exam 3 Flashcards
what is the pharynx
vertically oriented tube from cranial base to inferior border of-cricoid cartilage
three parts of the pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
oropharynx location
from soft palate to superior border of epiglottis
oropharynx contains _____
faucial pillars
________ __________ lie between anterior and posterior faucial pillars of the oropharynx
palatine tonsils
where is the nasopharynx
posterior extension of nasal cavity
______ contains the pharyngeal tonsils (aka adenoids)
nasopharynx
_______ contains torus tubarius (aka eustachian tube opening)
nasopharynx
where is the laryngopharynx
from superior border of epiglottis to base of cricoid cartilage
_______ communicates with the larynx at aditus laryngis
laryngopharynx
______ contains the pyriform sinuses
laryngopharynx
pharyngeal tube (3 parts)
mucosal layer
fascial layer
muscle layer
- circular & longitudinal
muscles of the pharynx (7)
superior constrictor
middle constrictor
inferior constrictor
cricopharyngeus
stylopharyngeus
salpingopharyngeus
palatopharyngeus
superior constrictor action
may contribute to velopharyngeal closure
constrict pharyngeal wall during swallow
superior constrictor forms…
nasopharyngeal and upper oropharyngeal
walls
constrictor muscles weakest to strongest
superior constrictor
medial constrictor
inferior constrictor
middle constrictor action
modify diameter of pharynx
middle constrictor shape
fan shaped
inferior constrictor action
modify diameter of pharynx
contribute to upper esophageal sphincter
(see cricopharyngeus)
cricopharyngeus action
open and close upper esophageal sphincter (w/ inferior constrictor)
cricopharyngeus is part of the ________
inferior constrictor
stylopharyngeus action
elevate and dilate the pharynx
assists in elevating the larynx
salpingopharyngeus action
elevate and dilate pharynx
what muscles elevate and dilate the pharynx (2)
salpingopharyngeus
stylopharyngeus
what muscles open and close upper esophageal sphincter (2)
cricopharyngeus and inferior constrictor
what muscles modify diameter of pharynx (5)
middle constrictor
inferior constrictor
stylopharyngeus
salpingopharyngeus
palatopharyngeus
superficial fascia on neck surrounds the ______
platysma muscle
- veins in neck when you tense
deep fascia allows ______ to move up and down
trachea
danger space is in between
alar fascia and prevertebral fascia
danger space is dangerous because…
infection can spread from skull base to the way to mediastinum
major arteries in neck (5)
R & L subclavian
R & L common carotid
brachiocephalic (middle)
common carotids branch into…
internal & external carotids
what are the major source of blood supply for the brain
internal carotids
______ ______ come from the subclavians
vertebral arteries
vertebral arteries become ______ at junction of medulla and pons
basilar artery
major neck veins (6)
R & L brachiocephalic
superior vena cava
internal jugular
external jugular
subclavian
right and left brachiocephalic join together to form ______
superior vena cava
external jugular drains
face and scalp
internal jugular drains
brain, anterior face, deep muscles
Important neck nerves 2
CN 10 - vagus
phrenic
neck glands (3)
submandibular
thyroid
parathyroid
neck nodes (2)
submandibular
cervical
larynx main role is _______ (3)
PROTECTIVE
1. prevent air from escaping lungs
2. prevent foreign substances from entering lungs
3. expel foreign substances threatening trachea
larynx also is a ______ when not performing a biological role
sound generator (vocal cords)
hyolaryngeal elevation does what
protects airway as we swallow
what is hyoid bone attached to
no other bone
held in place by muscles and ligaments
What suspends the larynx
Hyoid bone
where is hyoid bone located
in neck at level C3
three parts of hyoid bone
body
greater cornu (2)
lesser cornu (2)
thyroid cartilage parts (7)
lamina (body)
superior and inferior cornu
facets (2)
notch
prominence
articular facets of _________ attach to cricoid cartilage to form the cricothyroid joint
inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage
who has the sharpest notch of the thyroid cartilage
men
children have the least
cricoid cartilage is shaped like
signet ring
cricoid cartilage is located immediately above the
tracheal cartilage
cricoid cartilage forms the
lower border of the laryngeal framework
arytenoid cartilages are located where
quadrate lamina of cricoid cartilage
arytenoid cartilages shape
3d triangle
corniculate cartilages do what
cap each arytenoid
no real importance
epiglottis purpose
prevents food from entering larynx during swallow
epiglottis shape
flexible leaf-like structure
epiglottis location
behind hyoid bone and root of tongue
cuneiform cartilages function
help support folds & stiffen them to maintain opening of larynx
joints in larynx (2)
cricoarytenoid
cricothyroid
cricoarytenoid is what type of joint
saddle (diarthrodial)
cricoarytenoid allows for
rocking and some gliding
rocking movements of arytenoids do what
moves vocal processes up and out or down and in
cricothyroid is what kind of joint and how does it move
pivot (synovial)
rotates and slides
cricothyroid joint allows for
decreased separation between thyroid and cricoid cartilages
what joint influences fundamental frequency
cricothyroid joint
two types of membranes/ligaments
extrinsic
intrinsic
extrinsic membranes do what
connect laryngeal cartilages to external structures
intrinsic membranes do what
interconnect laryngeal cartilages and help regulate extent
and direction of their movements
extrinsic membranes (2)
hyothyroid
cricotracheal
intrinsic membranes (2)
cricovocal
quadrangular
laryngeal cavities (3)
glottal
supraglottal
subglottal
cricovocal membrane aka
conus elasticus or vocal ligament
subglottal cavity borders
superior - vocal cords
inferior - lower border of cricoid cartilage
suprahyoid extrinsic laryngeal muscles (4)
Digastric
Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
infrahyoid extrinsic laryngeal muscles (4)
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
three types of intrinsic laryngeal muscles
abductor
adductor
tensor/relaxer
intrinsic abductor muscle (1)
posterior cricoarytenoid
intrinsic adductor muscles (3)
Lateral Cricoarytenoid
Interarytenoids
- Oblique
- Transverse
intrinsic tensor/relaxer muscles (3)
Thyroarytenoid
- Thyrovocalis
- thyromuscularis
Cricothyroid
digastric muscle
paired muscle, each consisting of 2 fleshy bellies
- anterior and posterior bellies
stylohyoid location & function
long slender muscle lying just superficial to
posterior belly of digastric
draw hyoid bone superiorly and
posteriorly
mylohyoid location & function
thin sheet of muscle fibers forming muscular
floor of mouth
elevate hyoid bone, floor of mouth,
tongue
geniohyoid location & function
paired cylindrical muscle located just
superior to mylohyoid
with mandible fixed, raises hyoid
bone superiorly and anteriorly
sternohyoid location & function
flat muscle lying on anterior surface of neck
draws hyoid inferiorly
omohyoid location & function
long, narrow two‐bellied muscle on antero‐
lateral surface of neck
depress, stabilize hyoid bone
sternothyroid location & function
long slender muscle on anterior surface of
neck
may draw thyroid cartilage inferiorly
thyrohyoid location & function
appears as superiorly directed extension of
sternothyroid
decreases distance between thyroid
cartilage and hyoid bone
what muscles are responsible for control of sound production
intrinsic muscles
intrinsic muscles always act in ____
pairs
two ways intrinsic muscles affect the larynx
medial compression - force with which the vocal cords are brought together
longitudinal tension - stretching force (affects F0)
only abductor muscle of larynx
posterior cricoarytenoid
posterior cricoarytenoid action
rocks arytenoid cartilages away from
midline, abducting the vocal processes
and, therefore, the vocal folds
lateral cricoarytenoid function
rocks arytenoid cartilages toward
midline, adducting the vocal processes
and, therefore, the vocal folds
interarytenoids 2 parts
