends in the medial and lateral supracondylar lines
linea aspera
300
Name one other bone prominence on the femur
gluteal tuberosity
301
Where does the pectineal line on the femur run?
runs from the lesser trochanter to the medial lip of the linea aspera-attachment site for pectineus muscle
302
The femur has _____ and ______ condyles
medial and lateral
303
The medial and lateral epicondyles are separated by the _______ ______ (______)
intercondylar fossa (notch)
304
The _______ ________ is the superior aspect of the medial femoral condyle. it is the attachment point for what muscle?
adductor tubercle;
| adductor magnus
305
The ______ is the base/apex of the femur and develops in the quadriceps tendon. It is also the best example of a ______ bone
patella, sesamoid
306
Cutaneous nerves for the anterior thigh include...(6)
1. ilioinguinal
2. genitofemoral
3. lateral femoral cutaneous
4. cutaneous branches of subcostal (T12)
5. cutaneous branches of the femoral nerve (intermediate and medial)
6. cutaneous branches of obturator nerve
307
Match the cutaneous nerve with the area it supplies
a. intermediate aspect of medial thigh
b. anterior and lateral thigh
c. skin anterior to greater trochanter
d. skin inferior to the middle part of inguinal ligament
e. supplies superomedial aspect of thigh
f. anterior and medial thigh
a. cutaneous branched of obturator nerve
b. lateral femoral cutaneous
c. cutaneous branched of subcostal
d. genitofemoral
e. ilioinguinal
f. cutaneous branches of femoral nerve
308
The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve is a direct branch of the ____ ______
lumbar plexus
309
The deep fascia or fascia lata is very thick and surrounds the musculature of the thigh, but has a saphenous opening for the....
great saphenous vein
310
The _____ ______ is a thickening of fascia lata that runs on the lateral aspect of the thigh down to the knee
iliotibial tract (ITB)
311
The muscles of the thigh are organized into ____ main groups Name them.
3
| anterior, medial, posterior
312
The groups of the thigh are separated by ______ _______ which arise from the fascia lata and are attached to the linea aspera
intermuscular septa
313
Name the anterior thigh muscles(5)
pectineus, sartorius, iliopsoas, tensor fascia lata, quadriceps femoris
314
Why is the pectineus sometimes associated with the medial compartment?
because one of its functions is adduction
315
True or False: The compartment typically have the same nerve innervation.
True, typically they do
316
What muscle is the strongest flexor of the thigh?
iliopsoas
317
What is the longest muscle in the body?
sartorius
318
The _____ ______ is the principle extensor of the leg
quadriceps femoris
319
What four muscles are included in the quadriceps femoris?
rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius
320
The _____ _____ is a small slip of muscle located behind the vastus intermedius that pulls on the synovium of the knee joint to prevent it from getting caught
articularis genu
321
Name the boundaries of the femoral triangle.
```
superior-inguinal ligament
medial- medial border of adductor longus
lateral-medial border of sartorius
floor- adductor longus, pectineus, iliopsoas
roof-fascia lata
```
322
Name the contents of the femoral triangle.
NAVEL (lateral to medial)
| femoral Nerve, femoral Artery, femoral Vein, empty space, Lyphatics (inguinal lymph nodes)
323
The femoral nerve is formed from _____-_____ and is the largest branch of the _____ plexus
L2-L4; lumbar
324
The femoral nerve is located ______ the femoral sheath
outside
325
The ______ nerve is a cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve running with the great saphenous vein
saphenous
326
The femoral artery is a continuation of the ______ _____ artery and becomes the femoral artery after crossing the ______ _____
external iliac artery;
| inguinal ligament
327
What is the largest branch of the femoral artery?
profunda femoris artery
328
The profunda femoris artery has perforating branches that go to the....
posterior thigh
329
Specific named branches of the profunda femoris artery include the...
medial and lateral circumflex humeral arteries
330
The medial circumflex humeral artery supplies the head and neck of the femur and is found descending between the ______ and ______ muscles
pectineus and iliopsoas
331
The femoral vein becomes the ____ _____ vein
external iliac
332
The femoral sheath is made up of ______ and _____ fascia
tranversalis and iliacus fascia
333
The femoral sheath has ____ compartments
3
334
Match each compartment with its contents.
1. lateral a. femoral vein
2. intermediate b. femoral artery
3. medial c. femoral canal (space)
1. b
2. a
3. c
335
Name the muscles of the medial thigh.
adductor longus, adductor brevis, gracilis, adductor magnus (adductor and hamstring parts), obturator externus
336
What is the main action for the muscles of the medial thigh?
adduction of the thigh
337
The primary innervation of the medial thigh muscles is the ______ nerve
obturator
338
The obturator nerve enters the thigh via the obturator foramen and divides into ______ and _____ divisions.
anterior and posterior (anterior division is anterior to adductor brevis muscle and posterior division is posterior to adductor brevis muscle)
339
The _____ ______ provides a passage for the femoral vessels to reach the popliteal fossa-runs from the apex of the femoral triangle to the adductor hiatus, deep to the sartorius
adductor canal
340
What are the contents of the adductor canal?
femoral artery, femoral vein, saphanous vein
341
The _____ ______ is an opening in the adductor magnus muscle
adductor hiatus
342
The adductor hiatus provides an exit for the _____ ____ and ____ _____
femoral vein and femoral artery
343
What does the following describe?
The first perforating artery joins with the inferior gluteal artery to form a vertical channel that anastomoses with both the medial and lateral femoral circumflex arteries.
cruciate anastomsis
344
The cruciate anastomosis is important collateral circulation if there is a blockage or tie in the femoral artery ____ to the profunda femoris artery. It provides an alternate route
proximal
345
Name the hamstring muscles.
semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris
346
What is the common proximal attachment of the hamstring muscles?
ischial tuberosity
347
The hamstring muscles are innervated by the _______ division of the sciatic nerve
tibial
348
The hamstrings mainly act as...
hip extensors, knee flexors
349
The _____ head of the biceps femoris is not considered a hamstring muscle
short
350
The short head of the biceps femoris is innervated by the....
common fibular division of the sciatic nerve
351
Why is the short head of the biceps femoris not a hip extensor?
