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Psychology 100 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a booger?

A

pickles

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2
Q
  1. tell what a good theory does
A

produces testable hypotheses

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3
Q

falsifiable means

A

able to be proved wrong

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4
Q

example of a falsifiable hypothesis

A

It Will snow tonight

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5
Q

example of a not falsifiable hypothesis

A

It may or may not snow tonight

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6
Q

3 main research methods

A

Description, Correlation, Experimentation

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7
Q

what is a case study

A

it is based on one specific individual; not replicable in lab. EX Child kept in basement.

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8
Q

what is a naturalistic observation

A

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations w/o trying to manipulate the control.EX Watching Chimpanzees adjust to the life in captivity.

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9
Q

tell why case studies don’t allow us to test broad, general principles

A

Case studies are based on one person’s personal evaluation.

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10
Q

describe wording effects and tell which type of research is most vulnerable to them

A

Wording effects are way to rephrase wordings in order to make them more appeasing. Two phrases that mean the same thing just worded differently. Description Research; Surveys

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11
Q

define random sample

A

Random sample- fairly represents a pop because each has and an equal chance of inclusion

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12
Q

define sampling bias

A

not representative of population. EX only ppl from psych majors

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13
Q

explain what a correlation coefficient tells about two variables

A

how strongly related they are

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14
Q

explain what the sign (+ or -) means in a correlation coefficient

A

It says whether it is a positive or negative correlation

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15
Q

give an example of a positive correlation

A

the more you study the better grades you receive

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16
Q

EX of negative correlation

A

The more candy you eat the worse off your teeth will be

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17
Q

give the range of values that a correlation coefficient can have

A

Range: +1.00- -1.00

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18
Q

ell whether .35 or -.40 indicates a stronger relationship between two variables

A

; -40 has the stronger correlation because its absolute value is larger

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19
Q

give an example of a correctional study

A

The people who watch violence on TV will be more aggressive

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20
Q

why is it that correlation does not imply causation

A

It only permits prediction because there could also another factor

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21
Q

EX Experiment

A

2 groups are given a test, one group gets 10 min the other get 15 min

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22
Q

independent variable

A

the factor that is being manipulated

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23
Q

dependent variable

A

the factor that is being measured

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24
Q

describe the purpose of a control group

A

contrasts with experimental group; Comparison

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25
Q

explain what function is served by random assignment

A

researchers are able to control for cofounding variables, which are other factors besides the independent variable(s) that may influence research results.

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26
Q

identify the independent variable, the dependent variable: the breast-feeding experiment

A

IV: Breast milk DV:Test scores

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27
Q

identify the independent variable, the dependent variable the Viagra experiment

A

pill vs placebo; whether it worked

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28
Q

identify the independent variable, the dependent variable the study of name-ethnicity effects among landlords

A

last name; positive response

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29
Q

tell what features of graphs or bar charts you should pay particular attention to in order to interpret them accurately

A

The range and the scale label

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30
Q

tell which measure of central tendency is most likely to be misleading when a distribution of numbers is skewed or lopsided;

A

mean

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31
Q

tell which measure of variation uses information from each score

A

mean, standard deviation

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32
Q

three principles are most important when determining whether an observed difference is reliable

A

Representative samples are better than biased samples. Less-variable observations are more reliable than those that are more variable. More cases are better than fewer

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33
Q

statistical significance

A

be able to apply simple statistical principles to everyday reasoning

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34
Q

tell whether statistically significant results also always have practical significance

A

how likely its obtained through chance

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35
Q

psychiatrists

A

MD can Prescribe meds

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36
Q

psychologists

A

assess and treat mental, emotional, and behavior disorders

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37
Q

define and give an example of applied research

A

study that aims to solve practical problems; , select and train employees, boost morale and productivity, design products, and implement systems

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38
Q

define and give an example of basic research

A

builds knowledge base; links between brain and mind

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39
Q

state whether applied research is more important than basic research

A

NO basic research is more important

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40
Q

describe the type of final degree that most psychologists have and tell approximately how many years it takes to get this degree after completing the bachelor’s

A

PHD 4-6 years

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41
Q

describe what additional training and other qualifications a clinical psychologist must have