oblique and transverse interarytenoids
oblique interarytenoids action
oblique fibers approximate arytenoid
cartilages via tipping or rocking action
more superficial of two, consisting of two
fasciculi
transverse interarytenoids action
transverse fibers approximate
arytenoid cartilages via sliding action
more extensive and deeper of the two
aryepiglottic action
pulls epiglottis posteriorly and
inferiorly to cover upper entrance to
larynx
extension of oblique interarytenoids
thyroarytenoid function and two parts
tensor/relaxer
makes up main mass of vibrating vocal folds
consists of two muscle masses
Vocalis ‐ portion just lateral to vocal
ligament
Thyromuscularis ‐ lateral to vocalis
vocalis description and function
thought to be vibrating mass of vocal folds
thyroarytenoid action
principle function is regulator of longitudinal tension
cricothyroid 2 parts actions
pars recta
pars oblique
result is increase in distance between
thyroid and arytenoid cartilages and
tension of vocal folds
vocal fold histology - layers (5)
epithelium
lamina propria
- superficial layer
- intermediate layer
- deep layer
thyroarytenoid muscle
- main body of VC
myoelastic-aerodynamic theory 2 parts
myoelasticity - elastic recoil similar to recoil of lung-thorax unit
aerodynamic forces - bernoulli effect
bernoilli effect definition and formula
air flowing through system creates suction force perpendicular to movement of air
greater the flow rate, greater the suction force
E = KE + PE
E = total energy (constant throughout system)
KE = kinetic energy (energy of motion)
PE = potential energy (energy of pressure in system
bernoilli effect in the vocal tract
if a tube is constricted, air will flow faster through the constricted section
therefore, pressure in tube will be less at the
constriction
VC biomechanics - spring (formula)
elastic
Fk = xK, where
x = displacement
K = spring constant
represents tension
VC biomechanics - dashpot: definition and formula
viscous damper that opposes motion (not position)
FB = x’B, where
x’ = velocity
B = damping constant
in larynx, used to decrease velocity
of mass (vocal fold) due to elasticity (spring)
VC biomechanics - mass
inertial
FM = x’’M, where
x’ = acceleration
M = mass
three criteria for mechanical oscillation
- stable equilibrium position
- inertia in system to overshoot equilibrium
- net energy loss in system = 0 (if oscillation is to be self‐ sustaining)
three mass model (m, m1, m2)
vocal fold body represented
by third mass (m)
vocal fold cover represented
by two masses (m1 and m2), capable of independent horizontal motion
m1 and m2 allow for
simulation of
vertical phase
difference
glottal shape ________ during opening
convergent
glottal shape ________ during closing
divergent
control of F0 accomplished via … (2)
- adjustments of vocal folds (primary)
- adjustment of respiratory system (secondary
3 laryngeal (vocal fold) factors include___
vocal fold tension (stiffness)
effective vibrating mass
cover tension increase via laryngeal elevation
increase tension =
increase Fo
stretching (lengthening) folds will …. (2)
stiffen them (increase longitudinal tension)
reduce their mass per unit of length (thinning)
cover dominant phonation
only the cover vibrates during soft and high frequency phonation
cricothyroid contracts, unopposed by thyroarytenoid
body-cover phonation
at low – intermediate frequencies or at moderate‐to‐high intensity
phonation at any frequency, thyroarytenoid (body) participates in
vibration
Fo control now involves a combination of cricothyroid and
thyroarytenoid activity
decrease effective vibrating mass =
increase Fo
but, must decrease mass by factor of 4 to double Fo
suprahyoid muscles and thyrohyoid
may exert pull on underside of vocal
folds via conus elasticus to
elevate F0
may be used as last biomechanical
adjustment to attain highest
fundamental frequencies
sternothyroid and sternohyoid
contraction may lower the larynx,
causing vocal folds to
shorten and
thicken - decrease F0
tracheal air pressure tends to ______ with Fo
increase
