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Biology 005 > Exam 1. Study Guide. Pt.1 > Flashcards

Exam 1. Study Guide. Pt.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the steps to the Scientific Method

A
  1. Observation
  2. Hypothesis
  3. Experiment
  4. Conclusion
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2
Q

What is the Anatomic Position?

A

The point of reference where:
- head is upright
- feet are parallel and flat on the floor
- head is level and eyes are looking forward
- arms are on either side with palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away

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3
Q

Why is Anatomical position important?

A

Provides a clear and consistent understanding of anatomy/locations in the body

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4
Q

What are the different levels of organizations?

A
  1. molecules and atoms
  2. organelles
  3. cells
  4. tissues
  5. organ and organ systems
  6. organisms
  7. populations
  8. communities
  9. ecosystems
  10. biosphere
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5
Q

What level of organizations do Histologists study?

A

Microscopic structures that are too small to be seen with an unaided eye
ex. tissues

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6
Q

What level of organizations do cytologists study?

A

Structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye
ex. cells

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7
Q

What is Proximal and Distal

A

Proximal: Closest to point of attachment to trunk. ex. thigh
Distal: Farthest from point of attachment to trunk. ex. fingertips

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8
Q

What is Anterior and Posterior?

A

Anterior: In front of the body.
ex. thigh
Posterior: In the back of the body
ex. buttocks

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9
Q

What is Superior and Inferior

A

Superior: Closer to the head
ex. the chest is superior to the pelvis
Inferior: Closer to the feet
ex. the stomach is inferior to the heart

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10
Q

What is Medial and Lateral?

A

Medial: Toward the midline of the body
ex. the lungs are medial to the shoulders
Lateral: Away from the midline of the body
ex. the arms are lateral to the heart

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11
Q

The body can be divided into 2 major regions, what are they?

A

Axial: head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular: upper and lower limbs

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12
Q

What are the 2 body cavities

A
  1. Posterior cavities
  2. Ventral cavities
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13
Q

What are the 2 Posterior Cavities?

A
  1. Cranial: formed by skull bones
    *contains brain
  2. Vertebral: formed by vertebral column bones
    *contains spinal cord
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14
Q

What are the 2 Ventral Cavities?

A
  1. Thoracic: the superior cavity
    *contains lungs, heart, thymus
  2. Abdominopelvic: the inferior cavity
    *physically separated by the diaphragm
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15
Q

Where in the Thoracic cavity is the heart located?

A

Mediastinum

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16
Q

What are the 2 abdominopelvic cavities?

A
  1. Abdominal cavity (superior)
  2. Pelvic cavity (inferior)
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17
Q

What are the 9 regions of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A
  • Right hypochondriac
  • Right lumbar
  • right iliac

-epigastric
- umbilical
- hypogastric

  • Left hypochondriac
  • left lumbar
  • left iliac
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18
Q

How many quadrants can the abdominopelvic cavity be divided into?

A

4 quadrants: RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ

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19
Q

What is in the RUQ?

A
  • right lobe of liver
  • gallbladder
  • right kidney
  • portion of stomach
  • small & large intestine
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20
Q

What is in the RLQ?

A
  • cecum
  • appendix
  • portions of small intestine
  • reproductive organs (right ovary, right spermatic cord)
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21
Q

What is in the LUQ?

A
  • left lobe of liver
  • stomach
  • pancreas
  • left kidney
  • spleen
  • portions of left large intestine
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22
Q

What is in the LLQ?

A
  • most of small intestine
  • portions of the large intestine
  • left ureter
  • reproductive organs (left ovary, left spermatic cord
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23
Q

What are the 4 main types of Tissues?

A
  1. Connective
  2. Muscle
  3. Nervous
  4. Epitheil
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24
Q

Function of Connective Tissue

A
  • protects, supports, and interconnects body parts to organs.
  • Can be
    solid (bones)
    liquid (blood)
    intermediate (cartilage)
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25
Q

Function of Nervous Tissue

A
  • conducts impulses for internal communication
    ex. brain, spinal cord, nerves
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26
Q

Function of Muscle Tissue

A

produces movement
ex. skeletal, smooth, cardiac

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27
Q

Function of Epithelial Tissue

A
  1. Physical protection: from external components & abrasians
  2. Selective Permability: regulates movement of certain molecules
  3. Secretions: some epithelial cells called glandular cells produce secretions such as sweat ot oil
  4. Sensations: posses receptors that can detect light, taste, sound, smell, and hearing
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28
Q

What is the basic structure of epithelial tissue?

A

Top: Epithelium
Middle: Basement membrane
Bottom: Connective Tissue

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29
Q

What is it called when the epithelium has 1 layer of cells?

A

Simple

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30
Q

What is it called when the epithelium has 2 or more layers of cells?

A

Stratified

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31
Q

What are the 3 types of epithelial cells?

A
  1. squamous: flat cells
  2. cuboidal: cube cells
  3. columnar: cells that are taller than they are wide
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31
Q

What is pseudostratified?

