Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 005 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of muscles tissue?

A
  1. Excitability: outside stimuli initiate electrical change
  2. Contracity: stimuli leads to contractions
  3. Elasticity: muscles fibers are able to return to og shape
  4. Extensibility: muscle fibers need to stretch beyond relaxed length
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the heirchy of the structure of muscles?

A

Muscles
Fascicles
Muscle Fibers
Myofibrils
Myofilaments
Actin & Mysin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are Myofilaments?

A
  • do not run entire length of muscle fibers
  • organized in sarcomere (functional unit of contraction) - Short contractile proteins of two types:
    1. thick (composed of myosin)
    2. thin (composed of actin and associated proteins (tropomyosin and troponin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are Myofibrils?

A

Have the ability to shorten, resulting in contraction of the muscle and the production of motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Epimysium?

A

dense CT that surrounds the entire muscle tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Sacrolemma?

A

plasma membrane that surrounds muscle fiber & regulate re-entry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a Sarcomere?

A
  • functional unit of contraction
  • defined by area between 2 adjacent Z discs
  • each sarcomere shortens as the muscle fibers contract
  • only H & I shorten (Hi)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What makes up skeletal muscle fibers?

A
  • Attached to bone via tendon
  • Multiple fasicles bundled together make up skeletal muscle
  • contract and protect skeleton
  • Muscle fibers have striations
  • Skeletal Muscles are considered organs
  • they are multinucleated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Nueron Junction?
What is the process of muscular contractions? What is the role of NT?

A

Muscle contraction begins with motor nuerons
1. Synaptic Knob: expanded end of the nueron
2. Synaptic Vesicles: membrane-bound vessicles filled w/ acetylcholine (ACh)
3. Motor end plate: region of sarcolemma across from synaptic knob that has folds and indentations to increase the surface area in that region
4. Synaptic cleft: narrow space seperating the synaptic knob from the motot end plate
5. ACh receptors: in the motor end plate that bind to ACh
6. Acetylcholinesterase: (AChE) an enzyme in the synaptic cleft that rapidly **breaks down **ACh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Hypertrophic Cartiomyopathy?

A
  • excessive thickening of the heart muscle that inhibits the hearts ability to contract
  • Myocardial disarray instead of normal muscle structure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

A

thinning and stretching of of heart muscle that cause it to grow larger
- dilated left ventricle
- loss of myocytes
- decrease in contractile proteins
- myofilament disarray
- interstitial fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is CN VII paralysis?

A
  • Facial nerve paralysis on the left side of the face
  • lack of the left orbicularis oculi contraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Strabismus?

A
  • irregular eye alignment
  • can be crossed eyes or walleyes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Torticollis?

A
  • condition in which the neck muscles contract, causing the head to twist to one side
  • happens in babies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Tetanus?

A
  • a disease caused due to the action of toxin (tetanospasmin) produced by (Clostridium tetani) on synapses within the central nervous system
    Symptoms: lockjaw and generalized muscle spasms risis sardonics= sardonic smile in older children and adults and opisthotonus=intense contraction of the paravertebral muscles in babies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the different groups of axial muscles?

A
  1. Muscles of head & neck
  2. Muscles of vertebral column
  3. Muscles of respiration
  4. Muscles of abdominal wall
  5. Muscles of the pelvic floor
17
Q

What are the 6 extrinsic eye muscles, their innervations, and their movement?

A

LR6 (SO4) 3
1. Medial rectus (CN III) pulls eye medially
2. Lateral rectus (CN VI) pulls eye laterally
3. Inferior rectus (CN III) pulls eye inferiorly
4. Superior rectus (CN III) pulls eye superiorly
5. Inferior oblique (CN III) elevates and turns eye laterally
6. Superior oblique (CN IV) depresses and turn eye laterally

18
Q

What are the muscles of mastication?

A
  • move the mandibular joints
  • are all innerated by CN V3
    Include:
    1. Temporalis: elevates & retracts the mandible (pulls posteriorly)
    2. Masseter: elevates & retracts the mandible (pulls anteriorly)
    3. Lateral & Medial pterygoids: protract & move the mandible from side to side when chewing
19
Q

What are the muscles of the head and neck?

