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Physiology > EXAM #4 > Flashcards

EXAM #4 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the urinary system

A
  1. Elimination
  2. Excretion
  3. Homeostatic regulation of blood plasma by the kidneys
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2
Q

Functions of the urinary system:
Role of ureters, bladder, urethra
- Discharge of waste products out of body

A

Elimination

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3
Q

Functions of the urinary system:
_ first than _ second

A
  • excretion
  • elimination
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4
Q

Functions of the urinary system:
Role of the kidney
- Remove of organic waste products from body fluids, produce urine

A

Excretion

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5
Q

Functions of the urinary system:
3. Homeostatic regulation of blood plasma by the kidney
- Regulating blood _ & _

A
  • volume & pressure
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6
Q

Functions of the urinary system:
3. Homeostatic regulation of blood plasma by the kidney
- Regulating plasma _ concentrations

A

ion

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7
Q

Functions of the urinary system:
3. Homeostatic regulation of blood plasma by the kidney
- Stabilizing _

A

blood pH

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8
Q

Functions of the urinary system:
3. Homeostatic regulation of blood plasma by the kidney
- conserving _

A

nutrients

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9
Q

Functions of the urinary system:
- Regulating blood volume & pressure
- Regulating plasma ion concentrations
- Stabilizing blood pH
- Conserving nutrients

A

Homeostatic regulation of blood plasma by the kidney

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10
Q

Kidney tissue:
- _ contains ~1.25 million nephrons that make urine

A

Cortex

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11
Q

Kidney tissue:
- Medulla consists of _ that drain urine from nephron to calyces

A

collecting ducts

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12
Q

Kidney tissue:
_ drain into central renal pelvis

A

Calyces (plural of calyx)

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13
Q

Kidney tissue:
Renal pelvis drains into the _

A

ureters

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14
Q

Kidney has extensive _
- Kidneys receive 20-25% of cardiac output

A

vascular system

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15
Q

The nephron consists of a renal _ and renal _

A
  • corpuscle
  • tubule
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16
Q

The nephron:
Renal corpuscle is composed of _

A

Bowman’s capsule and the
glomerulus capillary bed

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17
Q

The nephron:
_ consists of
- Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
- Nephron loop (Loop of Henle)
– Descending limb
– Ascending limb
- Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

A

Renal tubule

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18
Q

Blood supply to the nephrons:
Glomerulus
_ arterioles & _ arterioles

A

afferent arterioles & efferent arterioles

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19
Q

Blood supply to the nephrons:
Glomerulus
- _ arterioles supply blood to
capillary bed of glomerulus in the renal corpuscles

A

Afferent

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20
Q

Blood supply to the nephrons:
Glomerulus
- _ arterioles collect blood _
glomerulus capillary bed

A
  • Efferent
  • leaving
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21
Q

Blood supply to the nephrons:
Glomerulus
- _ exits capillaries into renal tubules

A

Filtrate

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22
Q

Blood supply to the nephrons:
Renal tubules
- _ surround renal tubules - collect nutrients, water, and ions reabsorbed out of filtrate

A

Peritubular capillaries

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23
Q

Two types of nephron

A
  1. cortical nephrons
  2. Juxtamedullary nephrons
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24
Q

Type of nephron:
- ~85% of all nephrons
- Loops of Henle are shorter and mostly within the cortex

A

cortical nephrons

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25
Q

Type of nephron:
Cortical nephrons loops of Henle are _ and mostly within the cortex

A

shorter

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26
Q

Type of nephron:
- Loops of Henle are longer and extend deep into renal pyramids
- Produce more concentrated urine
– More water reabsorbed

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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27
Q

Type of nephron:
Juxtamedullary nephrons
- Loops of Henle are _ and extend deep into renal pyramids

A

longer

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28
Q

Type of nephron:
Juxtamedullary nephrons
- Produce more _ urine
– More water reabsorbed (less water wasted)

A

concentrated

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29
Q

Basic process of urine formation

A
  • Filtration
  • Reabsorption
  • Secretion
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30
Q

Basic process of urine formation:
- Blood pressure causes water & solutes to move out of glomerular capillaries into renal tubules

