Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Concepts > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Metabolism

A

sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in a biological system at a given time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2 types of metabolism

A

Anabolic reactions - complex molecules made from simple molecules, Energy required
Catabolic reactions - complex molecules broken down to simpler ones, Energy released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Energy

A

capacity to do work, or the capacity for change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Examples of different forms of energy

A

Chemical - stored in bonds
Electrical - separation of charges
Heat - transfer due to temperature difference
Light - electromagnetic radiation stored as protons
Mechanical - energy of motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Law of thermodynamics

A

apply to all matter and all energy
transformations in the universe, helps us understand how cells harvest and transform energy to sustain life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

Energy is neither created nor destroyed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

When energy is converted from one form to another, some of that energy becomes unavailable to do work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Potential vs. Kinetic energy

A

Potential - stored energy (stored as chemical bonds, concentration gradient, or charge imbalance)
Kinetic - energy from movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Entropy

A

(S) measure of disorder in a system it takes energy to impose order on a system, unless energy is applied to the system, it will be randomly arranged or disordered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Enthalpy

A

(H) total energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Free energy

A

(G) usable energy that can do work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is change in energy measured

A

Change in energy measured in calories or joules, ΔG = ΔH – TΔS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

(-) ΔG

A

free energy is released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

(+) ΔG

A

free energy is required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

If free energy not available

A

reaction doesn’t occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Endergonic vs. Exergonic reactions

A

Exergonic reactions: release free energy (‐ΔG), catabolic
Endergonic reactions: consume free energy (+ΔG), anabolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why is ATP important?

A

energy transfer in biochemical reactions, important because it acts as the primary energy carrier within living cells, providing readily available energy to power all essential biological processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Is ATP formation exergonic or endergonic

A

captures and transfers free energy, so an endergonic reaction

19
Q

What about ATP hydrolysis

A

ATP can by hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi, releasing a lot of energy for endergonic reactions

20
Q

ATP hydrolysis reaction equation

A

ATP + H2O ADP + P i + free energy

21
Q

What two characteristics of ATP allow for release of free energy when it’s hydrolyzed

A

Phosphate groups have negative charges and repel each other, and Free energy of the P~O bond is much higher than energy of the O‐H bond that forms after hydrolysis

22
Q

What is meant by “coupling” reactions

A

an energetically favorable reaction (like ATP hydrolysis) is directly linked with an energetically unfavorable (endergonic) reaction

23
Q

Enzymes

A

biological catalysts that act as a framework in which reactions can take place
– Most are proteins

24
Q

What do enzymes do/don’t do

A

they do speed up chemical reactions in the body, making them essential for many processes, including digestion, blood clotting, and growth, they don’t change the overall equilibrium of a chemical reaction, whether the reaction is endergonic or exergonic

25
Q

Activation energy

A

amount of energy required to start a
reaction, can come from heating the system

26
Q

Transition state

A

reactive mode of the substrate (aka – reactant) after there has been sufficient input of energy to initiate the reaction

27
Q

Transition state intermediate

A

unstable reactants with higher free energy

28
Q

Substrates

A

reactants: molecule(s) on which an enzyme exerts its catalytic action

29
Q

Active site

A

place on an enzyme where substrate binds

30
Q

3 mechanisms of enzyme action

A
  • Enzymes can orient substrates so they can react
  • Enzymes can induce strain by stretching substrate, which makes bonds unstable and more reactive to other substrates
  • Enzymes can temporarily add chemical groups
31
Q

2 ways to regulate enzymes

A
  • Regulation of gene expression – how many enzyme molecules are made
  • Regulation of enzyme itself – enzyme shape may change, or enzyme can be blocked by regulators
32
Q

Reversible vs. irreversible inhibition

A

Reversible inhibition: inhibitor bonds noncovalently to the active site, preventing substrate binding
Irreversible inhibition: inhibitor covalently bonds to side chains in active site and permanently inactivates the enzyme

33
Q

Competitive inhibitors

A

compete with natural substrate for binding sites

34
Q

Uncompetitive vs. noncompetitive inhibitors

A

Uncompetitive inhibitors: bind to enzyme‐substrate complex, preventing release of products
Noncompetitive inhibitors: bind to enzyme at site other than the active site

35
Q

Allosteric regulation

A

an effector binds an enzyme at a site different from the active site, changing the enzyme’s shape

36
Q

Commitment step and feedback inhibition

A

Commitment step: first reaction, followed by other reactions in sequence
Feedback inhibition: final product acts as
noncompetitive inhibitor of the first enzyme, shutting down the pathway

37
Q

Do pH and temperature affect enzymes and what happens at high temperatures

A

Yes, it does, higher temperatures cause denaturation in enzymes since most are proteins, causing noncovalent bonds to break and the 2nd and 3rd structures are destroyed

38
Q

5 principles of metabolic pathways

A
  • Complex transformations occur in a series of separate reactions
  • Each reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme
  • Many metabolic pathways are similar in all organisms
  • In eukaryotes, metabolic pathways are compartmentalized in specific organelles
  • Key enzymes can be inhibited or activated to alter the rate of the pathway
39
Q

Burning/metabolism of glucose equation

A

C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2 O + free energy, very exergonic, G= ‐686 kcal/mol, drives endergonic formation of ATP molecules

40
Q

3 catabolic processes that harvest energy from glucose

A
  • Glycolysis (anaerobic)
  • Cellular respiration (aerobic)
  • Fermentation (anaerobic
41
Q

Redox reactions

A

one substance transfers electrons to
another substance, oxidation and reduction always occur together, OIL RIG, when a molecule loses hydrogen atoms (H), it is considered to be oxidized

42
Q

Electron carrier molecules

A

NADH - Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide + H+
FADH2 - Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide + H+
NADPH - Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate + H+

43
Q

5 energy yielding metabolic pathways

A

Glycolysis (Either one)
Fermentation (Anaerobic)
Citric Acid Cycle (Aerobic)
Pyruvate Oxidation (Aerobic)
Respiratory chain (Aerobic)

Biology Concepts (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions