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Biology 005 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the subdivisions of the nervous system (structural)

A
  1. Central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain & spinal cord
  2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia
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2
Q

Describe the subdivisions of the nervous system (functional)

A
  1. Sensory nervous system receives sensory info from receptors in the skin and transmits it to the CNS
    a. Somatic sensory (senses) touch, pain, pressure, vibration, and proprioception
    b. Visceral sensory (visceral/organs) impulses from viscera
  2. Motor nervous system aka efferent system sends impulses from CNS to muscles and glands
    a. Somatic motor (voluntary control)
    b. Autonomic motor (involuntary control)
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3
Q

What are the 2 distinct cell types that compose all nervous tissue?

A

nuerons and glial cells

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4
Q

What are neurons?

A

Neurons (Nerve cells)
- electrically excitable
- cells that initiate, transmit, and receive nerve impulses.
- Conducts action potentials from one part of the body to another.
- High metabolic rate, extreme longevity, and nonmitotic.

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5
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Glial cells (supporting non excitable) cells
- support, protect, & nourish the neurons. Aka neuroglia.
- Found in CNS and PNS.
- Smaller than neurons and capable of mitosis (can divide).
- 1:5 neuron to glial cell.
- Brain tumors are more likely to be derived from glial cells than neurons.

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6
Q

How are neurons structurally classified?

A

Classified according to the number of processes coming directly from the cell body of the neuron.

Unipolar: 1 short process that branches like a T

Bipolar: 2 processes, one dendrite and one axon

Multipolar: 3 or more dendrites and a single axon. (Most common of all neurons).

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7
Q

Describe the roles and characteristics of nerve cells, be able to describe what they look like as well.

A
  1. Neuron: initiate, transmit, and receive nerve impulse
  2. Oligodendrocyte: wrap themselves around myelin creating myelin sheath (connected to neurons)
  3. Microglial cell: (fight) remove pathogens and debri (small)
  4. Astrocytes (professor’s fav): have little feet & grabs onto blood vessels (capillaries) to form Blood Brain Barrier
  5. Ependymal cells: found on edges & line ventricles of brain & central canal of spinal cord
  6. (PNS) Schwann Cells: one schwan cell for 1 axon
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8
Q

Describe the functional classification of neurons.

A
  1. Sensory (afferent) transmit impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS
  2. Motor (efferent) transmit impulses from CNS to muscles or glands
  3. Interneurons facilitate communication between sensory and motor neurons
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9
Q

How is a nerve signal transmitted?

A
  1. AP is made in Axon Hillock and travels down the axon
  2. Causes vesicle to burst
  3. Neurotransmitor (NT) is released into synaptic cleft
  4. Dendrites grabs NT
  5. Cell body decides to make an Action Potential (AP) or not
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10
Q

How does myelination occur?

A
  • Glial cells (Oligodendrocyte) wrap around the axon to create a myelin sheath (doesn’t cover axon completely)
  • this allows for the conduction of action potentials quicker and more efficient
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11
Q

What are the major regions of the brain?

A
  1. Cerebrum: Biggest part of the brain that has 2 spheres. Location of conscious thought processes and the origin of intellectual functions. Contain large number of neurons that are needed for complex analytical and integrative function
  2. Diencephalon has 3 parts
    a. Epithalamus
    b. Thalamus: focus on one thing and block everything else out. Principle and final relay point for sensory info.
    c. Hypothalamus: master control of autonomic nervous system, master control of endocrine system, regulates body temp, controls emotions & behavior and regulated circadian rhythms. Also controls of food and water intake.
  3. brainstem
  4. cerebellum: develops from metencephalon
    - composed of left and right cerebellar hemispheres (seperated by vermis)
    - Each hemisphere consist of two lobes, anterior lobe and posterior lobe (separated by primary fissure)
    Ex. when you first start driving you activate cerebrum, but then you activate cerebellum
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12
Q

What is the purpose of meninges and what is there in order?

A
  • Are CT layers that separate soft tissues of the brain from bones of cranium
  • enclose and protect blood vessels that supply the brain
  • contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  • form some of the veins that drain blood from the brain.

Made up of 3 layers
1. dura mater
*Subdural space (potential space)
2. Arachnoid mater
arachnoid trabeculae
3. Pia Mater

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13
Q

What are the different kinds of septas?

A
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14
Q

What is the role of the CSF and where and how is it produced?

A
  1. Buoyancy: brain floats in CSF
  2. Protection: provides liquid cushion to protect delicate neural structures from sudden movement
  3. Environmental Stability: transports nutrients and chemical to the brain and removes waste products from the brain

**CSF is formed by choroid plexus. It is made in choroid plexus capillary and enters the ventricle

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15
Q

What is the role of BBB? Where is it located and how is it produced?

A
  • Regulates substances that enter interstitial brain fluid.
  • Protects neurons in brain from being exposed to drugs, waste, and harmful levels of hormones

Made of: capillary endothelial cells and astrocyte perivascular feet

NOT located in these parts of CNS:
- Choroid plexus
- Hypothalamus
- Pineal gland

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16
Q

What is the function of the Thalamus and Hypothalamus?

