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Biology Concepts > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

4 events in cell division

A
  • Reproductive signal: initiates cell division, can be intracellular or extracellular
  • Replication of DNA
  • Segregation: distribution of DNA into each of the two new cells
  • Cytokinesis: separation of cellular material into the two new cells
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2
Q

Prokaryotic cell division

A

Also called binary fission, prokaryotes only have one chromosome, folded and circular.
- ori (origin): where replication starts
- ter (terminus): where replication ends
DNA moves through replication of proteins, in rapidly dividing prokaryotes, DNA replication occupies entire time between cell divisions

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3
Q

Reproductive signals in prokaryotes

A

External factors (e.g., nutrient concentration and environmental conditions)

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4
Q

Ori regions

A

When replication is complete, the ori regions move toward opposite ends of the cell, segregating the daughter DNA molecules

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5
Q

Reproductive signals in eukaryotes

A

related to the needs/function of the entire organism

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6
Q

Sister chromatids

A

newly replicated chromosomes closely associated with one another

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7
Q

Homologous pairs

A

two chromosomes that are the same size and shape, and contain the same genes in the same order

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8
Q

Mitosis

A

process that segregates newly replicated chromosomes into two new nuclei

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9
Q

Somatic cells

A

any cell in the body of a multicellular organism that is not a reproductive cell

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10
Q

Meiosis

A

a type of cell division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms to produce gametes, or sex cells (sperm and eggs)

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11
Q

3 broad stages of cell cycle

A

interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis, 23
hours in interphase, 1 hour in mitosis/cytokinesis

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12
Q

3 subphases of interphase

A

G1, S, and G2

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13
Q

G1

A

Chromosomes are single and associated with proteins
- Duration can be minutes or years
- G0: inactive resting phase, Cells enter if not preparing for cell division, cells must be stimulated by growth factors to divide

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14
Q

S

A

DNA replicates: sister chromatids remain together

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15
Q

G2

A

cell prepares for mitosis

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16
Q

Restriction (R) point (aka G1‐to‐S
transition)

A

commitment to DNA replication and subsequent cell division

17
Q

Kinase

A

enzyme that catalyzes transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a
target protein

18
Q

Cdks

A

Cyclin‐dependent kinases, control progress through the cell cycle

19
Q

Cyclins

A

allosterically regulates cdks

20
Q

Phosphorylation

A

addition of a phosphate group

21
Q

Cyclin cdks

A

act as cell cycle checkpoints – they regulate progression, e.g., at checkpoint R, if DNA is damaged, p21 protein is made
* p21 binds to G1 cdks, preventing their activation
* Cell cycle pauses while DNA is repaired

22
Q

RB

A

retinoblastoma protein, progress past restriction point depends on this, RB normally inhibits cell cycle, when RB is phosphorylated by cyclin‐cdk, it becomes inactive and no longer blocks cell cycle

23
Q

Nucleosomes

A

beadlike units formed by the interaction of the histones and DNA, has 8 histone proteins: 2x H2A, H2B, H3, and H4

24
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA molecules bound to proteins

25
Q

Cohesins

A

proteins that hold together sister chromatids during G2, except at centromere - DNA sequence that joins sister chromatids together, creating a short arm and a long arm on the chromatids

26
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death, cells may no longer be needed or are prone to genetic damage that can lead to cancer

27
Q

What initiates apoptosis

A

hormones, growth factors, viral infections, toxins, extensive DNA damage

28
Q

Tumors

A

large mass of cells

29
Q

Benign vs. malignant tumor

A

Benign tumors: grow slowly, resemble the tissue they grow from, are encapsulated and remain localized
Malignant tumors: do not resemble the parent tissue

30
Q

Oncogene

A

positive regulators in cancer cells
- Normal regulators mutated to be overactive or present in excess

31
Q

Tumor suppressor

A

negative regulators such as RB are
inactive in cancer cells

Biology Concepts (15 decks)

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