It does not cross the hip joint
352
What muscles are included in the common distal attachment point known as the pes anserine (foot of goose)?
gracilis, sartorius, semitendinosus
353
The _____ ______ is the diamond shaped region posterior to the knee
popliteal fossa
354
The superior boundary of the of the popliteal fossa includes the _______ ______ as its lateral boundary and the _______ and _______ as its medial boundary
biceps femoris;
| semimembranosus and semitendinosus
355
The inferior boundary of the popliteal fossa includes the....as its lateral boundary and the...as its medial boundary
lateral head of the gastroc;
| medial head of the gastroc
356
The roof (posterior wall) of the popliteal fossa includes ____ and _____
skin and fascia
357
The fascia of the roof of the popliteal fossa includes both deep and superficial sections. The deep fascia functions to...
protect neurovascular structures that run in the popliteal fascia
358
The floor of the popliteal fossa (anterior wall) includes the ________ surface of the femur, the ______ _______ ligament, and the _______ fascia
popliteal surface of femur;
oblique popliteal ligament;
popliteus fascia
359
Name the contents of the popliteal fascia.
Fat, Popliteal Artery, Popliteal Vein, Nerves
360
The popliteal artery is a continuation of the femoral artery after it passes through the...
adductor hiatus
361
The popliteal artery divides into....at the inferior border of the popliteus muscle
anterior and posterior tibial arteries
362
The popliteal artery also has ______ genicular branches which supply the articular capsule and ligaments of the knee joint. Name them.
```
lateral superior genicular artery
medial superior genicular artery
middle genicular artery
lateral inferior genicular artery
medial inferior genicular artery
```
363
True or False: The popliteal artery has muscular branches.
True
364
Genicular anastomosis is an important network around the knee. Describe what arteries it involves.
Involves genicular arteries, the descending branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery, descending genicular branch of the femoral artery and anterior recurrent branch of the anterior tibial artery
365
For genicular anastomosis, the descending branch of the _____ ______ ______ artery provides collatoral circulation if there is a blockage of the femoral artery at a point ______ to the profunda femoris
lateral femoral circumflex;
| distal
366
The popliteal vein is formed by the union of the.....
anterior and posterior tibial veins
367
The popliteal vein becomes the ______ vein at the adductor hiatus
femoral
368
The ___ _____ vein pierces the roof and drains into the popliteal vein
small saphenous
369
The sciatic nerve ends at the popliteal fossa by dividing into the ____ and ___ _____ nerves
tibial and common fibular (peroneal) nerves
370
Which of the 2 terminal branches of the sciatic nerve is larger?
tibial
371
The tibial nerve descends through the center of the popliteal fossa and is superficial to the popliteal artery and vein. It has ____ articular branches to the knee joint (genicular branches). It also has muscular branches
3
372
The medial sural cutaneous nerve joins a communicating branch of the lateral sural cutaneous nerve to form the _____ nerve. This nerve runs with the small/short saphenous vein.
sural
373
The common fibular (peroneal) nerve exits the popliteal fossa superficial to the lateral head of the gastroc muscle. It is easily palpated at what point?
as it passes over the head of the fibula before winding around the neck of the fibula
374
Name the branches of the common fibular nerve.
genicular branches to knee joint,
lateral sural cutaneous nerve,
sural (fibular) communicating branch-variable
375
The lateral sural cutaneous nerve innervates skin of the _____
calf
376
The common fibular nerve terminates by dividing into...
superficial and deep fibular nerves
377
The hip joint is what type of joint?
ball and socket type of synovial joint
378
The hip joint is more _____ but less ____ than the shoulder joint.
stable, mobile
379
The articular surfaces of the hip joint include the head of the femur and the cup shaped acetabulum. It also includes the acetabular _____, acetabular ______, and _______ _______ ligament????
labrum, acetabular notch, transverse acetabular ligament?????
380
The articular capsule of the hip joint is a strong fibrous capsule lined by _____ _____. Most fibers take a spiral course. In the orbiticular zone with the annular ligament, the fibers are circular.
synovial membrane
381
The ligaments of the hip joint are thickenings of the joint capsule. There are 3 intrinsic ligaments. Name them.
1. Iliofemoral
2. pubofemoral
3. ischiofemoral
382
The iliofemoral ligament is also called the...
Y ligament of Bigelow
383
the proximal attachment of the iliofemoral ligament is to the ASIS and acetabular rim. Its distal attachment is to the intertrochanteric line. It functions to prevent _______ by....
hyperextension by tensing in full extension
384
The pubofemoral ligament is relatively weak and limits extension and ABduction. It arises from the pubis and blends with the medial part of the iliofemoral ligament. It strengthens the joint both ______ and _______
inferiorly and anteriorly
385
The ischiofemoral ligament reinforces the fibrous capsule posteriorly and extends from the ischium to the base of the greater trochanter. It limits _____ (______) ________
medial (internal) rotation
386
The ligament of the head of the femur (_______ _______) is attached to the acetabular notch and transverse acetabular ligament an to the fovea captis (pit or depression in the femoral head)
ligamentum teres
387
The ligament of the head of the femur has blood supply from the.... which is especially important during development for children
artery to the head of the femur (branch of obturator artery)
388
Blood supply to the hip joint includes what arteries?
medial and lateral femoral circumflex arteries (retinacular arteries), deep division of superior gluteal and inferior gluteal
389
Innervation of the hip joint includes...(4)
femoral nerve, obturator nerve, nerve to quadratus femoris, superior gluteal nerve
390
Movements of the hip joint include...