A

single layer, nuclei gives the appearance of multiple layers, stratified epithelium but they are NOT

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32
Q

What is Transitional Epithelium?

A

transitions from squamus to cuboidal to stretch
ex. found in bladder

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32
Q

How do epithelial cells connect?

A

intercellular junctions

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32
Q

What are the 5 types of intercellular junction?

A
  1. Tight junction
  2. Adhere junction
  3. Desmosome junction
  4. Gap junction
  5. Hemidesmosome junction
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33
Q

What is stratified squamous and sratified squamous keratonized?

A

stratified squamos: multiple layers of flattened cells
Stratified squamous keratonized:multiple layers of flattened cells with keratin on top

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34
Q

How many organ systems are there in the human body? Name them.

A
  1. Integumentary
  2. Muscular
  3. Skeletal
  4. Nervous
  5. Endocrine
  6. Cardiovascular
  7. Lymphatic
  8. Respiratory
  9. Digestive
  10. Urinary
  11. Reproductive (male & female)
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35
Q

What is the Integumentary System?

A
  • Consists of skin, associated glands, and hair
  • Provides protection, regulated body temp, synthesizes vit D, prevents water loss
36
Q

What is the Skeletal System?

A
  • provides support and protection
  • creates blood cells
  • stores calcium
  • allows for body movement
37
Q

What is the Muscular system?

A
  • produces body movement
  • generates heat when muscles contract
38
Q

What is the Nervous System?

A
  • regulatory system that controls body movement
  • nerve cells/ nerons
  • glial cells/neuroglia (supporting cells)
  • nerons have cell body, nucleus, bendrites, axon, axon hillock, synaptic terminal.
39
Q

What is the Endocrine system?

A

Consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones, some of which regulate

40
Q

What is the Cardiovascular system?

A

Consists of a pump (heart) that moves blood through (blood vessels) to distribute hormones, nutrients, gases, and pick up waste products

41
Q

What is the Lymphatic system?

A

Transports and filters lymph (interstitial fluid)
- initiates an immune response when necessary

42
Q

What is the Respiratory system?

A

Responsible for exchange of gases (co2 & o) between blood and the air in lungs

43
Q

What is the Digestive system?

A

Mechanically and chemically digests food materials
- absorbs nutrients
- expels waste products

44
Q

What is the Urinary system?

A

Filters the blood and removes waste products from the blood
- waste is concentrated into urine, and body expels it

45
Q

Male Reproductive system

A
  • produces male sex cells (sperm) and male hormones (testosterone)
  • transfers sperm to the female
46
Q

What is the Female Reproductive system?

A
  • produces female sex cells (oocytes) and female hormones (estrogen & progesterone)
  • receives sperm from male
  • site of fertilization of oocyte
  • site of growth and dev. of embryo and fetus
47
Q

What is polymerization?

A
  • dehydration synthesis
  • small molecule subunits create macromolecules
48
Q

What are the 4 different Macromolecules?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic Acids
49
Q

Carbohydrates: What is their function, identify monomers, linkage to bond monomer, and give example.

A

Primary source of energy
Monomers: monosaccharides & simple sugars
Linkage: Glycosidic bond
ex. Starch, glycogen, suckage

50
Q

What is the difference between dehydration and hydrolysis. What is the relationship with monomers and macromolecules?

A

Hydrolysis: breaks down macromolecules
Dehydration: makes small molecule structures into macromolecules

51
Q

Lipids: What is their function, identify monomers, linkage to bond monomer, and give example.

A

A source of energy, insulation, cushion
Monomers: fatty acids & glycerol
Linkage: estee bond
ex. oil, fat, wax, steroids, phosolipids (cell & plasma membrane)

52
Q

Proteins: What is their function, identify monomers, linkage to bond monomer, and give example.

A

Have 3 different functions
1. Transport protein: enables transport in cells
2. Structural protein: gives structure 2 cells
3. Enzymes: breaks down macromolecules and catalyze reactions
Monomers: (20) amino acids
Linkage: Peptide bond

53
Q

What are the 3 Amino Acid groups

A
  1. Amino group
  2. carboxylic group
  3. RGroup (makes 20 diff amino acids bc of 20 diff R groups)
54
Q

Nucleic acids: What is their function, identify monomers, linkage to bond monomer, and give example.

A

Store & Transmit genetic info
Monomers: nucleotides
Linkage: phosphodiester
ex. DNA & RNA

55
Q

What are the 3 basic parts of human cells?

A
  1. Plasma cell membrane
  2. cytoplasm: gel like fluid
  3. Nucleus: holds DNA (stores and transmits genetic info)
56
Q

Why is the plasma membrane important?

A
  • Serves as a selective physical and chemical barrier deciding on what it wants
  • extremely thin outer border of cell
  • regulates passage of gases, nutrients, and waste
57
Q

What is the cell membrane made of?

A

-Made up mainly of lipids
*each phospholipid has a polar
- membrane proteins (gives membrane functions)

58
Q

What are the 3 times of Membrane lipids?