A

Clinical training

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42
Q

tell when and by whom the first psychology laboratory was founded

A

William Wundt 1879

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43
Q

describe the goal of Wundt’s psychological studies

A

to understand human consciousness by isolating its basic building blocks

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44
Q

name and describe the method Wundt used to accomplish his goals, and describe one major problem with this method

A

introspection- person experiences a stimulus and describes the experience in term of specific sensation; Not replicable

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45
Q

name the founder of the behavioral approach, and explain why he rejected the study of consciousness in psychology

A

John B. Watson 1913; behavior can be observed and quantified, consciousness cannot be

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46
Q

describe what Watson thought should be the focus of psychological study

A

mental processes

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47
Q

describe what key element was not studied by the behaviorists

A

mental proceses

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48
Q

define psychology

A

Study of behavior and mental process

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49
Q

tell what psychology’s historic big issue is.

A

nature vs nurture

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50
Q

What is contemporary psychology’s position on this issue?

A

sees traits and behaviors

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51
Q

describe the basic focus of each of the following approaches and give an example of how a psychologist using that approach would explain why some people develop phobias while others do not:neuroscience

A

brain; genes ; predisposition

52
Q

describe the basic focus of each of the following approaches and give an example of how a psychologist using that approach would explain why some people develop phobias while others do not:behavioral

A

focus on environmental determinants; external stimuli trigger fear

53
Q

describe the basic focus of each of the following approaches and give an example of how a psychologist using that approach would explain why some people develop phobias while others do not:cognitive

A

focus on mental processes; learned, emotional

54
Q

define the testing effect

A

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information

55
Q

tell why testing yourself is part of successful learning

A

actively process, better with exercise

56
Q

list and define the steps in the SQ3R method of studying

A

Survey; survey titles headings, bird’s eye view, Question; try to answer LO’s before reading, Read; actively read and think critically, take notes, don’t tire, Retrieve; retrieve main ideas, Review; go over notes and glance over module

57
Q

tell whether it is better to study for an exam in numerous short sessions or one big cramming session, according to Myers

A

numerous short sessions; better retention

58
Q

tell whether, during lectures, it is better to write down what your professors say or just concentrate on listening

A

WRITE DOWN THE MAIN IDEAS AND SUB-IDEAS.

59
Q

describe over learning and tell whether it is a good idea

A

getting as much information about the subject as possible, good idea

60
Q

give an example of hindsight bias

A

I knew that was going to happen!

61
Q

give an example of Overconfidence

A

I don’t need to study I know it all

62
Q

give an example of the tendency to perceive patterns in random events

A

these could be related

63
Q

describe the three main components of the scientific attitude

A

curiosity does it work? and skepticism Now I will try it but also humility—an awareness of our own vulnerability to error and an openness to surprises and new perspectives

64
Q

describe the characteristics of critical thinking

A

asking questions examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

65
Q

tell whether it is often the case that findings from laboratory studies have “real-world” relevance, and why

A

Psychological science focuses less on particular behaviors than on seeking general principles that help explain many behaviors.

66
Q

tell whether (a) specific attitudes and behaviors, and (b) underlying processes vary by gender and across cultures

A

Even when specific attitudes and behaviors vary by gender or across cultures, as they often do, the underlying processes are much the same.

67
Q

tell how humans are protected in experiments

A

1) obtain potential participants’ informed consent, protect them from harm and discomfort, keep information about individual participants confidential.fully debrief people (explain the research afterward)

68
Q

explain why it’s important to study biology in psychology

A

because knowing what is going on in the nervous system helps us explain behavior/mental processes we see

69
Q

tell whether Plato or Aristotle first determined that the mind comes from the head (brain), rather than from the heart

A

Plato

70
Q

explain what important brain phenomenon was highlighted by phrenology, despite the fact that phrenology itself was ultimately discredited

A

studying bumps on the skull, could reveal a person’s mental abilities and character traits.different parts of the brain are used for different things

71
Q

receptors

A

where neurotransmitters are taken in A SPECIALIZED CELL THAT RESPONDS TO A PARTICULAR KIND OF ENERGY,

72
Q

sensory neurons

A

carry messages from the body’s tissues and sensory receptors inward to the brain and spinal cord for processing

73
Q

interneurons

A

Between the sensory input and motor output, information is processed in the brain’s internal communication system

