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Biology Concepts > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do all cells have

A

All cells have a cell membrane (plasma membrane), cytoplasm, DNA (genetic material), and ribosomes

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2
Q

Cell membrane

A

primarily composed of a phospholipid bilayer, which acts as a double layer of lipid molecules with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward, and embedded proteins that allow for selective transport of substances into and out of the cell

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3
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

embedded proteins, proteins for binding, adhering to adjacent cells, and communication

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4
Q

Function of cell membrane

A

a selective barrier, controlling what enters and exits a cell by acting as a gatekeeper, separating the cell’s internal environment from its surroundings while allowing necessary nutrients in and waste products out, maintaining the cell’s internal homeostasis through selective transport mechanisms facilitated by embedded proteins

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5
Q

Structure of phospholipid

A

fatty acids bound to glycerol; a phosphate group replaces one fatty acid

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6
Q

Prokaryotic cell components

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Nucleoid: region where DNA is located
  • Cytoplasm: rest of the cell contents
  • Ribosomes: sites of protein synthesis
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7
Q

Cell wall

A

rigid, outside the cell membrane, determines cell’s shape and provides support

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8
Q

Outer membrane

A

additional phospholipid membrane
found outside the peptidoglycan layer

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9
Q

Capsule

A

slimy layer of polysaccharides, protects cells

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10
Q

Flagella

A

appendage that helps cell swim

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11
Q

Pili

A

hairlike structures projecting from cell surface, help bacteria adhere to other cells

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12
Q

DNA function

A

to store the genetic information needed for an organism to develop, function, grow, and reproduce, found in the nucleus

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13
Q

Ribosomes

A

sites of protein synthesis
- Similar to prokaryotic ribosomes
- Consist of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and >50 protein molecules

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14
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A

no ribosomes
- Chemically modifies small molecules such as drugs, pesticides
-Site of glycogen degradation in
animal cells
- Synthesis of lipids, steroids
- Stores calcium ions

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15
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A

has ribosomes attached
- Newly made proteins enter RER lumen and are modified, folded, transported elsewhere

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16
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

flattened sacs (cisternae) and small vesicles
- Receives proteins from RER and can modify them further
- Concentrates, packages, sorts of proteins
- In plant cells, synthesis of polysaccharides for cell wall

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17
Q

Lysosomes

A

contain digestive enzymes that hydrolyze macromolecules into monomers

18
Q

Primary lysosomes

A

originate from Golgi apparatus

19
Q

Secondary lysosomes

A

primary lysosomes fused with phagosomes

20
Q

Peroxisomes

A

collect and break down toxic byproducts of
metabolism (e.g., H2 O2)

21
Q

Nucleus structure and function

A

contains most of the DNA
- Usually largest organelle
- Site of DNA replication
- Site where gene transcription turned on/off

22
Q

Endomembrane system

A

interconnected system of
membrane‐enclosed compartments

23
Q

Endomembrane system is composed of

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Nuclear envelope
  • ER
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosomes
24
Q

Mitochondria

A

convert chemical‐bond energy into a usable form ‐ energy‐rich ATP, has an outer and inner membrane, Inner membrane folds inward to form cristae – creates large
surface area for proteins involved in respiration, Mitochondrial matrix – contains enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, found in eukaryotic cells

25
Q

Chloroplasts

A

site of photosynthesis; have double membrane, inner membrane forms thylakoids which contain chlorophyll and other pigments that harvest light energy, found in plant cells

26
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

appeared 1.5 billion years ago, Nucleus and endomembrane system: originated from inward folds of cell membrane in prokaryotes

27
Q

Endosymbiosis theory

A

mitochondria and plastids arose
when one cell engulfed another

28
Q

Endosymbiosis theory tenets

A
  • Mitochondria originated as aerobic bacteria
  • Chloroplasts originated as photosynthetic bacteria
  • Genes/DNA moved and captured organisms couldn’t live on their own
29
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

describes general structure of biological
membranes, phospholipids form a bilayer, like a “lake” in which a variety of
proteins “float”

30
Q

Membrane fluidity depends on

A
  • Lipid composition: cholesterol and long‐chain, saturated fatty acids pack tightly, making membrane less fluid
  • Temperature: fluidity decreases as temp. drops, some organisms change lipid content of membranes when cold, replacing saturated with unsaturated fatty acids and using fatty acids with shorter tails
31
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A

extend all the way through phospholipid bilayer, contain one or more transmembrane domain

32
Q

Transmembrane domain

A

on inner or outer side of bilayer, have specific functions

33
Q

Selective permeablility

A

the ability of a membrane to control which substances can pass through it, while blocking others

34
Q

Cell recognition

A

one cell specifically recognizes and
binds to another cell of a certain type

35
Q

Cell adhesion

A

connection between two cells is
strengthened

36
Q

Cell junctions and types

A

specialized structures that hold cells together, tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions

37
Q

Tight junctions

A

prevent substances from moving through
spaces between cells; help ensure directional movement of materials

38
Q

Desmosomes

A

“spot welds”; materials can move around
in extracellular matrix, provides mechanical stability

39
Q

Gap junctions

A

allow communication

40
Q

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

heterogeneous mix of materials surrounding cells

41
Q

Integrin

A

transmembrane protein that binds to matrix outside epithelial cells and to actin filaments inside cells

Biology Concepts (15 decks)

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