Exam 3

Question 1

1. describe what relearning speed tells us about retention of information in memory

Answer 1

relearning speed is fast so it means that you retain what you learn

Question 2

2. If you want to be sure to remember what you’re learning for an upcoming test, would it be better to use recall or recognition to check your memory? Why? So should you spend more time studying the Diagnostic Quizzes or the Learning Objectives?

Answer 2

Recognition, because it is multiple choice, It is better to study the learning objectives

Question 3

describe what the encoding, storage, and retrieval stages do

Answer 3

Takes in, stays in, hopefully comes back out

Question 4

tell how long information lasts in (a) visual sensory (iconic) memory

Answer 4

less than 1 sec

Question 5

tell how long information lasts in auditory sensory (echoic) memory

Answer 5

less than 4 secs

Question 6

tell how many items working memory can typically hold

Answer 6

7 plus or minus 2

Question 7

define “chunk” and give an example

Answer 7

Meaningful pieces of info… pear apple orange…fruit

Question 8

describe the serial position effect and tell what memory structure

Answer 8

remember the first and last things better, sensory memory

Question 9

define “primacy effect” and tell what memory structure

Answer 9

remember things at beginning of list, long-term memory

Question 10

define “recency effect” and tell what memory structure

Answer 10

remember things at end of list, working memory

Question 11

list and describe the types of long-term memory discussed in class, and locate these three types in the diagram of memory subsystems, which type is most likely to be affected by amnesia due to physical injury?

Answer 11

Semantic (facts), episodic(personal) AMNESIA, procedural(Skills)

Question 12

describe how levels of processing (shallow vs. deep) is related to your ability to recall information

Answer 12

Shallow- copying notes

deep- looking for answers better for recollection

Question 13

describe the scuba-diver study (Godden & Baddeley, 1975) mentioned in class and in your e-book and name the memory phenomenon it illustrates

Answer 13

learn list on land or in water. You remember better where you learn stuff

Question 14

describe and give an example of state-dependent memory; what role does mood play in memory?

Answer 14

What we learn in one state is better recalled in that state. lose keys while drunk; remember better if you are drunk again

Question 15

define proactive interference and give an example

Answer 15

What you learned in past interferes with new info—–forgetting passwords

Question 16

define retroactive interference and give an example

Answer 16

Info you learned recently interferes with remembering old stuff- dirty laundry have to keep digging

Question 17

define anterograde amnesia

Answer 17

forget what happened after

Question 18

define Korsakoff’s syndrome

Answer 18

anterograde B1-thiamine. they don’t realize that their memory is bad. woman asks what he had for breakfast, he can’t remember but politely makes up answer

Question 19

define retrograde amnesia

Answer 19

forget what happened before

Question 20

Does massed practice or distributed study time produce better long-term recall?

Answer 20

Distributed study has better long term retention than massed

Question 21

describe the relevance of the California sea slug (Aplysia) for the study of memory

Answer 21

Classic conditioned- electric shock more often something happens you get used to it

Question 22

tell what long-term potentiation is

Answer 22

Increase in cells firing potential after brief rapid stimulation

Question 23

explicit memory; effortful or automatic?

Answer 23

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know; effortful

Question 24

implicit memory; effortful or automatic

Answer 24

skills and conditioned associations; automatic

Question 25

tell what information we automatically process

Answer 25

skills and conditioned associations

Question 26

describe the spacing effect and tell which type of practice (massed or distributed) is likely to lead to better recall

Answer 26

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

Question 27

describe the testing effect and give an example from this class of how you can use the testing effect to improve test performance

Answer 27

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning. LEARNING CURVES

Question 28

list and describe the 3 main memory structures

Answer 28

Sensory- initial take in short, small, long term- infinite capacity, short term- stays for a bit- needs to be rehearsed, small capacity, short duration

Question 29

describe Sperling’s experiment on visual sensory memory (also called iconic memory); tell why this experiment was important

Answer 29

there was partial and whole report. shown for just a second. the partial showed you what to remember which led to better results.

Question 30

describe the experiment by Peterson and Peterson (1959); what did we learn about the duration of working memory from this study? what do we do to keep information in working memory?

Answer 30

Shown lists then made them count by three’s or something to disrupt rehearsal. Uninterrupted time duration is 18-20 seconds

Question 31

describe the relative duration and capacity of working memory versus long-term memory.

Answer 31

Working memory is short and small and long term is infinite duration as long as the neurons are alive

Question 32

define imagery and tell how it aids the encoding and retrieval of information in long-term memory

Answer 32

seeing what is said. it leaves retrieval cues helping to remember in the long term

Question 33

tell how the self-reference effect can help you remember new information

Answer 33

If it relates to me then I will remember it better, individualistic Western Cultures- won’t work

Question 34

list, describe, and give an example of the 3 methods for measuring retrieval discussed in class; rank order these methods from easiest to most difficult

Answer 34

free recall- essay tests, Hardest cued recall- fill in the blank Medium tests, recognition- multiple choice Easiest

Question 35

define reconstruction

Answer 35

filling in memories; like with the car wreck; Smash versus hit with car crash wording effects

Question 36

describe the study by Loftus & Palmer (1974) of the car accident film; what did this study tell us about memory construction?

