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BMS 110 > BMS exam 2 > Flashcards

BMS exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the flow of information?

A

DNA (nucleus)
RNA (from nucleus to cytoplasm)
protein (cytoplasm)

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2
Q

Chromosome

A

very long DNA molecule association with protein

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3
Q

chromatin

A

DNA and protein combined

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4
Q

How many chromosome do we have?

A

46; 23 pairs

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5
Q

diploid

A

two sets of chromosomes

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6
Q

homologous

A

they both contain the same genes on it

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7
Q

what are the sex chromosomes (pair 23) in males and females

A

XY males
XX females

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8
Q

autosomes

A

pairs 1-22 of chromosomes

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9
Q

what is the purpose of mitosis?

A

growth, replace worn out or dead cells, and repair tissue

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10
Q

what is the purpose of meiosis?

A

to create gametes for sexual production with half the genetic material of the parent cells

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11
Q

What are the steps of the cell cycle?

A

interphase (3/4), mitosis (1/4), cytokinesis

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12
Q

what is the cell cycle?

A

“lifetime” of a somatic cell
varies depending on cell type

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13
Q

steps of interphase

A

G1: cell growth
S: DNA chromosomes are copied through replication
G2: preparation for mitosis

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14
Q

what happens in cytokinesis?

A

cytoplasm divides

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15
Q

What happens before cell division?

A

chromosomes replicate (duplicate)

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16
Q

what happens during the early stages of cell division?

A

duplicated chromosomes coil and condense
importance of histones

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17
Q

what are the steps of mitosis?

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

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18
Q

prophase

A

coiling and condensing of the chromosomes

microtubules form into spindle formation

nuclear membrane begins breaking up

microtubules move centrioles to the opposite poles

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19
Q

pro metaphase

A

leads into metaphase

nuclear membrane breaks apart

microtubules penetrate the nuclear region

the microtubules interact with chromosomes at the centromere

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20
Q

metaphase

A

duplicated chromosomes align midway (metaphase plate) between the poles of the cell

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21
Q

how many centrioles are in each centrosome?

A

2

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22
Q

anaphase

A

sister chromatids split and become independent chromosomes

spindle elongates, pushing the poles farther apart

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23
Q

telophase

A

chromosomes are no longer connected to the spindle

chromosomes begin to decondense

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24
Q

when will the cytoplasm divide?

A

after mitosis produces two new cell nuclei

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25
Q

cytokinesis of mitosis

A

division of the cytoplasm
begins toward the end of anaphase

cleavage furrow forms pinching the cell in two

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26
Q

what does cytokinesis give each new cell?

A

a share of the parent cell’s cytoplasm

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27
Q

what leads to genetic variation?

A

mixing and blending the gene pool, creating new genetic combinations

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28
Q

how many times does the parent cell nucleus divide in meiosis?

A

2

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29
Q

interphase (meiosis)

A

germ cell copies its DNA

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30
Q

meiosis 1

A

homologues pair up and then seperate

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31
Q

meiosis 2

A

sister chromatids split
four haploid cells formed

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32
Q

prophase 1

A

chromosomes condense
each chromosome has two sister chromatids

crossing over occurs

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33
Q

why are daughter cells not genetically identical in meiosis?

A

crossing over

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34
Q

metaphase 1

A

paired chromosomes are oriented toward opposite poles

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35
Q

anaphase 1

A

chromosomes separate

independent assortment occurs: separated homologues move toward opposite poles

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36
Q

telophase 1

A

chromosomes reach the poles; nuclei forms
spindle apparatus is disassembled

daughter cells separate by membranes

reduced chromosomes to 23 in each nucleus

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37
Q

prophase 2

A

chromosomes attach to a new spindle apparatus

sister chromatids are attached to spindle fibers from opposite poles

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38
Q

metaphase 2

A

chromosomes align at equatorial plane

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39
Q

anaphase 2

A

centromeres split

chromatid disjunction - sister chromatids move toward opposite poles

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40
Q

telophase 2

A

separated chromatids gather at poles; daughter nuclei form

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41
Q

cytokinesis in meiosis

A

the haploid daughter cells are separated by cytoplasmic membranes

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42
Q

when does disjunction and independent assortment occur?

A

during anaphase 1
chromosomes move to opposite poles of dividing cell

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43
Q

genetic recombination

A

genes may have different chemical forms

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44
Q

what genetic variation occur at prophase 1?

A

crossing over:
nonsister chromatids break at the same places along their length

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45
Q

what are the 6 C’s of cell reproduction?

A

chromatin, chromosome, chromatid, centrosome, centriole, centromere

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46
Q

genome

A

the complete set of genes in a certain organism

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47
Q

human genome project

A

1990-2003

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48
Q

main goal of human genome project

A

determining the sequences of >3 billion nitrogenous base pairs in human DNA

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49
Q

rules of segregation

A

One trait

each pair of genes in diploid cells are separated from each other so they end up in different gametes

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50
Q

rule of independent assortment

A

two trait

at meiosis, the gene pairs of one trait are sorted out for distribution into one gamete or another independently

51
Q

how many base pairs of DNA are there?

A

3 billion

52
Q

how many genes do humans have?

A

21,500

53
Q

locus

A

specific location of the gene on a chromosome

54
Q

allele

A

each version of a gene

55
Q

genotype

A

inherited alleles

56
Q

phenotype

A

observable functional or physical traits

57
Q

law of segregation

A

pairs of alleles separated during gamete formation

58
Q

monohybrid cross

A

inheritance of single- gene traits

59
Q

independent assortment

A

occurs during meiosis

a given chromosome and its genes move randomly into gametes

eye color does not affect hair color

60
Q

how many alleles do genes in a diploid cell have?

A

2

61
Q

dihybrid cross

A

between individuals heterozygous for two traits

62
Q

pharmacogenetics

A

identify genes that control common reactions to various drugs

63
Q

pleiotropy

A

wide-ranging effect of one gene

64
Q

what is an example of pleiotropy?

A

sickle-cell anemia

65
Q

codominance

A

more than one allele of a gene is expressed

66
Q

multiple allele system

A

gene that has three or more alleles

67
Q

linkage

A

means the distance between genes is short

68
Q

penetrance

A

probability that someone who inherits an allele will have the phenotype associated with it

69
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

homozygous recessive
100% penetrant

70
Q

polydactyly

A

dominant allele fot extra digits
incompletely penetrant

71
Q

polygenic traits

A

combined expression of several genes

72
Q

multifactorial trait

A

phenotypes shaped by one or more genes and affected by the environment

73
Q

centromere

A

location of the chromosome for microtubule attachment

74
Q

kinetochore

A

protein complex at centromere facilitating microtubule attachment

75
Q

telomere

A

repetitive noncoding sequence at the end of each chromosome

76
Q

karyotype

A

visualizes the chromosomes

77
Q

X chromosome

A

XX: female
most genes deal with nonsexual characteristics

78
Q

sex-influenced traits

A

appear more often in one sex than the other
genes located on autosomes

79
Q

sex-limited genes

A

only the gene’s appropriate for the person’s sex are turned on

80
Q

translocation

A

moves one segment of a chromosome to a different chromosome

81
Q

reciprocal translocation

A

part of one chromosome exchanges places with corresponding part of non homologous chromosome

82
Q

philadelphia chromosome

A

extra-long chromosome 9 due to a piece of chromosome 22

83
Q

euploid

A

cells that have a multiple of 23 chromosomes

84
Q

aneuploidy

A

embryo does not have an exact multiple of 23 chromosomes (one chromosome off)

85
Q

trisomy

A

triplication of one chromosome

86
Q

monosomy

A

the absence of one chromosome in an otherwise diploid individual

87
Q

polyploidy

A

embryo has three, four, or more sets of 23 chromosomes

88
Q

what are polyploid conditions found in humans?

A

triploidy (69 chromosomes) and tetraploidy (92 chromosomes)

89
Q

nodisjunction

A

one or more pars of chromosomes fails to separate during cell division

90
Q

example of nondisjunction

A

down syndrome: trisomy 21

91
Q

angiogenesis

A

formation of blood vessels from preexisting blood vessels

92
Q

primary tumor

A

mutant, cancer cells form a lump

93
Q

cancer cells

A

grow and divide faster than surrounding tissue
take up space
form a lump
puts pressure on normal tissue

94
Q

secondary tumor

A

cells grow and divide to make new

95
Q

cell cycle checkpoints

A

pauses the cell cycle and checks the status of the cell and its surroundings before moving to the next stage of the cell cycle

96
Q

cell cycle checkpoint stages

A

G1: check DNA is intact and environment is favorable
S and G2: check replication is right
M: check microtubule attachment and chromosomal alignment

97
Q

oncogene

A

mutated proto-oncogene that causes cancer
by itself, oncogene does not cause malignant cancer

98
Q

tumor-suppressor gene

A

stops cell growth
the “brakes” of cell growth

99
Q

proto-oncogene

A

promotes cell growth
the “accelerator” of cell growth

100
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death
cancer cells can avoid this

101
Q

gene mutations

A

affects one gene
small deletions, duplications, mutations

102
Q

chromosome mutations

A

largest region of chromosome is deleted, duplicated, inverted, or translocated
affects multiple genes

103
Q

genome mutations

A

affects chromosome number

104
Q

silent mutation

A

nucleotide in codon is changed but coon still encodes the same amino acid

105
Q

missense mutation

A

nucleotide in codon is changed so it encodes a different amino acid

106
Q

nonsense mutation

A

nucleotide in codon is changed so it encodes for a STOP codon

107
Q

frameshift

A

every amino acid that follows will be altered

108
Q

what are the four point mutations?

A

frameshift, silent mutation, missense mutation, and nonsense mutation

109
Q

carcinogen

A

substance that promotes cancer development

110
Q

tumor

A

abnormal growth of body tissue

111
Q

Purines

A

adenine and guanine

112
Q

pyrimidines

A

cytosine, thymine, and uracil

113
Q

how many hydrogen bonds hold A-T?

A

2

114
Q

how may hydrogen bonds hold G-C?

A

3

115
Q

genes

A

localized regions along DNA molecule where information for making proteins is organized

116
Q

DNA replication

A

process of copying DNA prior to cell division

117
Q

transcription

A

DNA to RNA
process occurs in nucleus using RNA polymerase

118
Q

exons

A

sequences for the proteins

119
Q

regulatory proteins

A

speed up or halt transcription

120
Q

what are the stages of translation?

A

initiation, elongation, termination

121
Q

polysomes

A

cluster of ribosomes all translating the same mRNA at the same time

122
Q

are there more codons or amino acids?

A

codons

123
Q

if nondisjunction occurs what will the resulting cell be?

A

aneuploid

124
Q

who is a carrier?

A

someone who is heterozygous for a recessive disorder.

Skips a generation, so they don’t have it

BMS 110 (5 decks)

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