Exam 3 Flashcards
- describe what relearning speed tells us about retention of information in memory
relearning speed is fast so it means that you retain what you learn
- If you want to be sure to remember what you’re learning for an upcoming test, would it be better to use recall or recognition to check your memory? Why? So should you spend more time studying the Diagnostic Quizzes or the Learning Objectives?
Recognition, because it is multiple choice, It is better to study the learning objectives
describe what the encoding, storage, and retrieval stages do
Takes in, stays in, hopefully comes back out
tell how long information lasts in (a) visual sensory (iconic) memory
less than 1 sec
tell how long information lasts in auditory sensory (echoic) memory
less than 4 secs
tell how many items working memory can typically hold
7 plus or minus 2
define “chunk” and give an example
Meaningful pieces of info… pear apple orange…fruit
describe the serial position effect and tell what memory structure
remember the first and last things better, sensory memory
define “primacy effect” and tell what memory structure
remember things at beginning of list, long-term memory
define “recency effect” and tell what memory structure
remember things at end of list, working memory
list and describe the types of long-term memory discussed in class, and locate these three types in the diagram of memory subsystems, which type is most likely to be affected by amnesia due to physical injury?
Semantic (facts), episodic(personal) AMNESIA, procedural(Skills)
describe how levels of processing (shallow vs. deep) is related to your ability to recall information
Shallow- copying notes
deep- looking for answers better for recollection
describe the scuba-diver study (Godden & Baddeley, 1975) mentioned in class and in your e-book and name the memory phenomenon it illustrates
learn list on land or in water. You remember better where you learn stuff
describe and give an example of state-dependent memory; what role does mood play in memory?
What we learn in one state is better recalled in that state. lose keys while drunk; remember better if you are drunk again
define proactive interference and give an example
What you learned in past interferes with new info—–forgetting passwords
define retroactive interference and give an example
Info you learned recently interferes with remembering old stuff- dirty laundry have to keep digging
define anterograde amnesia
forget what happened after
define Korsakoff’s syndrome
anterograde B1-thiamine. they don’t realize that their memory is bad. woman asks what he had for breakfast, he can’t remember but politely makes up answer
define retrograde amnesia
forget what happened before
Does massed practice or distributed study time produce better long-term recall?
Distributed study has better long term retention than massed
describe the relevance of the California sea slug (Aplysia) for the study of memory
Classic conditioned- electric shock more often something happens you get used to it
tell what long-term potentiation is
Increase in cells firing potential after brief rapid stimulation
explicit memory; effortful or automatic?
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know; effortful
implicit memory; effortful or automatic
skills and conditioned associations; automatic
tell what information we automatically process
skills and conditioned associations
describe the spacing effect and tell which type of practice (massed or distributed) is likely to lead to better recall
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
describe the testing effect and give an example from this class of how you can use the testing effect to improve test performance
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning. LEARNING CURVES
list and describe the 3 main memory structures
Sensory- initial take in short, small, long term- infinite capacity, short term- stays for a bit- needs to be rehearsed, small capacity, short duration
describe Sperling’s experiment on visual sensory memory (also called iconic memory); tell why this experiment was important
there was partial and whole report. shown for just a second. the partial showed you what to remember which led to better results.
describe the experiment by Peterson and Peterson (1959); what did we learn about the duration of working memory from this study? what do we do to keep information in working memory?
Shown lists then made them count by three’s or something to disrupt rehearsal. Uninterrupted time duration is 18-20 seconds
describe the relative duration and capacity of working memory versus long-term memory.
Working memory is short and small and long term is infinite duration as long as the neurons are alive
define imagery and tell how it aids the encoding and retrieval of information in long-term memory
seeing what is said. it leaves retrieval cues helping to remember in the long term
tell how the self-reference effect can help you remember new information
If it relates to me then I will remember it better, individualistic Western Cultures- won’t work
list, describe, and give an example of the 3 methods for measuring retrieval discussed in class; rank order these methods from easiest to most difficult
free recall- essay tests, Hardest cued recall- fill in the blank Medium tests, recognition- multiple choice Easiest
define reconstruction
filling in memories; like with the car wreck; Smash versus hit with car crash wording effects
describe the study by Loftus & Palmer (1974) of the car accident film; what did this study tell us about memory construction?
Leading questions, each time we replay memory we slightly modify it
describe research on the spacing effect
idk
describe the role of the following brain structures in storing memories
frontal lobes, hippocampus (save button) explicit, facts, personal events, working memory
describe the role of the following brain structures in storing memories
cerebellum, forming and storing and (d) basal ganglia ride a bike implicit skills
semantic
facts, generl knowledge, part of explicit
episodic
personally experienced events, part of explicit
procedural
motor and cognitive skills, part of implicit
define infantile amnesia and tell what two factors contribute to it
can’t remember before age 3. brain is not fully developed and they don’t know all the words and understandings
describe how emotions affect memory processing
idk think about it
define and give an example of source amnesia
attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. EX. writer plagiarizes because they heard and thought it was their own
describe factors that can affect the accuracy or inaccuracy of children’s eyewitness recall
brain not fully developed, suggestive questions, adult interruption
discuss what experts agree on with regard to the reliability or accuracy of memories (a) of events before age 3 and (b) “recovered” under hypnosis or the influence of drugs
unreliable
list and describe Myers’s suggestions for improving memory
Study repeatedly, Make the material meaningful, Activate retrieval cues. Use mnemonic devices, Minimize interference, Sleep more, Test your own knowledge, both to rehearse it and to find out what you don’t yet know
define and give an example of (a) a concept
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
define and give an example of (a) a prototype
a mental image or best example of a category
describe the use of algorithms
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
describe the use of heuristics
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently
define and give an example of insight
a sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions. EX getting bird out of pipe
describe the 2 obstacles to problem solving described in class
the set effect- tendency to approach a problem in a way that has worked in the past and functional fixedness- tendency to think of objects only in terms of their usual functions
the set effect
tendency to approach a problem in a way that has worked in the past
functional fixedness-
tendency to think of objects only in terms of their usual functions
define and give an example of (a) the representativeness heuristic
judging the likelihood o something in terms of how well it seems to represent or match a particular prototype
define and give an example of (a) the availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.
describe the effects that overconfidence can have on our judgments and decisions
the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments
describe the effects that belief perseverance can have on our judgments and decisions
clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
list and briefly describe four factors that lead us to overestimate the risks of some activities (like flying) and underestimate the risks of others (like driving)
We fear what our ancestral history has prepared us to fear.
We fear what we cannot control
We fear what is immediate
Thanks to the availability heuristic, we fear what is most readily available in memory.
describe how framing impacts our decisions and judgments;
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
describe how framing can be used to increase organ donation
if you change it to an opt-out option
give an example of an animal (a) using concepts and numbers
Alex counting and pecking keys that have a chair on it
give an example of an animal displaying insight
displaying insight,chimp used short stick to get long stick to get fruit
give an example of an animal using tools
a stick to get termites out of hive
define (a) behavioral medicine
looks at how our behaviors and mental processes influence health and illness
define health psychology
contributions psychologists make to behavioral medicine
stress
process by which he related to the threat; the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging,
stressor
the threat; certain events that we appraise as threatening or challenging
stress reaction
physical and emotional responses
give an example of appraising a stressful event as (a) threatening explain what responses go with these different appraisals
a math test- yikes! This is beyond me! Stressed to distraction
give an example of appraising a stressful event as challenging. explain what responses go with these different appraisals
a math test I need to apply all I know. aroused, focused
describe the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
- Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion. In Phase 1, you have an alarm reaction, as your sympathetic nervous system is suddenly activated. Your heart rate zooms. Blood is diverted to your skeletal muscles. You feel the faintness of shock. During Phase 2, resistance, your temperature, blood pressure, and respiration remain high. Your adrenal glands pump hormones into your bloodstream. You are fully engaged, summoning all your resources to meet the challenge. Phase 3, exhaustion. With exhaustion, you become more vulnerable to illness or even, in extreme cases, collapse and death.