A

Thalamus: principal and final relay point for sensory information that will be processed and projected to the somatosensory cortex.
- allows you to focus on one thing and black out the rest

Hypothalamus: master control of autonomic nervous system
- master control of the endocrine system
- regulates body temp
- control emotional behavior
- control of water and food intake
- regulation of circadian rhythms

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17
Q

What are the functions of the Cerebellum and Cerebrum?

A

Cerebellum: responsible for providing smooth coordinated body movement. (sensory-motor coordination)
- comparison & prediction

Cerebrum: largest and most complex
- location of conscious thought processes and the origin of intellectual functions
- Complex analytical and integrative functions.

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18
Q

What are all the cranial nerves? (12)

A

CN I Olfactor: smell
CN II Optic: sight
CN III Oculomotor: eye muscles
CN IV Trochlear: oblique muscles
CN V Trigeminal: face, ears, and oral cavity
CN VI Abducens: Lateral rectus
CN VII Facial: facial expressions
CN VIII Vestibulocochlear: hearing
CN IX Glossopharyngeal: touch and taste
CN X Vagus: heart, lungs, trachea, abdominal organs
CN XI Accessory: sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
CN XIII Hypoglossal: tongue muscles

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19
Q

What is Gray matter?

A

Gray matter: located in spinal cord, sectioned shape resembles H/Butterfly
Anterior horns: innervates skeletal muscles
Lateral horns: innervates cardiac and smooth muscles
Posterior horns: processes sensory info
Gray commissure: helps communicate between L & R gray matter

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20
Q

What is White matter?

A

is deeper tissue of the brain and is composed of nerve fibers which serves to signal the brain, spinal cord and body

21
Q

Describe the spinal nerves, their numbering, and their locations and how they are able to exit the vertebra.

A
  • Each anterior root and posterior root unite within the intervertebral foreman to become a spinal nerve.
  • Contains both motor and sensory axons.
  • (C1-C7) exit the intervertebral foramen above the vertebrae of the same number
  • (C8) exit above the first thoracic vertebra
  • The remaining pairs exit below the vertebra of the same number
22
Q

What are the intercostal nerves?

A

T-T11 are intercostal nerves bc they travel in the intercostal space between adjacent ribs

Innervates: thoracic and abdominal walls.

23
Q

What are the Brachial plexuses?

A

Formed by anterior rami of spinal nerves C5-T1.
- Network of nerves that supply the upper limbs.

Innervates: the pectoral girdle and the entire limb of one side.

Five major terminal branches from the brachial plexus. Medial to Lateral = MARMU (My Aunt Runs My Uncle)

Musculocutaneous nerve
Axillary nerve
Radial nerve
Median nerve
Ulnar nerve

24
Q

What are the cervical plexuses?

A

formed by anterior rami of spinal nerves C1-C4.
Innervate: the anterior neck muscles and the skin of the neck, head & shoulders.
* It is easy to injure but PT should help.
* The phrenic nerves originate from here. C3, C4, & C5 keeps the diaphragm alive.

25
Q

What are the Lumbar plexuses?

A

Formed in the anterior rami of spinal nerves L1-L4.
- Subdivided into an anterior and posterior division.

Anterior division main nerve: obturator nerve. Innervates: the medial thigh and Adducts thigh. (Interesting In getting love on fridays)
iliohypogastric
ilioinguinal
Genitofemoral
Lateral femoral
Obturator
Femoral Nerve

Posterior division main nerve: femoral nerve.
Supplies the anterior thigh muscles and helps extend the knee

26
Q

What are the Sacral Plexuses?

A

Formed from the anterior rami of spinal nerves L4-S4.
- Anterior rami is organized into anterior and posterior division.
innervates: gluteal region, pelvis, perineum, posterior thigh, all leg and foot.
- The Sciatic nerve is the largest and longest nerve in the sacral plexus and in the body.
-The main branches of the sciatic nerve are the:
1. tibial nerve
2. common fibular nerve
3. deep fibular nerve
4. superficial fibular nerve

27
Q

What is the Sciatic Nerve?

A

The largest and longest nerve in the sacral plexus and in the body.
Main branches include:
Tibial nerve
Common fibular nerve
Deep fibular nerve
Superficial fibular nerve

28
Q

What are Monosynaptic reflexes?

A

Sensory axons synapse directly on motor neurons, whose axons project to the effector

Example: knee reflex test when sensory neuron/receptor (tap on knee) connect directly motor neuron to effector organ (knee kicks)

29
Q

What are Polysynaptic reflexes?

A

More complex pathways that exhibit a number of interneurons.

Example: Heat burns arm. Sensory neuron connects to interneuron then to motor neuron then cause effector organ to move (remove hand from heat)

30
Q

Describe hemispheric lateralization in relations to language, artistic ability, etc.

A
  1. Left hemisphere: contains Wernicke (helps interpret language) and the motor speech area (enables us to speak), language abilities, performing sequential and analytical reasoning tasks, direct info into smaller fragments
  2. Right hemisphere: imagination, insight, and musical talent.
31
Q

What is the concept of petalis?