A
  • phospholipids: main lipids in bilayer
  • cholestrol: strengthens membranes against extreme temps
  • glycolipids: lipids & carbs
59
Q

What kind of proteins are in the cell membrane?

A

integral & peripheral

60
Q

How do materials transport across the plasm membrane

A

There are 2 general types of membrane transport.
1. Passive: Does NOT require energy. Materials move from high conc.-> low conc.
ex. going down the stairs
2. Active: Does REQUIRE energy from the cell. Materials are moved from low conc. -> high conc.
ex. going up the stairs

61
Q

What are some characteristics of preferred molecules that can transport through cell the membrane? (easily)

A
  • small
  • non polar
  • hydrophobic
    (simple diffusion)
62
Q

What are the 4 types of diffusion for Passive Transport?

A
  1. simple diffusions: small, non-polar, hydrophobic
  2. osmosis: transports water molecules ONLY uses aquaporin channels
  3. facilitated diffusion: for large or polar (charged) molecules. Requieres transport protein/protein channel
  4. bulk filtration: diffusion of both liquids (solvents) and dissolved molecules (solute)
63
Q

What does Active Transport sometimes require?

A
  • a transport protein
    ex. ion pump
    NA+ &K+
64
Q

What is ATP

A
  • energy (cells use ATP)
  • “currency of life”
65
Q

Describe the 3 parts of cell life

A
  1. interphase (resting & prep)
  2. mitotic phase (divides)
  3. Death
66
Q

What are the Interphase stages?

A

G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase

67
Q

What occurs in G1 Phase?

A

Cells grow, replicate organelle, produce proteins for replication and centrioles just PRIOR to cell division

68
Q

What occurs in S Phase?

A

SYNTHESIS where DNA replicate in prep for cell division

69
Q

What occurs in G2 phase?

A

Centriole replications complete

70
Q

What is the Mitotic phase?

A
  • When 2 daughter cells are produced that are genetically identical to the mother cell
71
Q

What are the 2 Mitotic Phases?

A
  1. Mitosis: duplication of DNA, division of nucleus (PMAT): prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
  2. Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm & mother cell
72
Q

Prophase

A

when duplicate, identical sister chromotids are conjoined at centrome
- spindal fibers begin to grow from each centriole
- dissolution of nuclear envelope

73
Q

Metaphase

A

Middle
- chromosomes line up along equatorial plate
- spindel fibers attach to centromere of sister chromotids &form an oval structure called the mitotic spindle

73
Q

Anaphase

A

apart

74
Q

Telephase

A

a pinched part (a cleavage appears), completes physical division of daughter cells

75
Q

Why do cells die?

A
  1. harmful agents
  2. apoptosis: programmed cell death
76
Q

What are organelles?

A

mini organ cells

77
Q

What is the function of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A
  • Membrane enclosed network of tubules that produces steroid hormones.
  • make lips (cholesterol and phospholipids) and calcium
  • transports steroid hormones
  • detoxification process
78
Q

What is the function of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A
  • has membrane bound ribosomes
  • production folding, quality control and despatch of some proteins
  • creates lipids, cholesterol, & phospholipids
79
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Receive proteins and lipids from the RER for modifications, sorting, packaging.

80
Q

What is the function of Lysosome?

A

They are organelles in animal cells filled with digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
- essential for cellular waste

81
Q

What is the function of centrosomes and centrioles?

A

centrosomes: Maintains the chromosome number during cell division
centrioles: Helps with cell division in animal cells & in formation of the spindle fibers that separate the chromosomes during cell division

82
Q

What is the function of Peroxisomes?

A

Tiny organelles that help cells break down fats, alcohol, harmful substances like hydrogen peroxide into safer molecules such as water and oxygen.

83
Q

What is the function of Mitochondria?

A
  • powerhouse of the cell, produces the energy (ATP) necessary for the cell’s survival and function.
  • has own set of DNA that doesn’t leave nucleus
  • They also involve in signaling between cells and cell death, known as apoptosis.
84
Q

What is the function of Ribosomes?

A

synthesizing proteins by translating the genetic code transcribed in mRNA into an amino acid sequence

85
Q

What is the function of Cytoskeleton?

A
  • located within the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells and is made up of 4 protein structures that have different functions.
  • provide cell movement, a structure
86
Q

What is the function of Cilia and Flagella?

A

Flagella: microscopic hair-like structures that aid in the locomotion of the cell. This is because they have a whip-like appearance that helps propel a cell through the liquid using a propeller-like motion.
Cilia: an organelle that has hair like projections found along the respiratory tract. These hair like projections help move debris out of the respiratory tract.

87
Q

What is the function of Microvilli?

A
  • are finger-like membrane protrusions, supported by the actin cytoskeleton, and found on almost all cell types.
  • ncrease the surface area of the cell’s apical surface, resulting in more effective absorption or secretion of substances.
88
Q

What is the function of the Nucleus?

A

control center of cells. cover the nucleus genetic material. Keeps the nuclear material enclosed from the cytoplasm.

89
Q
A

Biology 005 (5 decks)

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