Flexion/extension,
abduction/adduction,
medial/lateral rotation,
circumduction
391
For the hip joint the flexors are ______ than the extensors. The medial rotators are ______ powerful than the lateral
stronger;
| less
392
The leg is defined as the inferior part of the lower limb, the region between the ____ and _____ joints.
knee and ankle
393
The tibia is located on the anteromedial side of the leg and the fibula is located _________ to the tibia
postero-lateral
394
The ______ is the weight bearing bone of the leg-second largest bone of the skeleton
tibia
395
The proximal end of the tibia articulates with the ______
femur
396
Landmarks of the proximal tibia include the tibial plateaus, medial and lateral condyles, and intercondylar eminence. Specifically, ____ _____ on the lateral condyle is the attachment of the ITB. The lateral condyle also has an articular facet for the fibula.
Gerdy's tubercle
397
The intercondylar eminence fits into the ______ _______ of femur
intercondylar notch
398
The shaft of the tibia is ________ shaped with a medial, lateral (inteosseous border) and posterior surfaces (soleal line and nutrient foramen)
triangular
399
The tibia and fibula are united by an ______ _______
interossesous membrane
400
The posterior surface of the tibial shaft include the _____ _____ and _____ ______
soleal line and nutrient foramen
401
The _______ _________ is located at the superior junction of medial and lateral surfaces of the tibia and is a reference point for division of popliteal artery into anterior and posterior tibial arteries
tibial tuberosity
402
The tibial tuberosity is the point of attachment of the _____ _______
patellar ligament
403
True or False: The fibular notch is located on the distal end of the tibia
True
404
The distal end of the tibia articulates with the ______ -medial malleolus
talus
405
The main function of the fibula is....
to provide sites for the muscle attachment, also supports tibia. little or no function in weight bearing
406
The head (apex=styloid process) of the fibula articulates superiorly with the _____
tibia
407
The fibula articulates inferiorly with the talus and tibia-lateral malleolus-lies more _____ and _____ than the medial malleolus
inferior and posterior
408
The malleolar fossa of the lateral malleoulus is the attachment of the _________ _________ ligament
posterior talofibular
409
The fibula is bound to the junction of lateral and posterior surface of tibia along its length by the interossesous membrane, which is a ______, _______ joint
fibrous, syndesmosis
410
The patella is a _______ bone, with its inferior apex is attached to the tibial tuberosity by the patellar ligament
sesamoid
411
There are _____ tarsal bone
7
412
The bones of the ankle and foot are the distal attachments of the leg muscles. The _______ surface is the top of the foot and the _______ surface is the sole of the foot
dorsal
| plantar
413
The ______ bone has no muscle attachments
talus
414
The talus articulates with the anterior 2/3 of the calcaneus (subtalar joint) and also with the tibia, fibula (________) and navicular bone (_________)
superiorly,
| anteriorly
415
True or False: The talus has a body, neck, and head
True
416
The superior surface of the body of the talus is called the ________, it bears most of the weight of the body transmitted via the tibia
trochlea
417
The body of the talus has a posterior process with _____ and _____ tubercles
medial and lateral
418
The neck of the talus has ____ ____ for ligaments connecting the talus and calcaneus
sulci tali
419
The head of the talus articulates with the navicular bone and the calcaneus (supported by the _____ ______)
sustentaculum tali
420
The _______ is the largest and strongest bone of the foot
calcaneus
421
The calcaneus projects posteriorly and forms the prominence of the heel and the point of the ________ tendon.
Achilles (tendo calcaneus)
422
True or False: The calcaneus has medial and lateral tubercles.
True
423
The calcaneus articulates with the talus superiorly at the ______ joint and the ______ anteriorly
subtalar, cuboid
424
The sustentaculum tali helps support the...
head of the talus
425
The ____ _____ separates the fibularis longus and brevis
fibular (peroneal) trochlea
426
The subtalar joint allow for movements of ______ and _______
inversion and eversion
427
The navicular bone is located between the head of the talus and the....
three cuneiform bones
428
The navicular tuberosity is the attachment for the _____ _____ muscle
tibialis posterior
429
The most lateral tarsal bone is the _______
cuboid
430
Name all of the bones the cuboid bone articulates with...
calcaneus, 4th and 5th metatarsal bones lateral cuneiform and navicular bones
431
The cuboid has a groove for what muscle?
fibularis (peroneus) longus muscle
432
Name the cuneiform bones. Which is the smallest and largest?
medial (1st)-largest
intermediate (2nd)-smallest
lateral (3rd)
433
Each of the cuneiform bones articulates with the navicular bone and the base of the....
appropriate metatarsal
434
True or False: The lateral cuneiform also articulates with the talus.
False, it articulates with the cuboid
435
There are ____ metatarsal bones numbered from the medial side of the foot. Which is the longest?
5,
| 2nd
436
The metatarsal bones have a base, body, and head. The base is ______ articulating with the cuneiform and cuboid bones and the head is _____ articulating with proximal phalanges
proximal;
| distal
437
The plantar surface of the head of the 1st metatarsal bone has medial and lateral ______ _____ to bear the weight of walking
sesamoid bones
438
The tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal bone provides attachment for the....
fibularis (peroneus) brevis tendon
439
There are ____ phalanges on each foot
14
great toe has 2
all other 4 have 3 (proximal, middle, distal)
440
What vein does the following describe?
1. begins at medial end of dorsal venous arch
2. passes anterior to medial malleolous
3. accompanied by saphenous nerve
4. terminates in femoral vein
great saphenous vein
441
What vein does the following describe?
1. begins posterior to lateral malleolus
2. travels with sural nerve
3. terminates in popliteal vein
small saphenous vein
442
The saphenous nerve is a cutaneous branch of the _______ nerve which supplies the anterior and medial aspects of the knee, ankle, and foot
femoral
443
The lateral sural cutaneous nerve arises from the ____ _____ nerve and supplies the lateral aspect of the proximal leg
common fibular
444
The ________ nerve is formed by the union of the medial sural cutaneous nerve and the communicating branch of the lateral sural cutaneous nerve (variable). It supplies the lateral and posterior part of the inferior 1/3 of the leg and the lateral margin of the foot and 5th digit
sural
445
The cutaneous branch of the ____ _____ nerve supplies the distal part of the anterior surface of the leg, most of the dorsum of the foot, and most of the digits
superficial fibular nerve
446
True or False: The superficial fibular nerve also supplies the web space between the great toe and first digit
False, it does not
447
The leg is divided into ____ compartments by the tibia, fibula, interosseous membrane and crural intermuscular septa.