A
32
Q

Describe the 4 categories of memory and how the brain stores information.

A
  1. Sensory memory: based on sensory input from the environment. Hold exact copies of what we heard for a fraction of a second
  2. Short term memory (STM) : limited capacity and brief duration. Can last from seconds to hours
  3. Working memory: used for temporarily storing and manipulating info. Constantly having to practice
  4. Long term memory (LTM): may exist for limitless periods of time
33
Q

Define ANS and what are the principle structures.

A

ANS: complex system of nerves that govern involuntary actions

Principle Structure:
CN III oculomotor
CN VII facial
CN IX glossopharyngeal
CN X vagus
Sympathetic trunk
T1-L2 in spinal cord
S2-S4 in spinal cord
Pelvic splanchnic nerves

34
Q

What are the functional divisions of the ANS

A

Parasympathetic division: operates the conservation of energy and replenishment of nutrient stores rest and digestion.

Sympathetic division: operates the preparation of the body for emergencies, fight or flight.
- Increase sympathetic division= increase in alertness and metabolic activity.
- Acceleration of heart and lungs, inhibition of stomach/intestinal action, dilation of blood vessels, inhibition of erection
- Epinephrine (adrenaline) is released

35
Q

What is the anatomy of the Sympathetic division of the ANS?

A
  • Sympathetic trunk and T1-L2 segments of spinal cord
  • Eyes, salivary glands, cardiac and pulmonary plexus,
36
Q

Discuss the mechanisms of neurotransmitter release by the sympathetic nervous system.

A

Acetylcholine: transmit signal to skeletal muscle

Epinephrine: fight or flight response

Dopamine: widespread in brain. affects sleep, mood, attention & learning.
- Lack of dopamine in brain is associated with parkinson’s disease.
- Excess dopamine linked to schizophrenia.

Serotonin: widespread in the brain. Affects sleep, mood, attention & learning.

37
Q

How does the body respond to stimuli?

A
  • our conscious is aware to general and special senses
  • When our body is exposed to sensory info (stimuli) info is sent to CNS or PNS then to efferent body parts
38
Q

Categorize receptors Tonic and Phasic

A

Tonic
- Process and receive stimuli constantly.
- Sensitivity to stimuli remains constant.
- Slowly Adapting.

Phasic
- With continued exposure sensitivity diminishes.
- Rapidly adapting.
- Has sensory adaptation

39
Q

How does gustation, vision, and hearing work?

A

Gustation: taste molecules within the oral cavity activate the taste hairs
Hearing: Auricle-> external acoustic meatus-> tympanic membrane vibrates​
-> malleus vibrates->incus vibrates-> stapes vibrate-> organ of corti vibrates
Smell: Odor molecules activate olfactory hairs-> olfactory hair cells activate olfactory receptor cells -> olfactory receptors cells synapse on neurons -> neurons sends info to the brain

** they are respond to external stimuli through sensory receptors of their respective organs and receptors cells synpase onto neurons

40
Q

What are the cells for olfaction?

A

Olfactory receptors cells: detect odors
Supporting cells: maintain and sustain receptors
Basal cells: stem cells that replace olfactory receptor cells

41
Q

What are the cells for vision?

A

Photoreceptors: detect light, color and movement
Goblet cells: lubricate and moisten the eye

42
Q

What are the cells for Gustation?

A
  • Gustatory cells are taste receptors, housed in taste buds. CT tissue in tongue is called papillae.
  • 4 types of tongue papillae

Filiform Papillae: closer to the middle of the body of tongue

Fungiform Papillae: Close to the Apex of tongue

Vallate Papillae: V shaped by the root of the tongue

Foliate Papillae: Lateral side of the tongue next to vallate

43
Q

What are the accessory structures of the eye?

A

Eyebrows: prevent sweat from dripping into the eye
Eyelashes: prevent large foreign objects from contacting the eyes
Eyelids: movable anterior protective covering for the eye

44
Q

What is the pathway tears take?

A
  1. Lacrimal fluid is produced in the lacrimal gland.
  2. Lacrimal fluid is dispersed across the eye surface.
  3. Lacrimal fluid enters the lacrimal canaliculi and collects in the lacrimal sac
  4. Lacrimal fluid from the lacrimal sac drains through the nasolacrimal duct
  5. Lacrimal fluid enters the nasal cavity
45
Q

What is the pathway of sound? (AETMISO)

A

Auricle → External acoustic meatus → Tympanic membrane vibrates→ Malleus vibrates → Incus vibrates → Stapes vibrates → Organ of corti vibrates

46
Q

What is lens accommodation?

A

Lens for near vision (accommodation)
- Lens thickened more spherical
- Suspensory ligaments relax, ciliary muscles contract, moving ciliary body closer to the lens.

47
Q

What is Pupillary Dilation?

A

dilator pupillae contracts and sphincter pupillae relaxes

48
Q

What is Pupillary Constriction?

A

sphincter pupillae contracts and dilator pupillae relaxes

Biology 005 (5 decks)

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