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Biology 005 > Exam 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Skeletal System?

A
  • an organ system with tissues that grow and change throughout life
  • includes: bones, cartilages, ligaments, and other supportive CT
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2
Q

What are the functions of cartilage? What are the 3 different of cartilages?

A

Functions: Supports body movement and protects body
1. Hyaline
2. Fibrocartilage
3. Elastic

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3
Q

What is the function of Hyaline Cartilage and where is it found?

A

Function: supports movement of joints between bones
- most common, but also the weakest cartilage
Located in: nose, articular cartilage of a joint, costal cartilage

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4
Q

What is the function of Fibrocartilage and where is it found?

A

Function: serves as a cushion within joints to bear weight/resistance
Located in: cartilage of intervertebral disc and meniscus (pad like cartilage in knee joint)

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5
Q

What is the function of Elastic Cartilage and where is it found?

A

Function: supports flexibility of body parts that need to move
Located in: external ear

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6
Q

Bone Covering: What is the Periosteum and Endosteum

A

Periosteum: irregular CT, covers external surfaces
Endosteum: covers internal surfaces

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7
Q

What are the Classifications for bones?

A
  1. long
  2. short
  3. flat
  4. irregular
  5. pneumatic
  6. sesamoid
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8
Q

What is the function of Long Bones?

A
  • provide stability, structure and strength
  • made up of epiphysis (2) and diaphysis (1)
    ex. humeros, femur (thigh), radius (connected to thumb in forearm), Ulna (lower forearm), tibia & Fibula (legs), and
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9
Q

What are Short Bones?

A
  • enable concentrated movement/articulation
  • mobility, strength & support
  • short and can be of any shape
    ex. carpal and tarsal bones (cuboid, cuneiform, scaphoid, trapezoid etc.)
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10
Q

What are Flat Bones?

A
  • Flat appearance, 2 prominent surfaces, form boundaries of certain body cavities
  • made up of 2 compact bones on the outer surface and spongy bone in the middle (sandwich)
    ex. scapula, ribs, sternum etc.
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11
Q

What are Irregular Bones?

A
  • shape is irregular and do not fit any category in shape
    ex. vertebrae, hip bones and bones in the base of skull
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12
Q

What are Pneumatic Bones?

A
  • have an irregular shape but they have large air spaces that make them lightweight and are found in the skull
  • help with resonance of sound and as air conditioning chambers for inspired air
    ex. skull, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxilla
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13
Q

What are Sesamoid Bones?

A
  • in the form of nodules embedded in tendons and joint capsules
  • ossification takes place after birth
    ex. patella, pisiform and fabella
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14
Q

What are Osteoprogenitor cells?

A

STEM cells that become osteoblasts

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15
Q

What are Osteoblasts?

A
  • IMMATURE
  • Secrete osteoid which hardens & produces new bone
  • many become osteocytes
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16
Q

What are Osteocytes?

A
  • MATURE bone cells
  • trapped in a matrix (vomit capsule) & forms callus
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17
Q

What are Osteoclasts?

A
  • get rid of excess bone
  • remodeling of bone/callus
18
Q

What is Intramembranous Ossification? Name the 4 steps!

A
  • when cartilage develops into bone from mesenchyme or fibrous tissue
    1. Ossification center forms w/ in thickened region of mesenchyme
    2. Osteoid undergoes calcification
    3. Woven (primary) bone and surrounding periosteum form (immature)
    4. Lamellar (mature) -> 2 compact & 1 spongey
19
Q

What are the 4 steps of Intramembranous Ossification?

A

When bone develops from mesenchyme or fibrous tissue
1. Ossification center forms w/ in thickened regions of mesenchyme
2. Osteoid undergoes calcification (calcium salts being deposited on osteoid and entrap osteoblast
3. Woven (primary) bone and surrounding periosteum form (IMMATURE)
4. Lamellar (MATURE) 2 compact and 1 spongey

20
Q

What is a callus and how is it remodeled?

A

A callus form to heal a fracture and osteoclasts remodel it and leave a bump.

21
Q

What are the major sets of blood vessels of the bone and what do they supply?

A
  1. Nutrient Artery: main blood vessel that enters the diaphysis. Supply bone marrow in medullary cavity
  2. Metaphyseal: enters at the metaphyses to supply blood to the spongey bone
  3. Epiphysial: enters at the epiphyses and supply red bone marrow and spongey bone
  4. Periosteal Arteries: supplies blood to outer compact bone via haversian canals of osteons
  5. Venous system: drains blood away from the bone
22
Q

What makes up the Axial Skeleton?