3
448
Name the compartments of the leg
anterior, lateral, and posterior
449
The anterior crural intermuscular septum divides the anterior and posterior portion of the leg into ______ and _______ compartments
anterior and lateral
450
The posterior crural intermuscular septum separates the muscles in the _____ compartment from the muscles in the ______ compartment
lateral from posterior
451
The posterior compartment of the leg is further divided into superficial and deep compartment by the...
transverse crural intermuscular septum
452
True or False: The muscles in a leg compartment share the same general function, nerve, and blood supply
True
453
The transverse crural intermuscular septum ends as the ________ _______ which extends between the medial malleolus and calcaneus
flexor retinaculum
454
The superficial group of the posterior compartment of the leg has 3 muscles which attach to the calcaneus via the Achilles tendon and are innervated by the tibial nerve. Name them and their main function.
Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Plantaris;
| plantar flexors
455
The gastroc muscle forms most of the prominence of the calf. It has ____ heads and is active in running, jumping and even standing
2
456
The _____ is a small sessmoid bone embedded in the tendon of the lateral head of the gastroc
fabella
457
The soleus is _____ to the gastroc. It does not act at the knee joint
deep
458
The plantaris has a long tendon, sometimes nicknamed as the...
freshman muscle
459
What comprises the triceps surae?
2 heads of gastroc and the soleus
460
The deep group of the posterior compartment of the leg is comprised of 4 muscles. Name them
popliteus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior
461
The proximal attachment of the popliteus muscle is located ______ the fibrous capsule of the knee jount
inside
462
The popliteus is important in....
unlocking the knee--unlocks the extended leg by laterally rotating the femur on the fixed tibia
463
The flexor hallucis longus passes _____ to the sustentaculum tali
posterior
464
On the plantar surface of the foot, the tendon of the flexor hallucis longus passes between the sesamoid bones in the tendon of the _____ ______ ______
flexor hallucis brevis
465
The flexor hallucis longus is a powerful push-off muscle during...
running, jumping, and walking
466
The flexor digitorum longus divides into 4 tendons and passes ______ to the tibialis posterior and medial malleoulus
posterior
467
The tendons of the flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, and tibialis posterior pass _____ to the flexor retinaculum of the ankle
deep
468
What does Tom, Dick, and Harry stand for?
Tom-Tibialis posterior
Dick-flexor Digitorum longus
ANd- posterior tibial Artery, tibial Nerve
Harry- flexor Hallucis longus
469
All muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg are supplied by what nerve?
tibial nerve
470
The tibial nerve divides into....
medial and lateral plantar nerves
471
True or False: The tibial nerve runs deep to the gastroc/soleus muscles and plantaris, just superficial to the deep muscles
true
472
The tibial nerve lies between the posterior tibial vessels and the tendon of the flexor hallucis longus- it is located ______ to the medial malleolus
posterior
473
The posterior tibial artery begins at the distal border of the popliteus muscle and is a larger terminal branch of the _____ artery
popliteal
474
The posterior tibial artery divides into....
medial and lateral plantar arteries
475
The ______ artery supplies the lateral compartment of the leg and usually pierces the interosseous membrane and passes to the dorsum of the foot where it anastomoses with the arcuate artery
fibular
476
The anterior compartment of the leg is also known as the ______ compartment
extensor
477
Name the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg.
1. tibialis anteiror
2. extensor hallucis longus
3. extensor digitorum longus
4. fibularis (peroneus) tertius
478
What muscle is the primary dorsiflexor? injury to this muscle may also cause foot drop
Tibialis anterior
479
True or False: The tendons of the tibialis anterior and extensor hallucis longus run in individual synovial sheaths .
True
480
True or False: The tendons of the extensor digitorum longus and fibularis tertius run in a common synovial sheath.
True
481
The tendon of the extensor digitorum longus divides into 2 lateral slips which converge and insert into the base of the _______ phalanx and a central slip which inserts into the base of the _______ phalanx (extensor expansion)
distal;
| middle
482
The superior extensor retinaculum runs between the ______ and ______
fibula and tibia
483
The inferior extensor retinaculum is _____-shaped and runs from the ______ laterally to the medial malleolus and plantar aponeurosis medially
Y-shaped;
| calcaneus
484
Both the superior and inferior flexor retinaculum function to...
prevent bowstringing of tendons
485
The muscles of the anterior comparmtent of the leg are concerned with ________ of the ankle and ________ of the toes.
dorsiflexion;
| extension
486
Nerve supply to the anterior compartment of the leg is the....
deep fibular (peroneal) nerve
487
Blood supply to the anterior compartment of the leg is...
anterior tibia artery
488
The deep fibular nerve is one of the 2 terminal branches of the _______ ______ nerve
common fibualr
489
The deep fibular nerve travels with what artery?
anterior tibial artery
490
The anterior tibial artery is one of the 2 terminal branches of what artery?
popliteal
491
The anterior tibial artery begins opposite the inferior border of the __________ muscle-it passes anteriorly through the interosseous membrane
popliteus
492
Branches of the anterior tibial artery include the following...which anastomose at the knee
anterior (and posterior) recurrent arteries
493
Branches of the anterior tibial artery include the...which supply the ankel joint
medial and lateral malleolar arteries
494
The anterior tibial artery becomes the _____ _______ artery after crossing the ankle joint between the two malleoli
dorsalis pedis artery
495
The lateral compartment of the leg contains ___ muscles. Name them
2: Fibularis (peroneus) longus and brevis
496
The fibularis longus passes inferior to the fibular trochlea on the calcaneus-its tendon can be palpated and observed posterior to the....
lateral malleolus
497
The tedons of the fibularis longus and brevis are enclosed in a common synovial sheath as they pass under the superior fibular retinaculum. The synovial sheath splits and the tendons travel through separate compartments under the _____ ______ _______
inferior fibular retinaculum
498
The lateral compartment gets its nerve supply from...
superficial fibular nerve
499
After supply the muscles of the lateral compartment, the superficial fibular nerve becomes superficial in the distal 1/3 of the leg supplying the skin on the distal part of the anterior surface of the leg, most of the dorsum of the foot, and most of the digits (It does NOT innervate the area between the ____ and _____ digits)
1st and 2nd digits
500
What is the main arterial supply of the lateral compartment of the leg?