tell what happens when stress is (a) short-lived
mobilize immune system, motivate, keep happy
tell what happens when stress is long lasting
increase risk of chronic disease, heart problems.
describe how men and women often respond differently to stressors
support Women more often respond to stress by nurturing and banding together oxytocin- breast-feeding ; Facing stress, men more often than women tend to socially withdraw, turn to alcohol, or become aggressive
catastrophes
unpredictable large-scale events, such as wars, earthquakes, and famines.
significant life changes
can be negative or positive; getting married, losing job
daily hassles
rush-hour traffic, aggravating housemates, long lines at the store, too many things to do, family frustrations
describe the field of psychoneuroimmunology
Your thoughts and feelings (psycho) influence your brain (neuro), which influences the endocrine hormones that affect your disease-fighting immune system.
give examples of how stress impacts the functioning of the immune system
Responding too strongly, it may attack the body’s own tissues, causing some forms of arthritis or an allergic reaction. Underreacting, it may allow a dormant herpes virus to erupt or cancer cells to multiply
tell how stress affects (a) AIDS
- it suppresses your immune system even more, making it tougher to fight infection
tell how stress affects cancer-
cancer- it may affect their growth by weakening the body’s natural defenses against multiplying malignant cells
describe how stress affects the risk of heart disease
. the blood vessels that nourish the heart muscle gradually close. Hypertension and a family history of the disease increase the risk of coronary heart disease.
define Type A
most reactive, competitive, hard-driving, impatient, time-conscious, super-motivated, verbally aggressive, and easily angered
define Type B
more easygoing
describe how (a) pessimism and (b) chronic stressors relate to heart disease-
stress increases vulnerability to heart disease by measuring the blood cholesterol level and clotting speed
define problem-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress directly—by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor
define emotion-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction.
give examples of scientific research illustrating the influence of perceived control and optimism on health and illness.
Elderly nursing home residents who have little perceived control over their activities tend to decline faster and die sooner than do those given more control. Finnish workers with low job stress are less than half as likely to die of strokes or heart disease as are those with a demanding job and little control. One research team followed 941 Dutch people, ages 65 to 85, for nearly a decade (Giltay et al., 2004, 2007). Among those in the lowest optimism quartile, 57 percent died, as did only 30 percent of the top optimism quartile.
describe how researchers have attempted to explain the relationship between social support and illness
. People are less likely to die early if supported by close relationships Social support calms us and reduces blood pressure and stress hormones. Social support fosters stronger immune functioning. Close relationships give us an opportunity for “open heart therapy,” a chance to confide painful feelings
tell how pets may improve health
love you just as you are, never judge you. Lowers stress
describe the effects of aerobic exercise on mood and health
Exercise helps fight heart disease by strengthening the heart, increasing bloodflow, keeping blood vessels open, and lowering both blood pressure and the blood pressure reaction to stress. aerobic exercise at least three times a week manage stress better, exhibit more self-confidence, feel more vigor, and feel less depressed and fatigued than their inactive peers
define biofeedback and tell what researchers now think about its effectiveness
a system of recording, amplifying, and feeding back information about subtle physiological responses, many controlled by the autonomic nervous system. They think it works best on tension headaches
list the five domains of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM).
Alternative medical system- homeopathy
Mind- body intervention- meditation, prayer, mental healings
Biologically based therepies- herbs food vitamins
Manipulated and body based methods- massage, chiropractor,
Energy therapy- reiki, therapeutic touch, use of magnets, electromagnetic fields
define placebo effects and explain their relevance to the evaluation of CAM.
Getting relief from fake therapies; Acupuncture- 53% got relief from fake therapy
list and describe three categories of factors that may help explain the link between religious involvement and better health
Healthy behaviors- less smoking and alcohol
Social support- friends, church, marriage
Positive emotions- less stress/anxiety