A

Filtration

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31
Q

Basic process of urine formation:
Filtration
- _ - Fluid within renal tubule

A

Filtrate (tubular fluid)

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32
Q

Basic process of urine formation:
- Removal of water and solutes from filtrate into peritubular fluid (then blood)

A

Reabsorption

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33
Q

Basic process of urine formation:
Reabsorption
- _ - interstitial fluid surrounding renal tubule and peritubular capillaries

A

Peritubular fluid

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34
Q

Basic process of urine formation:
- Transport of solutes from the (blood to) peritubular fluid into the filtrate

A

Secretion

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35
Q

Composition and volume of normal urine varies with the _ and _ events of the body

A
  • metabolic
  • hormonal
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36
Q

Composition and volume of normal urine:
_ liters per day of filtrate produced

A

180

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37
Q

Composition and volume of normal urine:
180 liters per day of filtrate produced – _ is reabsorbed

A

99%

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38
Q

Composition and volume of normal urine:
1.2 liters (1200 ml ) per day of _ produced

A

urine

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39
Q

Composition and volume of normal urine:
Failure of kidneys to _ would be fatal in a few hours
(dehydration)

A

concentrate urine

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40
Q

Composition and volume of normal urine:
- Blood/filtrate ~ _ mOsm/liter

A

300

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41
Q

Composition and volume of normal urine:
- Blood/filtrate pH = _

A

7.35-7.45

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42
Q

Composition and volume of normal urine:
- Urine ~ _ mOsm/liter

A

850 to 1300

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43
Q

Composition and volume of normal urine:
- Urine pH = _

A

4.5-8.0

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44
Q

Three metabolic wastes

A
  1. Urea
  2. creatinine
  3. uric acid
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45
Q

Composition and volume of normal urine:
Wastes are eliminated only when _ in urine, so removal
is accompanied by _

A
  • dissolved
  • water loss
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46
Q

Urine production:
Glomerulus – produces _ similar in composition to plasma without plasma proteins

A

filtrate

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47
Q

Urine production:
_ – produces filtrate similar in composition to plasma without plasma proteins

A

Glomerulus

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48
Q

Urine production:
PCT- reabsorbs _ by carrier
mediated transport and 60-70% of by _ osmosis

A
  • nutrients & ions
  • H2O
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49
Q

Urine production:
_ - reabsorbs nutrients & ions by carrier mediated transport and 60-70% of by H2O osmosis

A

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

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50
Q

Urine production:
_ - reabsorbs H2O by osmosis

A

Descending limb

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51
Q

Urine production:
Descending limb - reabsorbs _ by osmosis

A

H2O

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52
Q

Urine production:
Thick ascending limb - reabsorbs _ and _

A
  • Na+
  • Cl-
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53
Q

Urine production:
_ - reabsorbs Na+ and Cl-

A

Thick ascending limb

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54
Q

Urine production:
DCT and collecting ducts – function depends on levels of _

A

hormones

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55
Q

Urine production:
_ – function depends on levels of hormones

A

Distal convoluted tubules (DCT) and collecting ducts

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56
Q

Reabsorption and secretion:
occur via diffusion, osmosis, and carrier-mediated
transport across _ forming the wall of renal tubule

A

epithelial cells

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57
Q

3 Carrier Mediated transport

A
  1. Facilitated diffusion
  2. Active transport
  3. Cotransport & Countertransport
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58
Q

Characteristics of Carrier
Mediated Transport:
- specific for a particular molecule
- transport only in one direction
- distribution of carrier proteins vary
- Can be controlled by hormones

A

carrier proteins

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59
Q

Characteristics of Carrier
Mediated Transport:
carrier proteins
- _ for a particular molecule

A

specific

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60
Q

Characteristics of Carrier
Mediated Transport:
carrier proteins
- transport only in _

A

one direction

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61
Q

Characteristics of Carrier
Mediated Transport:
carrier proteins
- distribution of carrier proteins _

A

vary

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62
Q

Characteristics of Carrier
Mediated Transport:
carrier proteins
- Can be controlled by _

A

hormones

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63
Q

Characteristics of Carrier
Mediated Transport:
carrier proteins have a _

A

transport maximum (Tm)