There is no main artery in this compartment: Rather blood supply is from the perforating branches of the anterior tibial artery (superiorly) and perforating branches of the fibular (peroneal) artery (inferiorly)
501
The knee joint is a _____ type of synovial joint
hinge
502
What are the principal movements occurring at the knee joint?
flexion and extension of the leg but some rotation also occurs
503
In full extension, the knee "locks" by medial rotation of the _____ on the _____.
femur on the tibia
504
The _______ muscle "unlocks" the knee by laterally rotating the femur so that flexion can occur
popliteus
505
Articulations of the knee joint include (1 & 2) lateral and medial articulations between the femoral and tibial ________ (tibial plateaus) and (3) intermediate articulation between the patella and _______
condyles;
| femur (patellofemoral joint)
506
The knee joint is relatively weak due to the configurations of its articular surfaces-it relies on the ______ that bind the femur to the tibia for strength
ligaments
507
The articular capsule of the knee is a strong fibrous capsule with local thickenings that form _______
ligaments
508
The extracapsular ligaments of the knee are considered such because...BUT they are considered intrinsic ligaments because...
extracapsular- are outside of the capsule of the knee joint
| intrinsic- are thickenings of the capsule itself
509
The patellar ligament is a continuation of the tendon of the _____ _______
quadriceps femoris
510
The patella leis ______ its tendon and is continuous with the fibrous capsule of the knee joint
within
511
True or False: There is an infrapatellar fat pad and deep infrapatellar bursa associated with the patellar ligament
True
512
The fibular collateral ligament also called the...extends from the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the lateral surface of the head of the fibula (very strong ligament)
lateral collateral ligament (LCL)
513
The tendon of the ______ muscle passes deep to the LCL
popliteus
514
The LCL splits the ____ ______ muscle in two parts
biceps femoris
515
The LCL is fused with the fibrous capsule of the knee joint _________ but is separated ______ from it by fatty tissue
superiorly;
| inferiorly
516
True or False: The LCL provides an attachment site to the lateral meniscus.
False, it does not
517
The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is also called the...and extends from the medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial condyle and superior part of the medial surface of the tibia
tibial collateral ligament
518
The ______ is not as distinct or strong as the ____
MCL;
| LCL
519
The deep fibers of the MCL are attached to the ____ _____ and _____ _____
medial meniscus and fibrous capsule
520
What do the LCL and MCL do?
prevent disruption of the sides of the knee joint and are stretched when the knee is extended
521
The oblique popliteal ligament is an expansion of the tendon of the _______ and strengthens the fibrous capsule of the knee joint posteriorly
semimembranosus
522
The _____ _____ ligament is Y-shaped and strengthens the fibrous capsule of the knee joint posteriorly
arcuate popliteal ligament
523
The arcuate popliteal ligament arises from the posterior aspect of the _____ ______ and inserts into the intercondylar area of the ______ and the posterior aspect of the lateral epicondyle of the _____
fibular head,
tibia,
femur
524
The _____ _______ of the knee joint lines the inner aspect of the fibrous capsule and reflects onto the articulating bones as fas as the edges of the articular cartilages-also attached to the periphery of the patella and is separated from the patellar ligament by the infrapatellar fat pad
synovial
525
The intracapsular ligaments of the knee joint include the...
cruciate ligaments, ACL and PCL
526
The cruciate ligaments are strong ligaments within the... but outside the....
with joint capsule;
| outside synovial cavity-surrounded by infrapatellar synovial fluid
527
The cruciate ligament join the femur and tibia, are essential to the anteroposterior stability of the knee joint, and are supplied by branches of the _____ _____ atery
middle geniculate
528
The cruciate ligaments are named for where they attach on the _______
tibia
529
The ______ attaches to the posterior part of the medial side of the lateral condyle of the femur while the _____ attaches to the anterior part of the lateral surface of the medial condyle of the femur
ACL;
| PCL
530
The PCL is ______ than the ACL
stronger
531
The ACL prevents _____ displacement of the femur on the tibia (or ________ displacement of tibia on femur)
posterior;
| anterior
532
The PCL prevents ______ displacement of the femur on the tibia (or _____ displacement of femur on tibia)
anterior;
| posterior
533
The PCL is the main stabilizing factor when....such as when walking downstairs or downhill
weightbearing with a flexed knee
534
The menisci are ______ shaped plates of fibrocartilage on the articular surface of the tibia
crescent
535
The menisci function as _____ _____ and aid in lubrication of the knee joint
shock absorbers
536
The menisci deepen the articular surfaces of the tibia and are thicker with better blood supply in the ______
periphery
537
The _______ ligaments have capsular fibers that attach the margins of menisci to the tibial condyles
coronary
538
What ligament joins the anterior edges of the two menisci?
