exam #4 Flashcards
vocal tract
tube like series of cavities beginning at vocal
folds and ending at lips
articulators
movable structures which directly form portion of vocal tract wall, or are directly attached to wall
articulators (6)
lips
mandible
tongue
soft palate
hard palate
teeth
lips bottom line
small mass relative to forces available
highly elastic
fast twitch muscle
bottom line ‐‐‐‐‐ lips set up to move very quickly
lips magnitude of movement _______ related
inversely related
greater movement of one associated with less movement of other
mandible movements (5)
raise, lower, retrude, protract, lateralize
mandible ROM
range of movement for
speech much less than
total range
also, more restricted than
range for chewing
jaw never completely
closed during speech
is the mandible a primary articulator?
no
what does the mandible affect
influences UL and LL movement
tongue rides on jaw
distance tongue has to travel to make dental, alveolar, palatal
contacts depends on jaw position
influences overall size of oral cavity
considered most important supraglottal articulator
tongue
tongue mass and viscosity
mass negligible in relation to muscle forces available
viscosity negligible in relation to muscle forces available
muscular hydrostat
tongue
velopharyngeal mechanism
valve that couples and
decouples oral and nasal
cavities
sagittal velar elevation
movements occur superiorly
and posteriorly
clearly prominent muscle
associated with velar
elevation
levator veli palatini
purpose of articulator movement
to control airflow simultaneously with changing vocal tract
shape so that a sound stream is created
airflow control is an
aerodynamic phenomenon
shape control is an
acoustic phenomenon
control of VP/nasal function (4)
VP‐Nasal Airway Resistance
VP‐Nasal Acoustic Impedance
VP Closure Forces
VP Function During Speech
VP-nasal airway resistance
opposition to airflow out
VP port, nasal cavities, outer
nose
resistance affected by status of VP mechanism and by nasal airway status
VP-nasal acoustic impendence
VP port can be adjusted to
influence degree of coupling
between oral and nasal
cavities
when closed, nearly all
sound energy passes orally
when VP port open, oral and
nasal cavities free to
exchange sound energy
and interact acoustically
if oral tract closed (i.e. /m/),
sound energy passes nasally, with oral cavity as acoustic side branch
if oral tract open, sound
energy divided between
oral and nasal cavities
VP closure forces
soft palate must contact posterior pharyngeal wall with sufficient tightness to functionally separate oral and nasal cavities
VP functions during speech (3)
movement patterns
height variation
gravity
VP height variation
velar elevation greater for high vowels than for low vowels
low vowels sometimes associated with VP opening
pharyngeal -oral lumen size/configuration
result of adjustments in
position of structures lining
the airway
result in changes in length,
diameter, cross‐sectional
area along tube, cross‐
sectional configuration
oral contact forces
similar to VP closure forces
degree of constriction in oral cavity dependent on sound being produced (e.g. /l/ versus /t/
oral pressure requirements and effects of gravity important considerations
pharyngeal-oral airway resistance
opposition to airflow
through tract
greatly affected by changes
in tract cross sectional area
most prominently affected
by changes in oropharynx,
oral cavity, oral vestibule
pharyngeal oral acoustic impedance
opposition to movement of
energy (sound waves)
through vocal tract
also affected by changes in
cross sectional area of tract
pharyngeal-oral function
coupling between oral cavity and atmosphere
- chewing
- swallowing
- generation and filtering of speech sounds
- transient and continuous noise sources
- acoustic filtering (resonation)
- coarticulation
cavities of the vocal tract (4)
buccal
oral
nasal
pharyngeal
buccal cavity
highly variable
space between lips and cheek externally & alveolar processes & teeth
internally
oral cavity
bounded anteriorly & laterally by
alveolar processes & teeth
superiorly by hard and soft palate
inferiorly by muscular floor of mouth
posteriorly by anterior faucial pillars
nasal cavity
divided sagitally by nasal septum
bounded anteriorly by nares
inferiorly by hard and soft palate
posteriorly by nasopharyngeal wall
pharyngeal cavity
from base of skull to bottom of cricoid
divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx,
laryngopharynx
VP mechanism parts (3)
hard palate
palatal vault
soft palate
hard palate
formed by palatine processes of maxilla and palatine bones
palatal vault
rounded roof of the mouth
soft palate
also called velum
muscular valve that modified communication between oral and nasal cavities
VP muscles (5)
levator veli palatini
tensor veli palatini
musculus uvulae
palatoglossus
palatopharyngeus
levator veli palatini
forms bulk of soft palate
pulls soft palate superiorly and posteriorly to posterior pharyngeal wall
tensor veli palatini
tense and lower palatal aponeurosis
opens eustachian tube
musculus uvulae
draw uvula superiorly and anteriorly
tenses palate to enhance effectiveness of levator action
palatoglossus
anterior faucial pillar
may pull down on velum if tongue is fixed
palatopharyngeus
posterior faucial pillar
guide material through pharynx
muscles of mastication
depressors
digastric
mylohyoid
geniohyoid
lateral pterygoid
elevators
massater
medial pterygoid
temporalis
digastric
with hyoid fixed, assist in depressing mandible
mylohyoid
thin sheet of muscles forming floor of mouth
could assist in lowering
geniohyoid
paired cylindrical muscle located superior to mylohyoid
with hyoid fixed, lowers jaw
lateral pterygoid
aka external pterygoid
protrude mandible
needed for grinding motion
masseter
thick flat muscle coverinf lateral aspect of mandibular ramus
elevates jaw
medial pterygoid
aka internal pterygoid
with masseter, forms mandibular sling
what makes the mandibular sling
medial pterygoid and masseter
mandibular sling attaches mandible to skull
temporalis
thin broad msucle on side of skull
elevates and retracts the mandible
muscles of facial expression
transverse
buccinator
risorius
angular
zygomatic major
zygomatic minor
levator labii superior
depressor labii inferior
vertical
levator anguli oris
depressor anguli oris
mentalis
muscles of facial expression - transverse
course horizontally from origin and insert into orbicularis oris
muscles of facial expression - vertical
approach corners of mouth obliquely from above or below
muscles of facial expression - angular
enter corners of mouth from directly above or below
principle muscle of facial expression
orbicularis oris
orbicularis oris
principle lips muscle
sphincter muscle that goes all the way around the lips
closes and puckers lips
buccinator
transverse
principle muscle of cheek
deepest muscle of face
compress lips and cheeks against teeth
draw corners of mouth laterally
risorius
transverse
highly variable
draw corners of mouth laterally
zygomatic major
angular
draw mouth corner superiorly and laterally (wide smile)
zygomatic minor
angular
elevate upper lip
levator labii superior
angular
above upper lip
elevate upper lip
depressor labii inferior
angular
beneath lower lip
lower lip inferiorly
levator anguli oris
vertical
above upper lip
draw corner of mouth superiorly
depressor anguli oris
vertical
above depressor labii inferior
depress lip angle
mentalis
vertical
below lower lip
wrinkles chin
evert lower lip (pout)
tongue parts
tip - closest to teeth
blade - below upper alveolar ridge
front - below hard palate
back - below soft palate
tongue muscles (8)
Extrinsic
anchor tongue, add to its bulk, aid in movement
▪ Genioglossus
▪ Styloglossus
▪ Hyoglossus
▪ Palatoglossus
Intrinsic
alter tongue shape, aid in movement and positioning
▪ Superior Longitudinal
▪ Inferior Longitudinal
▪ Transverse
▪ Vertical
genioglossus
extrinsic
bulk of tongue tissue
strongest and largest tongue muscle
protrude tip
styloglossus
extrinsic
draw tongue posteriorly
antagonist to genioglossus
hyoglossus
extrinsic
retract and depress tongue
palatoglossus
extrinsic
pull up on tongue if velum is anchored
superior longitudinal
intrinsic
just below mucous membrane of dorsum
shortens tongue, turns tongue tip up
inferior longitudinal
intrinsic
lateral to genioglossus
shorten tongue, pull tongue tip down
transverse
intrinsic
narrow and elongate tongue
vertical
intrinsic
flatten tongue
how many bones in the skull
22
mandible
most dynamic bone
begins as two half and fuses together
maxilla
paired bone that forms upper jaw
makes the… roof of mouth, floor of orbit, floor and lateral walls of nasal cavity
palatine bones
small tiny bones below eye
nasal bones
two small ones make bridge of nose
lacrimal bones
smallest of facial bones
inner corner of eye
zygomatic bones
cheek bone
zygomatic process of maxilla, temporal bone and zygomatic bones make the zygomatic arch
what makes the zygomatic arch
zygomatic process of maxilla, temporal bone and zygomatic bones
ethmoid
nose area
although regarded as cranial bone, contributes to facial
skeleton
inferior nasal concha
makes up inferior aspect of lateral wall of nasal cavity
vomer
inferior half of bony nasal septum
articulates inferiorly with palatine process of maxilla and palatine bones
anterior border articulates with cartilagenous septum of nose
cranial bones (5)
sphenoid
temporal bones (3)
occipital bones
parietal bone
frontal bone
frontal bone
forms anterior part of brain case
vertical plate contributes to forehead
horizontal plate contributes to roof of orbit and nasal cavities
parietal bones
form most of rounded roof of cranium
articulate with frontal bone at coronal suture
joined together in midline at sagittal suture
occipital bone
inferior and posterior portion of cranium
includes foramen magnum
occipital condyles, lateral to foramen magnum, articulate
with superior facets of C1
temporal bones
paired bones forming most of lateral base and sides of brain
case
each bone has 3 portions
squamous portion
petrous portion
tympanic portion
sphenoid bone
located at base of skull, behind ethmoid, and in front of foramen magnum
cranial sutures (4)
coronal suture
sagittal suture
squamosal suture
lambdoid suture
temporomandibular joint
only skeletal joint in articulatory
system
dysarthria
neurological damage leading to muscle weakness
can affect multiple processes
Respiration
inadequate breath support
poor coordination between phonatory & respiratory muscles
Phonation
hypo/hyper vocal fold function
voiced/voiceless distinction
prosody
Articulation
imprecise placement
slowed, slurred, distorted speech
Resonance
oral/nasal resonance balance
cleft palate
failure of union of palatal shelves, muscles
Respiration
increased respiratory effort in attempt to close VP port
Phonation
increased breathiness to mask abnormal aerodynamics & acoustics
Articulation
reduced ability to impound oral pressure resulting in changes to articulatory
kinematics (e.g., backing)
Resonance
adversely affects oral/nasal resonance balance and aerodynamics
emphysema
destruction of alveoli, reduced lung elasticity
Respiration
reduced Psub …. reduced intensity
increased respiratory effort
shorter breath groups
Phonation
LES dysfunction leading to reflux… may result in laryngeal issues
upper respiratory tract infections … may result in laryngeal issues
CA joint arthrytis
associated with rheumatoid arthritis
Respiration
adductory fixation causing inspiratory stridor
shortness of breath
Phonation
vocal fold immobility
hoarseness, breathiness, aphonia
Articulation
associated TMJ involvement may limit jaw motion