74
Q

motor neurons

A

carry instructions from the central nervous system out to the body

75
Q

neuron structures in order to form neural pathway

A

Dendrites-axon-axon terminal-synaptic gap

76
Q

dendrites

A

a neuron’s bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

77
Q

cell body

A

cell’s life support

78
Q

axon

A

the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands,

79
Q

myelin sheath

A

a fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the next

80
Q

terminal buttons

A

forms junctions with other cells

81
Q

synaptic gap

A

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

82
Q

explain whether communication within a neuron or between neurons is faster, and why

A

Within because you don’t have to go through synaptic gaps

83
Q

neuron at resting potential (where are potasium ions, sodium ions. and what charge does it have)

A

potassium:inside; sodium-outside; negative charge

84
Q

neuron firing (where are potasium ions, sodium ions. and what charge does it have)

A

potasium inside; sodium-outside, neutral then positive

85
Q

explain what the refractory period is and when it occurs; describe what the sodium pump does

A

it is when the cell is resetting itself; after firing; sodium gets pumped outside

86
Q

describe the all-or-none law of neural firing and explain the concept of a threshold

A

The neuron must get enough excitatory signals to fire, they must reach a certain level or it will not fire (cant halfway fire a gun). A threshold is the point where enough excitatory signals set off the neuron

87
Q

tell what endorphins are and what they do

A

a hormone that give energy and help with pain control

88
Q

agonists

A

neurotransmitter that is similar enough to a hormone that it can mimic it.

89
Q

antagonists

A

will decrease the production of a hormone

90
Q

chart of the nervous system’s organization

A

Nervous system- central and periphereal; central- brain and spinal cord; periphereal- autonomic (self-regulated)-somatic(voluntary movements); autonomic-sympathetic-parasympathetic

91
Q

the 2 main structures of the central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

92
Q

tell what the somatic (or skeletal) division of the peripheral nervous system does

A

it controls the voluntary muscle movements

93
Q

name the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system and describe their opposing functions

A

sympathetic- arousing parasympathetic-calming

94
Q

list 4 ways scientists can read your braain

A

EEG, MRI, PET, fMRI

95
Q

EEG

A

reads brain waves

96
Q

MRI

A

strong magnet disorients atoms then align, signals produce soft tissue images

97
Q

PET

A

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

98
Q

fMRI

A

same as MRI but watches how blood flows to each area when given a certain task

99
Q

medulla

A

breathing swallowing circulation, part of brain stem

100
Q

thalamus

A
  • memory emotions motivation
101
Q

reticular formation

A

arousal attention

102
Q

cerebellum

A

balance voluntary movement

103
Q

amygdala

A

fear aggression

104
Q

hypothalamus 4F’s

A

feeding fighting fleeing sex

105
Q

hippocampus

A

memory, making memories

106
Q

parts of limbic system

A

amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus, pituitary gland

107
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers

108
Q

endocrine system

A

the body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

109
Q

adrenal glands

A

secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepi-nephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress

110
Q

pituitary gland

A

regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

111
Q

explain why the cerebral cortex of a human is so wrinkled, compared to that of lower mammals

A

it has more surface area because we can function more

112
Q

frontal lobes

A

, involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments

113
Q

parietal lobes

A

receives sensory input for touch and body position

114
Q

occipital lobes

A

areas that receive information from the visual fields

115
Q

temporal lobes

A

includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear

116
Q

motor cortex,

A

an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements

117
Q

sensory cortex

A

area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

118
Q

association cortex

A

areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking

119
Q

Broca’s area

A

located in left frontal lobe directs muscle movements involved in speech

120
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

located in left temporal lobe involved in language comprhension,

121
Q

corpus callosum

A

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.

122
Q

describe what happens when Broca’s area is damaged. What is this problem called?

A

able to understand but not speak Expressive aphasia

123
Q

describe what happens when Wernicke’s area is damaged. What is this problem called?

A

able to speak but not understand speech Receptive aphasia

124
Q

explain what functions are commonly associated with left hemisphere

A

speaks, calulates

125
Q

explain what functions are commonly associated with right hemisphere

A

perceptual- making inferences, modulate speech for clarity, orchestrate sense of self

126
Q

describe plasticity

A

the brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

127
Q

explain how the split-brain operation has helped us determine the functions of the left and right hemispheres

A

When showed the word HE!ART they said the word was art, but pointed to he with his left hand (right brain)

Psychology 100 (5 decks)

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