transverse ligament of the knee
539
The periphery of the menisci is vascularized by _______ branches of the popliteal artery but the interior is avascular
genicular
540
The medial meniscus is C-shaped and broader ______ than ________ and is adhered to the deepsurafce of the tibial collateral ligament
posteriorly than anteriorly
541
The lateral meniscus is nearly circular shaped and covers a larger area of the articular surface. However, it is ____ and more ____ _____ than the medial meniscus
smaller and more freely moveable
542
The _____ _______ ligament joins the lateral meniscus to the PCL and medial femoral condyle
posterior meniscofemoral
543
The lateral meniscus is separated from the LCL by the tendon of the _______ muscle
popliteus
544
Whenever a muscle or tendon of a muscle might bring pressure on a bone, the muscle is separated from the bone by a fluid-containing sac called a _______
bursa
545
Bursa are lined by synovial membrane and contain similar fluid. Some bursa are connected ______ with the synovial cavities of the joints
directly
546
Name the bursa that are continuous with the synovial cavity of the knee joint.
suprapatellar (quadriceps),
Popliteus,
Gastrocnemius
547
The _____ bursa permits free movement of the quadriceps tendon over the distal end of the femur and facilitates full flexion and extension
suprapatellar (Quadriceps)
548
The suprapatellar bursa is held in place by the...muscle
articularis genu
549
The popliteus bursa lies between the tendon of the popliteus muscle and the...and open into the lateral part of the synovial cavity infeiror to the lateral meniscus
lateral condyle of the tibia
550
The gastrocnemius bursa is deep to the proximal attachment of the tendon of the _______ head of the gastrocnemius and the medial femoral condyle
medial
551
Name the bursa associated with the patella.
1. subcutaneous (prepatellar) bursa
2. subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa
3. deep infrapatellar bursa
552
Match the following descriptions with the correct bursa associated with the patella:
a) lies between the patellar ligament and the anterior surface of the tibia, superior to the tibial tuberosity
b) located between the skin and tibial tuberosity, allows skin to glide over tibial tuberosity, allows the knee to withstand the pressure when kneeling with the trunk upright
c) lies between the skin and the anterior surface of the patella, allows free movement of the skin over the patella during flexion and extension, and may become inflamed after weightbearing on the hands and knees
a) deep infrapatellar bursa
b) subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa
c) subcutaneous (prepatellar) bursa
553
True or False: There are additional bursa in the area of the knee joint related to various tendons and ligaments
True
554
The blood supply of the knee joint is mainly the ______ _______ artery which penetrates the fibrous capsule and supplies the cruciate ligaments, synovial capsule, and peripheral margins of the menisci
middle genicular artery
555
The innervation of the knee joint includes....
articular nerves which are branches of the obturator, femoral, tibial, and common fibular (peroneal) nerves
556
What is the Q angle?
quadriceps angle: two lines (1. ASIS to midpoint of patella and 2. ischial tuberosity to midpoint of patella), where they intersect is the Q angle; typically greater in females
557
The Q angle is typically _____-______ degrees
5-10
558
A higher Q angle may indicate...
vastus medialis weakness; problems tracking laterally
559
What does the following describe?
Tibia externally rotates on femur. The reverse occurs to unlock the knee so the tibia will internally rotate on the femur
screw home mechanism
560
```
Genu valgum (valgus) is also called....
Genu varum (varus) is also called
```
valgus-knock-kneed
| varus- bowlegged
561
The foot is part of the lower limb distal to the ankle joint and is concerned mainly with...
support and locomotion of the body
562
What comprises the following areas?
1) Forefoot
2) Midfoot
3) Hindfoot
1. metatarsals and phalanges
2. navicular, cuboid, and cuneiforms
3. calcaneus and talus
563
The deep fascia of the dorsum of the foot is continues with the fascia of the _____
leg
564
The muscles of on the dorsum of the foot form a fleshly mass on the lateral part of the dorsum of the foot. Name them.
1. Extensor digitorum brevis
| 2. Extensor hallucis brevis
565
Both the muscles on the dorsum of the foot have their proximal attachment to the....
calcaneus and extensor retinaculum
566
Innervation to the muscles onthe dorsum of the foot is...
deep fibular nerve
567
What artery is a continuation of the anterior tibial artery distal to the ankle joint on the dorsum of the foot?
dorsalis pedis
568
The ____ _____ artery is a branch of the dorsalis pedis artery that passes through the first inteosseous space to join the lateral plantar artery and form the deep plantar arch
deep plantar artery
569
The ______ artery is a branch of the dosalis pedis artery and gives off additional metatarsal arteries and digital arteries
arcuate
570
The dorsal venous arch coverges medially to form the ______ ______ vein and laterally to form the _____ _____ vein
great saphenous, small sapahenous
571
Cutanesous information of the dorsum of the foot includes the...(4)
1. superficial fibular nerve
2. deep fibular nerve
3. saphenous nerve
4. sural nerve
572
Match the following nerves with the descriptions below (deep fibular nerve, saphenous nerve, sural nerve)
1. web space between 1st and 2nd digits
2. medial side of foot to head of 1st metatarsal
3. lateral side of foot and 5th digit
1. deep fibular nerve
2. saphenous nerve
3. sural nerve
573
The deep fascia of the plantar surface of the foot has medial and lateral parts that are _____ than the central part
thinner
574
What is the name of the central part of the plantar fascia?
plantar aponeurosis
575
The plantar aponeurosis is a strong thick central part that divides into ______ bands that split to enclose digital tendons
5
576
The vertical septa o the plantar aponeurosis extend deeply to form a _____, _______, and ______ compartment
medial, lateral, and central
577
The plantar aponeurosis helps to support the...and to hold the parts of the foot together
longitudinal arches of the foot
578
The muscles on the plantar surface of the foot are arranged in ____ layers
4
579
True or False: The muscles on the plantar surface of the foot help maintain the arches of the foot and enable a person to stand on uneven ground
True
580
There are two neurovascular plains in the foot. The _______ is between the first and second muscular layers. The ______ is between the 3rd and 4th muscular layers
superficial, deep
581
The first layer of plantar muscles extend from the posterior calcaneus to the phalanges. Name them.
1. abductor hallucis
2. flexor digitorum brevis
3. abductor digiti minimi
582
Name what each muscle of the first layer of plantar muscles supports.
