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Biology Concepts > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Biology

A

scientific study of organisms, living and fossil

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2
Q

Cell

A

the basic unit of life

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3
Q

Organism

A

living individuals that consist of more than 1 cell

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4
Q

5 characteristics of living things

A
  • homeostasis
  • uses energy
  • is organized
  • reproduces, grows, and develops
  • evolves
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5
Q

Example of homeostasis

A

maintaining body temperature

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6
Q

levels of organization

A

atom, molecule, organelle, cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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7
Q

prokaryotes

A
  • bacteria and archaea
  • first organisms
  • single celled organisms only
  • doesn’t have nucleus or organelles
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8
Q

eukaryotes

A
  • formed billions of years after eukaryotes
  • can be single or multicellular
  • has a nucleus and organelles
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9
Q

most inclusive taxonomic group

A

domain

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10
Q

least inclusive taxonomic group

A

species

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11
Q

3 domains

A

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

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12
Q

4 kingdoms in domain eukarya

A

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

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13
Q

First domain to emerge first

A

Protista

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14
Q

How old is Earth?

A

4.6 billion years old

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15
Q

When did the first life form appeared?

A

4 billion years ago

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16
Q

Photosynthetic organisms?

A

2.5 billion years ago

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17
Q

First land plants and animals

A

500 million years ago

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18
Q

What changed in atmosphere to allow organisms to move onto land?

A

Photosynthesis increased oxygen production, which allowed aerobic capable organisms to flourish due to being able to make energy, and also led to O3 (ozone layer) production, which protected the animals from harmful UV radiation

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19
Q

Unifying principle of biology?

A

Evolution

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20
Q

Evolution

A

results in change in the genetic makeup of populations over time

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21
Q

artificial selection

A

selective breeding of plants and animals to get desirable traits

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22
Q

Natural selection and adaptations

A

the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change

23
Q

Scientific method

A
  • make observations
  • ask questions
  • form a hypothesis
  • make a prediction
  • design and conduct an experiment
24
Q

IV

A

what’s manipulated in the experiment

25
Q

DV

A

What your measuring in the experiment

26
Q

Standardized variables

A

variables that don’t change in an experiment

27
Q

Control group

A

a group in the experiment which a variable is not being tested

28
Q

Atom

A

smallest chemical unit of a type of pure substance

29
Q

Molecule

A

group of joined atoms

30
Q

Element

A

pure substance having only one kind of atom

31
Q

Compound

A

molecule made up of 2+ elements bonded together in a fixed ratio

32
Q

3 particles of an atom

A

protons, electrons, and neutrons

33
Q

Ion

A

+ or - charged atoms

34
Q

Location of the 3 particles

A

Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus
Electrons are located outside the nucleus on orbital rings

35
Q

Mass of protons and neutrons

A

1 Dalton = 1.7 x 10^-14 g.

36
Q

Mass of an electron

A

9.1 x 10^-28 g.

37
Q

Atomic number

A

number of protons in the atoms

38
Q

Atomic weight

A

total weight of an atom

39
Q

Molecular weight

A

sum of atomic weights of all atoms in a molecule

40
Q

Mass number

A

number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

41
Q

Isotope

A

forms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

42
Q

Orbital

A

where an electron is 90% of the time and can hold up to 2 electrons

43
Q

Electron shell

A

energy level

44
Q

Valence shell

A

Outermost shell, reactive ones have unpaired electrons

45
Q

Ionic bond

A

M - M or M - NM bond, formed between two or more atoms by the transfer of one or more electrons between atoms

46
Q

Covalent bond

A

NM - NM, NM - Metalloid, a bond in which atoms share one or more electrons

47
Q

Polar bond

A

a molecule in which one end of the molecule is slightly positive, while the other end is slightly negative, and atoms with different electronegativities share electrons unequally in a covalent bond

48
Q

Nonpolar bond

A

a type of chemical bond where two atoms share a pair of electrons with each other

49
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

attraction between the positive end of one molecule and the negative end of another

50
Q

van der Waals

A

attractions between nonpolar molecules close together

51
Q

Redox reactions

A

electron transferred between 2 molecules
When something is oxidized - loses electrons, e- donor or reducing agent
When something is reduced - gains electrons, e- acceptor or oxidizing agent

52
Q

Characteristics of water

A

Single molecule - polar bond
Double molecule - polar bond
Cohesion - an attraction between molecules or atoms of the same substance
Adhesion - an attraction between molecules of different chemical substances

53
Q

Is water denser as a liquid or a solid

A

water is denser as a liquid due to the solid structure forming a crystalline structure with hydrogen bonds that push them further apart, creating more space between them and resulting in a lower density compared to liquid water where the molecules are more tightly packed together

Biology Concepts (15 decks)

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