Exam 4 Flashcards
describe 3 characteristics that often apply to psychological disorders
deviant- different from expectations within culture, distressful- to the person with them or to those close to them, dysfunctional- interfere with one’s day-to-day life
- list two disorders that are found worldwide
Depression and schizophrenia
define the biopsychosocial perspective and tell why it is important in our understanding of psychological disorders
an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis
all behavior, whether called normal or disordered, arises from the interaction of nature (genetic and physiological factors) and nurture (past and present experiences)
tell why the DSM-IV-TR is useful
name and describe it
tell what percentage of people found not guilty by reason of insanity are ultimately institutionalized
99%
explain how diagnostic labels can (a) be stigmatizing, and (b) serve as self-fulfilling prophecies
The danger of labeling people is that they will begin to act as they have been labeled, and labels can create expectations that will change our behavior toward the people we label
tell what percentage of Americans suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year
26%
- describe the relationship between poverty and psychological disorders
Poverty-related stresses can help trigger disorders, but disabling disorders can also contribute to poverty. Thus, poverty and disorder are often a chicken-and-egg situation, and it’s hard to know which came first.
define intern’s syndrome
Medical students tend to self diagnose themselves with disorders after studying the symptoms
put the following countries in the correct order from highest to lowest prevalence of mental disorders: Japan, United States, Nigeria, Colombia
united states, Colombia, japan, nigeria
- recognize common risk factors and protective factors for mental disorders
chronic pain, abused, bad grades, death; self-esteem, security, exercise
tell how common (a) specific phobias are in the general population
very common 7% men 15% women
tell how common (b) panic disorder are in the general population
less common 2% men 5% women
describe the symptoms associated with specific phobias, social phobia, panic disorder, and agoraphobia.
Anxious, avoidance, be with other people Social phobia is shyness taken to an extreme will sweat or tremble when doing so. Heart palpitations, shortness of breath, choking sensations, trembling, or dizziness typically accompany
How likely is it that people with (a) specific phobias and (b) panic disorder will seek treatment?
They don’t seek treatment, rarely
describe the symptoms associated with generalized anxiety disorder
worry to worry, and their tension and apprehension may leak out through furrowed brows, twitching eyelids, trembling, perspiration, or fidgeting.
describe the symptoms associated with post-traumatic stress disorder
recurring haunting memories and nightmares, a numbed social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, insomnia
describe obsessions and give examples of common types of each
repetitive thoughts (germs, dirt, terrible happenings, order)
describe compulsions and give examples of common types of each
repetitive behaviors (washing hands, checking door, rituals).
tell what brain regions are implicated in OCD
orbitofrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and/or the limbic system
tell what current research says about the causes of anxiety disorders
Learning-fear conditioning, observation, cognition and
Biological- natural selection, genes, brain (amygdala)
define personality
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
list and describe the three divisions or structures of the mind according to Freud; describe the interactions that occur among these structures
Id- primitive part of mind. Wants immediate gratification in the form of sex or aggression, operates according to the pleasure principle
Ego- rational part of mind, keeps lid on the id, operates on the reality principle
Superego- internalized moral system, conscience
compare and contrast the pleasure principle and reality principle; relate these to the structures of the mind
pleasure principle id- It seeks immediate gratification
reality principle- ego- seeks to gratify the id’s impulses in realistic ways that will bring long-term pleasure.