A

Anterolateral muscles
1. sternocleidomastoid
2. bilateral contraction: cause flexion of neck
3. unilateral contraction: cause lateral flexion

Posterior muscles
1. splenius capitits
2. splenius cervicus
3. semispinalis captis
4. longissimus captis

20
Q

Describe the actions of all the muscles that move the tongue

A
  1. Intrinsic muscles
  2. extrinsic muscles
    - glenioglossus: protracts (sticks out) tongue
    - Styloglossus: elevate and retracts tongue
    - Hyoglossus: depresses and retracts tongue
    - Palatoglossus: elevates posterior part of tongue
21
Q

Describe the actions of the muscles that move the glenohumeral joint/arm.

A
  • the shoulder that connects humerus to the axial skeleton
  • abduction, flexion, extemsion, internal rotation,
22
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles?

A

SITS- muscles that attach to axial skeleton and to the humerus
1. subscapularis: Action: stabilize and rotate glenohumeral joint (abducts the arm)
2. supraspinatus: externally rotates the glenohumeral joint
3. infraspinatus: externally rotates the glenohumeral joint
4. teres minor: internally rotates the glenohumeral joint (medially rotating arm)

23
Q

What are the actions of the muscles of the anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral thigh?

A

Anterior muscles: flexes, abducts and laterally rotates thigh; flexes leg and rotates leg medially
Posterior muscles:
Medial muscles:
Lateral thigh:

24
Q

Describe the muscles of the arm and forearm that move the elbow joint/forearm?

A
25
Q

What is a Sarcome and what are its components?

A

Sarcomere: functional contractile unit of skeletal muscle; the distance between two adjacent z discs
Components
A band: dark band in the middle of the sarcome:composed of thick filaments
H zone: lighter region in the middle of the A band; contains thick filaments only
M line: thin transverse protein that appears as a dark protein disc in the center of the H zone where thick filaments attach
I band: light band containing thin filaments only and titan proteins
Z discs: dark proteins called connections in the center of the I band where thin filaments attach *tells you were sarcomeres are

26
Q

What is the sliding filament theory?

A

In lecture definition:
Myosin parks in myosin parking site, grabbing actin pulling it and letting go

  1. During contraction, the thick and thin filaments interact and slide past each other
  2. Width of A band remains constant, but H zone disappears
  3. Z discs in each sarcomere move closer together
  4. sarcome narrows in length
  5. I band narrows
  6. length of the thick and thin filaments never changes whether the muscle is contracted or relaxed
27
Q

What causes sarcomere to shorten? (HI)

A

H band shortens
I band shortens

28
Q

How do muscles contract?

A
  • calcium binds with Triponon
  • Triponin moves laterally
  • Tropomyocin moves lateraly exposing myosin binding site
  • mysosin binding site is open and
    Myosin parks there grabbing actin pulling it and letting go
29
Q

What are the 3 Fiber Types in Skeletal Muscles?

A
  1. Slow fibers:
  2. Intermediate fibers
  3. Fast fibers
30
Q

What are slow fibers?

A
  • slow contractions
  • a lot of capilaries
  • ATP uses slowly
  • Color: Red fibers
  • requires oxygen to make ATP (Aerobic reaction)
    ex. marathoners
31
Q

What are Intermediate fibers?

A
  • intermediate contractions
  • a lot of capilaries
  • ATP uses fast
  • Color: Fiber is red
  • requires oxygen to make ATP (Aerobic reaction)
  • great resistance to fatigue
    ex. moderate movement in regular people
32
Q

What are Fast Fibers?

A
  • fast contractions
  • sparse concentration of capillaries
  • ATP use fast
  • Color: white
  • no oxygen to make ATP anaerobic reaction
  • low resistance to fatigue
    ex. sprinters have lots
33
Q

What is the term for swallowing?

A

deglutition

34
Q
A

Biology 005 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions