exam 4 Flashcards
1
Q
sebum
A
oil; protective substance
2
Q
pathogens
A
disease causing agents
(bacteria, viruses, etc.)
3
Q
innate (nonspecific) immunity
A
inborn; same defenses regardless of pathogen type
4
Q
acquired (specific) immunity
A
develops over course of life. a specific attack against a specific pathogen
5
Q
first line of defense
A
physical (integumentary system, mucus, hairs, etc.) and chemical (sebum, gastric acid, normal bacteria flora lysozyme) surface barriers
6
Q
second line of defense
A
fever, inflammation, phagocytes
7
Q
third line of defense (specific)
A
immune responses (T and B lymphocytes, antibodies, and macrophages)
protects against a specific pathogen
Dependent of B and T cells (lymphocytes)
8
Q
does immune system identify whole pathogens or surface antigens?
A
surface antigens
9
Q
lymphocytes
A
B and T cells
10
Q
antigens
A
proteins, lipids, oligosaccharides
11
Q
anything that is not recognized as self will be killed. true or false
A
true
12
Q
lymphatic system function
A
pick up fluid lost from capillaries and returns it to the blood. defense against pathogens
13
Q
primary lymphoid organs
A
red bone marrow and thymus gland
14
Q
secondary lymphoid organs
A
spleen and lymph nodes (tonsils)
15
Q
red bone marrow
A
site of blood cell production B cells mature here
16
Q
thymus gland
A
immature T cells from bone marrow move to thymus and mature (most stay here: 95%)
17
Q
spleen
A
filled with white pulp (contains lymphocytes and red pulp) filtering of erythrocytes
18
Q
lymph nodes
A
contain B cells, T cells, and macrophages
common in neck, armpits, and grain regions
19
Q
lymph vascular system (3 D’s)
A
drainage, delivery, and disposal
20
Q
integumentary system
A
largest organ of the body
Functions:
-protection
-maintenance of homeostasis (body temp)
-sensory
-synthesis of chemicals
Made of: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis
Accessory organs: oil and sweat glands, hair, nails
21
Q
epidermis
A
outer layer of skin
“keratinized” stratified squamous epitelium
22
Q
dermis
A
dense irregular connective tissue. blood vessels and nerve endings oil and sweat glands fair follicles and nails
23
Q
hypodermis
A
bottom layer
specialized loose connect tissue (adipose)
fat: insulator and cushion
24
Q
glands
A
sweat: thermal homeostasis
sebaceous (oil): oils skin and keeps hair flexible “keeps safe”
25
mucous membrane
epithelial tissue that lines any cavity open to exterior
26
goblet cells
epithelial cells that are secreted by mucous
27
cytokines
chemical messages
28
what releases cytokines
macrophages
29
complement systems
attracts phagocytes, binds to pathogen, forms membrane attack complexes, triggers inflammation, effect against bacteria NOT viruses
30
interferon
attacks virally infected cells kills fully infected and partially infected neighboring cells to prevent spread
31
fever
a change in the body's temp. results in elevation of basal body temp.
Pyrogens (proteins) reset the body's thermostat
Direct: prevents pathogen growth at higher temps.
Indirect: Aids defensive mechanisms by raising metabolic rates
32
inflammation (4 steps)
1) histamine released by mast cells (cause vasodilation)
2) increased blood flow causes warmth and redness
3) increased blood flow brings more leukocytes
4) neutrophis release cytokines to call for more leukocytes including macrophages
33
adaptive immunity mobilizes
B and T cells
1) specificity (only against one antigen)
2) diversity (combined against billions)
3) memory (storage for next invasion)
34
effector cells
respond immediately
35
memory cells
set aside for second or third encounter
36
antibody-mediated immunity
B cells create disease fighting compounds called antibodies (help T cells present)
37
cell-mediated immunity
T cells directly attack pathogen containing cells through direct cell to cell contact (cells infected on the inside)
Targets: viruses, bacteria, some protozoa
Cytotoxic T cells have perforins (punch holes in target cells)
38
cytoxic (killer) T cells
produced in bone marrow and go to thymus for development cell-mediated immunity
39
MHC markers
Major histocompatibility complex
code for proteins that stick out of cell membranes
T cells have receptors that recognize them
(it's me, MHC)
40
antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
macrophages and dendritic cells (phagocytotic cells)
enzymes break antigen into pieces
pieces join with MHC markers
helper T cell binds, releases cytokines
41
important aspects of antibodies
shape
diversity and specificity of antibody-mediated immunity
binding of antigens
42
activation of B cells
When antibodies bind, B cells divide
Helper T cells produce cytokines
B cell descendants become memory cells or plasma cells
43
immunoglobulins
proteins produces by B cells; various shapes
antigen-binding sites; other sites with special roles
44
types of Igs
IgM: first formed in newborn and first infection
IgD: on surface of immature B cells
IgG: main antibody in circulation (most common)
IgA: found in milk and saliva
IgE: parasitic infection and allergic response
45
natural immunity
protection that an individual inherits to fight infection
46
artificial immunity
acquired to through medical intervention
47
active immunity
body makes its own antibodies
48
passive immunity
given prepared antibodies
49
allergies
harmless substances that provoke immune attack
50
anaphylactic shock
whole body allergic response
51
4 layers of tissue in digestive tract (inner to outer)
mucosa
submucosal
muscularis
serosa
52
peristalsis
the GI tract movement
53
sphincters
help regulate the passage of food through GI tract
54
main steps in the digestive process
ingestion, digestion, movement, absorption, elimination
55
ingestion
intake of food via mouth
56
digestion
mechanically/chemically breaking down food into their sub units
57
movement
food must be moved along the GI tract in order to fulfill all functions
58
absorption
movement of nutrients across the GI tract wall to be delivered to the cell via the blood
59
elimination
removal of indigestible molecules; dedication
60
when does food processing start
when it enters your mouth
61
3 salivary glands
parotid, submandibular, sublingual
62
saliva
mostly water
bicarbonate buffer
mucins
salivary amylase (begins starch digestion)
63
bolus
chewed food mixed with saliva
64
what closes the larynx when swallowing
epiglottis
65
what covers the nasal cavity when swallowing
uvula
66
stomach
3 layers
mixes and stores ingested food
food passes to the small intestine
empty stomach has folds called rugae
houses chief cells in lining (pepsinogen -> pepsin)
67
helicobacter pylori
produce toxins
stomach inflammation; may lead to ulcers
68
small intestine
6 meters long
absorbs most nutrients
3 regions:
- duodenum (next to stomach)
- jejunum
- the ileum (next to large intestine)
has villi to increase surface area
69
accessory organs of the digestive system
pancreas, gallbladder, liver
70
pancreas
exocrine gland: releases digestive enzymes
endocrine gland: produce hormones
71
gall bladder
sausage shaped, green colored sac stores excess bile produced by the liver
72
liver
manufactures bile
secretes cholesterol into bile
hepatic portal vein: comes from small intestine filled with nutrients
converts and stores excess glucose as glycogen
manufactures blood plasma proteins
inactivates many hormones
73
facilitated diffusion
diffusion with protein help
74
segmentation in small intestine
enhances back and forth mixing
75
digestion of proteins
stomach (pepsin)
76
digestion of triglycerides
small intestine
77
large intestine
anything not absorbed in small intestine moves to large intestine
1.2 meters
function: water re-absorption, ion uptake, and feces formation
78
what causes the release of HCI
gastrin
79
cholecytokinin (CCK)
triggers pancreatic enzymes and bile release
80
secretin
slows contractions and causes release of bicarbonate
81
glucose insulin topic peptide (GIP)
triggers release of insulin form pancreas
82
digestion path
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
83
kidney function
remove metabolic waste from blood adjust fluid balance in the body hormone secretion
84
biggest metabolic waste from the body
CO2
85
breakdown of proteins produces
ammonia (toxic) to urea (in liver); half is reabsorbed in the kidney
creatine made by muscle cells from the breakdown of creatine phosphate
86
what produces uric acid
break down of nucleic acid
87
kidneys maintain the electrolytic balance of what
ions
88
kidneys maintain what two homeostatic mechanisms
water-salt and acie-base
89
nephron flow
Glomerular (bowman) capsule-> proximal tubule->loop of Henle->distale tubule->collecting ducts
90
three processes of nephron loop
filtration (glumular capsule)
re-absorption (all along tubular part)
secretion (distal tubule)
91
chyme
mixture of enzymes and partially-digested food
92
what antibody is the most abundant in blood?
igG
93
what is not an antigen-presenting cell?
mast cell
94
mast cells release
histamine
95
lysozyme and pH are a part of your
chemical barriers to entry
96
true or false. B cells need T cells, but T cells do not need B cells
true
97
immunoglobulin injections and breast feeding are examples of
passive immunity
98
what is usually inherited and is characterized by a lack of an enzyme resulting in improper development of T cells
SCID
99
T cells are produced in the __ and mature in the __
red bone marrow; thymus gland
100
the target of __ is specific and includes pathogens that have not gained entry into a cell
antibody mediated immunity
101
in __ a person's immune system is weakened or lacking altogether
systemic lupus
102
the function of this leukocyte is to induce apoptosis using perforin and granzyme
cytotoxic T cell
103
what forms pores within pathogens in order to cause the invader to burst and disintegrate?
membrane attack complex
104
what produces antibodies in the future
memory B cells
105
which of the lymphatic organs functions in filtering blood
spleen
106
phagocytic leukocytes and fever are a part of
innate immunity
107
this antibody is produced in response to an allergen
igE
108
what is not one of the hallmark symptoms in the inflammatory response
fever
109
this chemical weapon functions by regulating an immune response
cytokine
110
which disorder is caused by an overactive immune system
lupus and rheumatoid arthritis
111
nucleosidase causes a nucleotide to be broken into
sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base
112
this part of a tooth contains the nerves and blood vessels
pulp cavity
113
what is not involved in chemical digestion
esophagus
114
what is not a function of the pancreas
stores glucose and glycogen
115
the appendix is directly attached to
cecum
116
places the layers of the digestive tube in order from the lumen outward
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
117
protein digestion begins in the __ and ends in the __
stomach; small intestine
118
what is the correct pathway for food
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
119
what are finger-like projections found in the small intestine
microvilli
120
after the blood laves the glomerular capillaries it goes via the efferent arterioles to the
peritubular capillaries
121
filtration of the blood in the kidney takes places in the
glomerulus of bowman's capsule
122
the most toxic substances routinely found in the blood are metabolites of
protiens
123
what are significant routes for water loss from the body?
excretion in urine, sweating, elimination in feces, and evaporation from skin and lungs
124
if blood is too acidic bicarbonate ions enter the bloodstream via the
peritubular capillaries
125
in reabsorption
nutrients and salts are selectively returned to the blood
126
solutes enter the body's extracellular fluid by
eating, secretion of substances from living cells, breathing, and carbon dioxide release from respiring cells
127
the fundamental unit of the kidney is the
nephron
128
ammonia is converted to the much less toxic substance
urea
129
the most abundant waste product of metabolism is
carbon dioxide
130
filtrate fro the bowman's capsule flows into the
proximal convoluted tubule
131
the hormone that influences sodium reabsorption in the kidney is
aldosterone
132
the urinary system helps to maintain the extracellular fluid pH by
excreting hydrogen ions
133
the process by which the body exerts the greatest control involving the water balance of an individual is
urinary excretion
134
the hormone produced by the kidney that is responsible for stimulating the production of red blood cells is
erythropoietin
135
blood is delivered to each nephron by
an afferent arteriole