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64
Q

Characteristics of Carrier
Mediated Transport:
carrier proteins have a transport maximum (Tm)
- Determines _ for reabsorption of substances in tubular fluid
- Excess is _

A
  • renal threshold
  • “lost” in urine
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65
Q

Filtration and the Glomerulus:
_ forces water and solutes out of glomerular capillaries

A

Blood pressure

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66
Q

Filtration and the Glomerulus:
Large molecules such as
plasma proteins _ due to 3 layers of glomerulus filtration

A

do not cross

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67
Q

Filtration and the Glomerulus:
3 layers of glomerulus filtration

A
  1. Capillary endothelium
  2. Lamina densa
  3. Podocytes cover lamina
    densa
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68
Q

Filtration and the Glomerulus:
3 layers of glomerulus filtration
- specialized basal lamina

A

Lamina densa

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69
Q

Filtration and the Glomerulus:
3 layers of glomerulus filtration
- Podocytes cover lamina
densa of capillaries producing _

A

filtration slits

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70
Q

Filtration at Glomerulus:
Net filtration pressure is sum of opposing forces

A

FP = GHP - CsHP - BOP

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71
Q

Filtration at Glomerulus:
Net filtration
- blood hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries pushing _ (GHP)

A

fluids & solutes out

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72
Q

Filtration at Glomerulus:
Net filtration
- capsular hydrostatic pressure pushing _ capillaries (CsHP)

A

fluids & solutes into

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73
Q

Filtration at Glomerulus:
Net filtration
- blood osmotic pressure _ capillaries (BOP)

A

pulling water into

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74
Q

Filtration at Glomerulus:
- blood osmotic pressure (BOP) = _ mm Hg

A

25 (OP)

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75
Q

Filtration at Glomerulus:
- Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CsHP) = _ mm Hg

A

15

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76
Q

Filtration at Glomerulus:
- blood hydrostatic pressure (GHP) = _ mm Hg

A

50 (BP)

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77
Q

Filtration at Glomerulus:
Filtration pressure = (BP) 50 - (OP) 25 - (CsHP) 15 = _ mm Hg

A

10

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78
Q

Amount of filtrate produced in the kidneys each minute

A

Glomerular filtration rate
(GFR)

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79
Q

Glomerular filtration rate
(GFR):
Amount of filtrate produced in the kidneys each minute - - _ /minute = _/day

A
  • 100 ml
  • 180 liters
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80
Q

GFR is altered by any factors that alter net _

A

filtration pressure (FP)

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81
Q

GFR is altered by any factors that alter net filtration pressure (FP)
- Causing changes in _ of urine output and _ of urine

A
  • volume
  • composition
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82
Q

GFR altered by net filtration pressure (FP):
- Causing changes in urine output volumes & composition of urine
– Changes in _
– Changes in _ levels

A
  • blood pressure
  • blood osmotic
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83
Q

Glomerular filtration rate
(GFR):
Kidney has mechanisms to keep GFR at _
- Disease or damage can alter that

A

homeostasis

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84
Q

Factors affecting the GFR:
Decrease in GFR
- If GFR falls too low, can be fatal in a few days to weeks due to _

A

toxic waste buildup in blood

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85
Q

Factors affecting the GFR:
Decrease in GFR
_ will decrease filtration

A

Low BP

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86
Q

Factors affecting the GFR:
Decrease in GFR
- Low BP will decrease filtration
– Hemorrhage (blood loss), dehydration, or shock that _

A

dilates blood vessels

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87
Q

Factors affecting the GFR:
Decrease in GFR
- Glomerulonephritis
– _ of filtration slits by antigen-antibody complexes in blood

A

Blockage

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88
Q

Factors affecting the GFR:
Decrease in GFR
- Glomerulonephritis
– Blockage of _ by antigen-antibody complexes in blood

A

filtration slits

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89
Q

Factors affecting the GFR:
Decrease in GFR
- Glomerulonephritis
– Fluids _ move out of capillaries

A

can not

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90
Q

Factors affecting the GFR:
- Glomerulonephritis
– _, urine production falls

A

GFR decreases

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91
Q

Factors affecting the GFR:
Decrease in GFR
- _ is inflammation of kidney

A

Nephritis

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92
Q

Factors affecting the GFR:
Decrease in GFR
- Nephritis - inflammation of kidney
– Swelling causes _ so filtration rate slows

A

increased capsular pressure

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93
Q

Control of the GFR:
Autoregulation of _ can keep GFR constant despite changes in _

A
  • afferent and efferent arteriole diameters
  • systemic BP
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94
Q

Control of the GFR:
Autoregulation of afferent and efferent arteriole diameters can keep GFR constant despite changes in systemic BP
- Decreasing BP causes:
– Dilation of _ arteriole

A

afferent

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95
Q

Control of the GFR:
Autoregulation of afferent and efferent arteriole diameters can keep GFR constant despite changes in systemic BP
- Decreasing BP causes:
– Dilation of _ capillaries

A

glomerular

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96
Q

Control of the GFR:
Autoregulation of afferent and efferent arteriole diameters can keep GFR constant despite changes in systemic BP
- Decreasing BP causes:
– Constriction of _ arteriole

A

efferent

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97
Q

Control of the GFR:
_ causes:
- Dilation of afferent arteriole
- Dilation of glomerular capillaries
- Constriction of efferent arteriole

A

Decreasing BP

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98
Q

Control of the GFR:
Autoregulation of afferent and efferent arteriole diameters can keep GFR constant despite changes in systemic BP
- Increasing BP causes:
– _ of afferent arteriole

A

constriction

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99
Q

Control of the GFR:
_ causes:
- constriction of afferent arteriole

A

increasing BP

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100
Q

Control of the GFR:
_ regulation can over-ride autoregulation during stress response

A

Sympathetic ANS

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101
Q

Control of the GFR:
Sympathetic ANS regulation can over-ride autoregulation during stress response
- Hypotensive stress → strong vasoconstriction of
afferent arteriole, _ blood flow to _

A
  • reducing
  • glomerulus
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102
Q

Control of the GFR:
Sympathetic ANS regulation can over-ride autoregulation during stress response
- _ stress → strong vasoconstriction of
afferent arteriole, reducing blood flow to glomerulus

A

Hypotensive

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103
Q

Control of the GFR:
Sympathetic ANS regulation can over-ride autoregulation during stress response
- Overheating and exercise stress → _ from kidney by vasodilation of arterioles in skin and skeletal muscles

A

divert blood away

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104
Q

Control of the GFR:
Sympathetic ANS regulation can over-ride autoregulation during stress response
- _ stress → divert blood away from kidney by vasodilation of arterioles in skin and skeletal muscles

A

Overheating and exercise

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105
Q

Control of the GFR:
Sympathetic ANS regulation can over-ride autoregulation during stress response
- Reduced kidney perfusion & _

A

urine output

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106
Q

Role of kidney in systemic BP control:
Release of _ by juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

A

renin

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107
Q

Role of kidney in systemic BP control:
Release of renin by JGA
- Stimulated by a drop in _

A

filtration pressure

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108
Q

Role of kidney in systemic BP control:
Release of renin by JGA
- Renin release –> formation of _

A

angiotensin II

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109
Q

Role of kidney in systemic BP control:
- _ —> Angiotensin I

A

Angiotensinogen

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110
Q

Role of kidney in systemic BP control:
_ converts angiotensiongen to angiotensin I

A

Renin

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111
Q

Role of kidney in systemic BP control:
- Angiotensin I —> _

A

Angiotensin II

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112
Q

Role of kidney in systemic BP control:
_ converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II

A

angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

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113
Q

Role of kidney in systemic BP control:
As blood passes through _ , _ converts angiotensin I to the active form angiotensin II

A
  • lungs
  • angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
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114
Q

Role of kidney in systemic BP control:
Angiotensin II produces increases in _ and _

A
  • blood volume
  • BP
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115
Q

Control of the GFR:
Effects of _
- constricts efferent arteriole
- Stimulates aldosterone secretion
- Stimulates antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion
- Stimulates thirst
- Stimulates sympathetic activation