Abductor hallucis- medial longitudinal arch in weight bearing
Flexor digitorum brevis- supports the medial and lateral longitudinal arches of the foot in weight bearing
Abductor digiti minimi-supports the lateral longitudinal arch in weight bearing
583
_______ describes moving the digits toward the second digit. _______ is moving the digits away from the second digit.
ADduction;
| ABduction
584
The second layer of plantar muscles includes 2 tendons and 2 muscles. Name them.
tendons of the flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus;
muscles- quadratus plantae and 4 lumbricals
585
The quadratus plantae adjusts the pull to assist in flexing the digits by bringing the tendons...
more in line with the long axis of the digits
586
The 1st lumbrical is ______ while lumbricals 2-4 are ______
unipennate; bipennate
587
The 3rd layer plantar muscles has 3 muscles. Name them
1. flexor hallucis brevis
2. adductor hallucis
3. flexor digiti minimi brevis
588
The flexor hallucis brevis has medial and lateral heads. Its tendon also covers the _____ ______ and the muscles as a whole helps prevent excessive extension of the metatarsalphalangeal joint of the great toe
sesamoid bones
589
The adductor hallucis has ____ and ______ heads
oblique and transverse heads
590
The 4th layer of plantar muscles includes 2 tendons and 2 muscles. Name them
tendons of the fibularis (peroneus) longus and tibialis posterior
3 plantar interosseous muscles
4 dorsal interosseous muscles
591
The plantar interossei function to ______ while the dorsal function to ______
adduct
| abduct
592
The interosseus muscles approximate the bones during weightbearing and maintain the integrity of the ________
forefoot
593
The tibial nerve divides posterior to the medial malleolus into...
medial and lateral plantar nerves
594
The _______ plantar nerve is the larger of the two terminal brnaches of the tibial nerve
medial
595
The medial plantar nerve terminates near the bases of the metatarsal bones by dividing into motor branches and sensory branches providing the cutaneous supply to the....
medial three and a half digits
596
The lateral plantar nerves divides into ______ and _______ branches
superficial (cutaneous to the lateral one and a half digits) and deep;
both superfiial and deep have motor branches
597
The posterior tibial artery divides into deep to the _____ _____ muscle to form the medial and lateral plantar arteries
abductor hallucis
598
What artery supplies branches to the medial side of the great digit?
medial plantar
599
The lateral plantar artery joins the... to form the plantar arterial arch
deep plantar branch of the dorsalis pedis
600
The _____ _____ ________ is a continuation of the lateral plantar artery- it gives off 4 plantar metatarsal arteries, 3 perforating arteries, and branches to the tarsal joints and muscles of the sole of the foot
plantar arterial arch
601
Venous drainous from the foot is primarily to the _____ _____ vein
major superficial
602
True or False: There us both a plantar venous network that is superficial and a deep venous arch.
True
603
For the plantar venous network, the medial marginal vein becomes the _____ ______ vein and the lateral marginal vein becomes the _____ _______ vein
great saphenous,
| small (short) saphenous
604
The weight of the body is transmitted ot the ______ from the tibia and fibula
talus
605
The weight of the body is transferred about equally between the _______ (posteriorly) and the _______ _________(anteroinferiorly)
calcaneus,
| metatarsal bones
606
The foot has considerable flexibility that allows it to "______" with each ground contact and absorb the shock
deform
607
What maintain the arches of the foot?
1. shape of the interlocking bones
2. *strength of the plantar ligament and plantar aponeurosis
3. the actions of the muscles through the bracing action of the tendons
608
True or False: The medial longitudinal arch is higher than the lateral longitudinal arch
True
609
What composes the medial longitudinal arch?
calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiform, and 3 metatarsal bones
610
What supports the medial longitudinal arch?
plantarcalcaneonavicular (spring) ligament which is attached to the sustentaculum tali and the tuberosity of the navicular,
medial part of the plantar aponeurosis,
and the tendons of the tib anterior and tib posterior
611
The lateral longitudinal arch is composed of...
the calcaneus, cuboid, an lateral two metatarsal bones
612
What supports the lateral longitudinal arch?
long plantar ligament, calcaneometatarsal ligament of the plantar aponeorosis and the plantar calcaneocuboid (short plantar) ligament
613
The calcaneometatarsal ligament of the plantar aponeurosis extends from the lateral process of the tuberosity of the _____ to the ___ _________ tuberosity
calcaneus;
| 5th metatarsal
614
The plantar calcaneocuboid ligament is _______ to the long plantar ligament- it is attached to the anterior end of the calcaneus and proximal edge of the cuboid
deep
615
The transverse arch runs from ____ to _____
side to side
616
What forms the transvrse arch of the foot?
cuboid, 3 cuneiform bones, and bases of the metatarsal bones
617
What helps maintain the transverse arch?
tendons of the fibularis longus and tibilalis posterior
618
The tibia and fibula articulate at their....ends
proximal and distal
619
Movement at the proximal tibiofibular joint is _________ without movement at the distal tibiofibular joint.
impossible
620
The tibia and fibula are united by the interosseous membrane-fibers run ______ from the tibia to the fibula
inferiorly
621
Fill in the blanks regarding facts about the proximal tibiofibular joint.
Plane type of synovial joint-____________ movement ;
articulation is between the head of the fibula and the and the...
Its fibrous capsule is strengthened by the anterior and posterior ligament of the pass from he ____ _____ and the lateral tibia condyle
Slight movement of this joint occurs with ________
gliding;
lateral tibial condyle
fibular head
dorsiflexion
622
Fill in the blanks regarding the distal tibiofibular joint.