A
  1. vertebral column
  2. thoracic cage (ribs)
  3. skull
23
Q

How many bones in human adult?

A

206
Axial: 80
Appendicular: 126

24
Q

How many bones are in the skull?

A

22
Facial: 14 no contact w/ brain
Cranial: 8 contact w/ brain

25
Q

What are the Cranial Bones?

A

PESTOF
- Parietal (2)
- ethmoid
- sphenoid
- temporal (2)
- occipital
- frontal

26
Q

What are the Facial Bones?

A

VAIN
- vomer
- auditory ossicles
- inferior nasal concha
- nasal bone

MM
- maxilla
- mandible

PLZ
- palatine
- lacrimal
- zygomatic

27
Q

What are the bones associated with the skull?

A
  1. Auditory Ossiclele (malus, incus, stapes)
  2. Hyoid: located inferior to mandible, attachment site for tongue and muscles of larynx used in swallowing
28
Q

What are the 4 sutures?
Where do they all meet?

A
  1. Coronal
  2. Lambdoid
  3. Sagittal
    (1-3 fuse in late 20’s-30’s)
  4. Squamous (fuse in 60’s)

They all meet at the Pterion (weakest part of skull)

29
Q

What are fontanels and their 2 roles when they ossify.

A

Holes in the skull that are made up of dense regular CT
1. Anterior: ossifies @15m
2. Posterior: ossifies @ 9m

Two main roles:
1. All skull to get bigger for growing brain
2. Allows for passage through the vagina (molding of head)

30
Q

What is the Thoracic Cage? How many ribs are there?

A

Bone frame around the chest
- 24 ribs in total
True Ribs: 1-7 that touch the sternum
False Ribs: 8-12 don’t touch the sternum
Floating ribs: 11-12 don’t touch anything

31
Q

What are the landmarks of the scapula?

A

Articultion: Glenoid cavity where the head of the humerous sits
- 3 borders (superior, lateral and medial) and 3 angels (superior, inferior, and glenoid cavity at lateral angle)
- spine, acromion process

32
Q

Discuss: Arthritis, Craniosynostosis, kill blow, and cleft palate

A

Arthritis: Rheumatic disease that affects synovial joints
Craniosynostosis: congenital defect that causes one or more sutures on a baby’s head to close earlier than norma
kill blow: When the Ethmoid bone penetrating the brain.
Cleft Palate: When the palate does not fuse together properly in a a developing baby.

33
Q

What are the structural classes of joints/articulation

A
  1. Fibrous: Bones held together by collagen fibers
  2. Cartilaginous: bones held together by cartilage and bone separated by fluid
  3. Synovial: bones ends are covered with articular cartilage
34
Q

What are the functional classes of joints and how do they move?

A
  1. Synarthroses: immobile joints (MOST STABLE)
  2. Amphiarthroses: slightly mobile joints mobile joints
  3. Diarthroses: FREELY mobile joints (NOT STABLE)
35
Q

Compare Symphysis Gomphosis and Sychondrosis Syndesmosis

A

Symphysis (BONES JOINED BY FIBROUS CT) Gomphosis: where teeth articulates between maxilla and mandible
ex. front root of tooth -> alveolar process of mandible
Sychondrosis (BONES JOINED BY HYALINE CARTILAGE) Syndesmosis: Between parallel bone. Also known as “interosseous membrane”.
ex. between ulna and radius so the two bones can move as one

36
Q
A
37
Q

Describe the following Synovial Joint: Condyloid, Ball and Socket, Saddle, and Hinge

A

Condyloid: in metacarpals
Ball and socket: move in all axis ex. hip and shoulder
Saddle: move in multiple axis ex. carpal and metacarbal bones
Hinge: movement on one axis -> allows flexion and extension ex. elbow

38
Q

How does the femur articulate?

A

The femoral head of the proximal femur articulates with the acetabulum of pelvis. Femur head= ball
Acetabulum = socket
also aarticultes with patella & tibula

39
Q

What is the pelvic girdle?

A
  • strongly attached to axial skeleton (sacrum)
  • deep sockets
  • more stable than pectoral girdle
  • less freedom of movement
40
Q

What bones make up the Os Coxae?

A

Hip bone made up of 3 separate bones in childhood which fuse (IPI)
1. Ilium
2. Pubis
3. Ischium

Biology 005 (5 decks)

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