Answer 36

Leading questions, each time we replay memory we slightly modify it

Question 37

describe research on the spacing effect

Answer 37

idk

Question 38

describe the role of the following brain structures in storing memories

Answer 38

frontal lobes, hippocampus (save button) explicit, facts, personal events, working memory

Question 39

describe the role of the following brain structures in storing memories

Answer 39

cerebellum, forming and storing and (d) basal ganglia ride a bike implicit skills

Question 40

semantic

Answer 40

facts, generl knowledge, part of explicit

Question 41

episodic

Answer 41

personally experienced events, part of explicit

Question 42

procedural

Answer 42

motor and cognitive skills, part of implicit

Question 43

define infantile amnesia and tell what two factors contribute to it

Answer 43

can’t remember before age 3. brain is not fully developed and they don’t know all the words and understandings

Question 44

describe how emotions affect memory processing

Answer 44

idk think about it

Question 45

define and give an example of source amnesia

Answer 45

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. EX. writer plagiarizes because they heard and thought it was their own

Question 46

describe factors that can affect the accuracy or inaccuracy of children’s eyewitness recall

Answer 46

brain not fully developed, suggestive questions, adult interruption

Question 47

discuss what experts agree on with regard to the reliability or accuracy of memories (a) of events before age 3 and (b) “recovered” under hypnosis or the influence of drugs

Answer 47

unreliable

Question 48

list and describe Myers’s suggestions for improving memory

Answer 48

Study repeatedly, Make the material meaningful, Activate retrieval cues. Use mnemonic devices, Minimize interference, Sleep more, Test your own knowledge, both to rehearse it and to find out what you don’t yet know

Question 49

define and give an example of (a) a concept

Answer 49

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Question 50

define and give an example of (a) a prototype

Answer 50

a mental image or best example of a category

Question 51

describe the use of algorithms

Answer 51

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

Question 52

describe the use of heuristics

Answer 52

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently

Question 53

define and give an example of insight

Answer 53

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions. EX getting bird out of pipe

Question 54

describe the 2 obstacles to problem solving described in class

Answer 54

the set effect- tendency to approach a problem in a way that has worked in the past and functional fixedness- tendency to think of objects only in terms of their usual functions

Question 55

the set effect

Answer 55

tendency to approach a problem in a way that has worked in the past

Question 56

functional fixedness-

Answer 56

tendency to think of objects only in terms of their usual functions

Question 57

define and give an example of (a) the representativeness heuristic

Answer 57

judging the likelihood o something in terms of how well it seems to represent or match a particular prototype

Question 58

define and give an example of (a) the availability heuristic

Answer 58

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.

Question 59

describe the effects that overconfidence can have on our judgments and decisions

Answer 59

the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

Question 60

describe the effects that belief perseverance can have on our judgments and decisions

Answer 60

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Question 61

list and briefly describe four factors that lead us to overestimate the risks of some activities (like flying) and underestimate the risks of others (like driving)

Answer 61

We fear what our ancestral history has prepared us to fear.
We fear what we cannot control
We fear what is immediate
Thanks to the availability heuristic, we fear what is most readily available in memory.

Question 62

describe how framing impacts our decisions and judgments;

Answer 62

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

Question 63

describe how framing can be used to increase organ donation

Answer 63

if you change it to an opt-out option

Question 64

give an example of an animal (a) using concepts and numbers

Answer 64

Alex counting and pecking keys that have a chair on it

Question 65

give an example of an animal displaying insight

Answer 65

displaying insight,chimp used short stick to get long stick to get fruit

Question 66

give an example of an animal using tools

Answer 66

a stick to get termites out of hive

Question 67

define (a) behavioral medicine

Answer 67

looks at how our behaviors and mental processes influence health and illness

Question 68

define health psychology

Answer 68

contributions psychologists make to behavioral medicine

Question 69

stress

Answer 69

process by which he related to the threat; the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging,

Question 70

stressor

Answer 70

the threat; certain events that we appraise as threatening or challenging

Question 71

stress reaction

Answer 71

physical and emotional responses

Question 72

give an example of appraising a stressful event as (a) threatening explain what responses go with these different appraisals

Answer 72

a math test- yikes! This is beyond me! Stressed to distraction

Question 73

give an example of appraising a stressful event as challenging. explain what responses go with these different appraisals

Answer 73

a math test I need to apply all I know. aroused, focused

Question 74

describe the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Answer 74

• Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion. In Phase 1, you have an alarm reaction, as your sympathetic nervous system is suddenly activated. Your heart rate zooms. Blood is diverted to your skeletal muscles. You feel the faintness of shock. During Phase 2, resistance, your temperature, blood pressure, and respiration remain high. Your adrenal glands pump hormones into your bloodstream. You are fully engaged, summoning all your resources to meet the challenge. Phase 3, exhaustion. With exhaustion, you become more vulnerable to illness or even, in extreme cases, collapse and death.

Question 75

tell what happens when stress is (a) short-lived

Answer 75

mobilize immune system, motivate, keep happy

Question 76

tell what happens when stress is long lasting

Answer 76

increase risk of chronic disease, heart problems.

Question 77

describe how men and women often respond differently to stressors

Answer 77

support Women more often respond to stress by nurturing and banding together oxytocin- breast-feeding ; Facing stress, men more often than women tend to socially withdraw, turn to alcohol, or become aggressive

Question 78

catastrophes

Answer 78

unpredictable large-scale events, such as wars, earthquakes, and famines.

Question 79

significant life changes

Answer 79

can be negative or positive; getting married, losing job

Question 80

daily hassles

Answer 80

rush-hour traffic, aggravating housemates, long lines at the store, too many things to do, family frustrations

Question 81

describe the field of psychoneuroimmunology

Answer 81

Your thoughts and feelings (psycho) influence your brain (neuro), which influences the endocrine hormones that affect your disease-fighting immune system.

Question 82

give examples of how stress impacts the functioning of the immune system

Answer 82

Responding too strongly, it may attack the body’s own tissues, causing some forms of arthritis or an allergic reaction. Underreacting, it may allow a dormant herpes virus to erupt or cancer cells to multiply

Question 83

tell how stress affects (a) AIDS

Answer 83

• it suppresses your immune system even more, making it tougher to fight infection

Question 84

tell how stress affects cancer-

Answer 84

cancer- it may affect their growth by weakening the body’s natural defenses against multiplying malignant cells

Question 85

describe how stress affects the risk of heart disease

Answer 85

. the blood vessels that nourish the heart muscle gradually close. Hypertension and a family history of the disease increase the risk of coronary heart disease.

Question 86

define Type A

Answer 86

most reactive, competitive, hard-driving, impatient, time-conscious, super-motivated, verbally aggressive, and easily angered

Question 87

define Type B

Answer 87

more easygoing

Question 88

describe how (a) pessimism and (b) chronic stressors relate to heart disease-

Answer 88

stress increases vulnerability to heart disease by measuring the blood cholesterol level and clotting speed

Question 89

define problem-focused coping

Answer 89

attempting to alleviate stress directly—by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

Question 90

define emotion-focused coping

Answer 90

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction.

Question 91

give examples of scientific research illustrating the influence of perceived control and optimism on health and illness.

Answer 91

Elderly nursing home residents who have little perceived control over their activities tend to decline faster and die sooner than do those given more control. Finnish workers with low job stress are less than half as likely to die of strokes or heart disease as are those with a demanding job and little control. One research team followed 941 Dutch people, ages 65 to 85, for nearly a decade (Giltay et al., 2004, 2007). Among those in the lowest optimism quartile, 57 percent died, as did only 30 percent of the top optimism quartile.

Question 92

describe how researchers have attempted to explain the relationship between social support and illness

Answer 92

. People are less likely to die early if supported by close relationships Social support calms us and reduces blood pressure and stress hormones. Social support fosters stronger immune functioning. Close relationships give us an opportunity for “open heart therapy,” a chance to confide painful feelings

Question 93

tell how pets may improve health

Answer 93

love you just as you are, never judge you. Lowers stress

Question 94

describe the effects of aerobic exercise on mood and health

Answer 94

Exercise helps fight heart disease by strengthening the heart, increasing bloodflow, keeping blood vessels open, and lowering both blood pressure and the blood pressure reaction to stress. aerobic exercise at least three times a week manage stress better, exhibit more self-confidence, feel more vigor, and feel less depressed and fatigued than their inactive peers

Question 95

define biofeedback and tell what researchers now think about its effectiveness

Answer 95

a system of recording, amplifying, and feeding back information about subtle physiological responses, many controlled by the autonomic nervous system. They think it works best on tension headaches

Question 96

list the five domains of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM).

Answer 96

Alternative medical system- homeopathy
Mind- body intervention- meditation, prayer, mental healings
Biologically based therepies- herbs food vitamins
Manipulated and body based methods- massage, chiropractor,
Energy therapy- reiki, therapeutic touch, use of magnets, electromagnetic fields

Question 97

define placebo effects and explain their relevance to the evaluation of CAM.

Answer 97

Getting relief from fake therapies; Acupuncture- 53% got relief from fake therapy

Question 98

list and describe three categories of factors that may help explain the link between religious involvement and better health

Answer 98

Healthy behaviors- less smoking and alcohol
Social support- friends, church, marriage
Positive emotions- less stress/anxiety