It is a ________ joint (syndesmosis)
The _________ ligament forms the principal connection between the fibula and tibia at this joint
The joint is strengthened anteriorly and posteriorly by the .....ligaments
slight movement occurs to accommodate the ______ during dorsiflexion
fibrous
interosseous
anterior and posterior inferior tibiofibular
talus
623
The inteosseous tibiofibular ligament is strong, deep ligament and is continuous superiorly with the _______ __________
interosseous membrane
624
The inferior transverse tibiofibular ligament forms a connection between the distal tibia and fibula -helps form the posterior wall of the _______
mortise
625
The anle joint is also known as the _______ joint
talocrural
626
The ankle joint is a hinge type of synovial joint and is located between the inferior ends of the tibial and fibula (____) and the superior part of the talus (______)
mortise
| trochlea
627
The trochlea of the talus is _____ anteriorly than posteriorly
wider
628
What are the principle movement of the ankle joint?
dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
629
During dorsiflexion, the talus moves _______. Do to the fact that the talus is wider anteriorly, this movement forces the malleoli apart, requiring movement of the proximal and distal tibiofibular joints
posteriorly
630
The articular capsule of the ankle joint is thin strengthened medially and laterally by strong collateral ligaments, specifically the ____ and ______ ligaments
deltoid and lateral
631
The deltoid ligament is very strong and located medially and attaches the medial malleolus to what tarsal bones?
talus, navicular, and calcaneus
632
Name the 4 parts of the deltoid ligament.
tibionavicular, anterior tibiotalar, posterior tibiotalar, tibiocalcaneal
633
The deltoid ligament holds the calcaneus and navicular against the talus. True or False: It also helps maintain the medial aspect of the foot and medial longitudinal arch.
True
634
The lateral ligament attached the lateral malleolus to the talus and calcaneus and has 3 parts name them.
3 o'clock- anterior talofibular
6 o'clock- calcaneofibular
9 o'clock- posterior talofibular
635
Which of the two sets of collateral ligaments of the ankle joint is more frequently injured?
lateral ligaments
636
Is dorsiflexion or plantarflexion more stable?
dorsiflexion, plantarflexion is relatively unstable but allows some side movment
637
In dorsiflexion, the _____ of the talus fill the ______ formed by the malleoli
trochlea, mortise
638
Blood supply to the ankle joint includes...
malleolar branches of the fibular, anterior and posterior tibial arches
639
What is the innervation for the ankle joint?
tibial nerve and deep fibular nerve
640
Intertarsal joints include...(2)
subtalar joint, transverse tarsal joint,
641
The subtalar joint is a synovial joint found between the inferior surface of the ______ and the superior surface of the ______
talus, calcaneus
| (posterior facet of calcaneus and posterior articular facet of the talus
642
The subtalar joint has a weak fibrous capsule supported by medial, lateral, and posterior talocalcaneal ligaments and also the strong _____ ______ ligament
interosseous talocalcanean
643
The main movements of the subtalar joint are ____ and _______
inversion and eversion, also slight gliding and rotation
644
True or False: Functionally, the subtalar joint includes the talocalcaneal part of the talocalcaneonavicular joint.
True
645
The transverse tarsal joint is a compound joint made up of 2 separate joints. Name those two joints.
1. Talocalcaneonavicular joint
| 2. Calcaneocuboid joint
646
The talocalcaneonavicular joint is a ball and socket tpe joint. The head of the _____ is the "ball" and the.... forms the "socket"
talus-ball
| navicular bone, spring ligament, and calcaneus (sustentaculum tali and articular surface)- socket
647
The talocalcaneonavicular joint is surrounded by 1 articular capsule that blends with the ______ ______ ligament
interosseous talocalcaneal
648
The calcaneocuboid joint is a synovial joint between the anterior surface of the ______ and the posterior surface of the ______
calcaneus, cuboid
649
The capsule of the calcaneocuboid joint is strengthened by the dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament and plantar calcaneocuboid ligaments, and long plantar ligament . The plantar calcaneocuboid ligament is also called the...
short plantar ligament-it lies deep to the long plantar ligament
650
The primary movements occurring at the transverse tarsal joints are _____ and ______
eversion and inversion
651
The deltoid ligament prevents ________ of the foot and the lateral ligaments along with the fibularis longus and brevis prevent ________
overeversion;
| overinversion
652
The tarsometatarsal joints describe the four anterior tarsal bones articulating with the bases of the metatarsal bones--these bones are attached by the dorsal, plantar, and interosseous ligaments. They are synovial joints of the plane type, which permit ____ or _____
gliding or sliding
653
The tarsometatarsal joints have three separate cavities. match the following to its description (medial tarsometatarsal joint, intermediate tarsometatarsal joint, lateral tarsometatarsal joint)
1. between the cuboid and fourth and fifth metatarsal bones
2. between the medial cuneiform and the first metatarsal
3. between the 3 cuneiforms and the second and 3rd metatarsals
1. laterla tarsometatarsal joint
2. medial tarsometatarsal joint
3. intermediate tarsometatarsal joint
654
Which of the 3 tarsometatarsal joint cavities is the most mobile? least mobile?
most- medial tarsometatarsal joint
| least-intermediate tarsometatarsal joint
655
The intermetatarsal joints are synovial joints of the plane type and have articulations between the bases of the metatarsal bones. The bases of the 2nd-5th metatarsal bones are firmly bound together by dorsal and plantar interosseous ligaments allowing....
little individual movement
656
The deep transverse metatarsal ligaments connect the metatarsal heads helping to maintain the _______ arch of the foot
transverse
657
The metatarsophalangeal joints are synovial joints of the _______ type (knucklelike) Their fibrous capsules are strengthened by collateral ligaments and the plantar ligament
condyloid
658
The heads of the metatarsal bones articulate with the proximal phalanges in the metatarsaophalangeal joints. They permit what movements?
flexion, extension, some abduction, adduction, and circumduction
659
The interphalangeal joints are synovial joints of the _____ type. They are articulations between the head of one phalanx and the base of the one distal to it. Movements here include ____ and _______
hinge;
| flexion and extension
660
Myotomes: Name the muscle(s) you would check for an injury for the following:
1. L2
2. L3
3. L4
4. L5
5. S1
```
L2- iliopsoas
L3- quadriceps
L4- tibialis anterior
L5- extensor digitorum longus and extensor hallucis longus
S1-gastrocnemius and soleus
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