A

angiotensin II

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116
Q

Control of the GFR:
Effects of angiotensin II
- _efferent arteriole

A

constricts

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117
Q

Control of the GFR:
Effects of angiotensin II
- Stimulates _ secretion
- Stimulates _ secretion

A
  • aldosterone
  • antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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118
Q

Control of the GFR:
Effects of angiotensin II
- Stimulates _

A

thirst

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119
Q

Control of the GFR:
Effects of angiotensin II
- Stimulates _ activation

A

sympathetic

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120
Q

PCT _ 60-70% of filtrate

A

reabsorbs

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121
Q

PCT reabsorption of most organic nutrients by _
- Sugars, amino acids, vitamins, etc. up to transport maximum (Tm)

A

carrier mediated transport

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122
Q

PCT reabsorption of most organic nutrients by carrier mediated transport
- Genetic disorders exist in which genes for one or more of transport proteins are _

A

abnormal

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123
Q

PCT Reabsorption of _, _ and other ions

A
  • sodium
  • bicarbonate
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124
Q

PCT Reabsorption of _

A

water by osmosis

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125
Q

Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle):
- Reabsorbs water by osmosis
- Impermeable to solutes

A

Thin descending limb

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126
Q

Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle):
Thin descending limb
- Reabsorbs water by _

A

osmosis

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127
Q

Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle):
Thin descending limb
- Impermeable to _

A

solutes

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128
Q

Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle):
- Active NaCl reabsorption
- Impermeable to water

A

Thick ascending limb

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129
Q

Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle):
Thick ascending limb:
- Active _ reabsorption

A

NaCl

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130
Q

Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle):
Thick ascending limb:
- Impermeable to _

A

water

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131
Q

Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle):
Exchange between fluids moving in opposite directions

A

Countercurrent multiplication

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132
Q

Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle):
Countercurrent multiplication
- Exchange between fluids moving in _

A

opposite directions

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133
Q

Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle):
Countercurrent multiplication
- Increased osmolarity from NaCl transport from ascending limb results in increased movement of _ from descending limb

A

waste

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134
Q

Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle):
Countercurrent multiplication
- Increased osmolarity from _ from _ results in _ movement of waste from descending limb

A
  • NaCl transport
  • ascending limb
  • increased
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135
Q

Tubes of smooth muscle ~12 inches long from kidney to bladder

A

Ureters

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136
Q

Ureters:
_ force urine toward the urinary bladder

A

Peristaltic contractions

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137
Q

Hollow organ – surrounded
by 3 layers of smooth muscle called the detrusor muscle

A

Urinary bladder

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138
Q

Urinary bladder:
Hollow organ – surrounded
by 3 layers of smooth muscle called the _

A

detrusor muscle

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139
Q

Urinary bladder:
_ innervation controls contraction of detrusor muscle which voids (empties) bladder

A

Parasympathetic

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140
Q

Urinary bladder:
Parasympathetic innervation controls _ which voids (empties) bladder

A

contraction of detrusor muscle

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141
Q

Elimination of urine:
Urethra
- at base of the bladder
- Smooth muscle, ANS control (involuntary)

A

Internal urinary sphincter

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142
Q

Elimination of urine:
Urethra
- Internal urinary sphincter
– at _ of the bladder

A

base

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143
Q

Elimination of urine:
Urethra
- Internal urinary sphincter
– Smooth muscle, _

A

ANS control (involuntary)

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144
Q

Elimination of urine:
Urethra
- In floor of pelvic cavity =
urogenital diaphragm
- Skeletal muscle, voluntary control

A

External urinary sphincter

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145
Q

Elimination of urine:
Urethra
- External urinary sphincter
– In _ cavity = urogenital diaphragm

A

floor of pelvic

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146
Q

Elimination of urine:
Urethra
- External urinary sphincter
– Skeletal muscle, _

A

voluntary control

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147
Q

expelling urine from urinary bladder through urethra

A

Urination (voiding)

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148
Q

Urination coordinated by _

A

micturition reflex

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149
Q

Micturition Reflex:
Stretch receptors in wall of bladder
- Provide _ awareness of bladder distension

A

conscious

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150
Q

Micturition Reflex:
Stretch receptors in wall of bladder
- Provide input to ANS causing reflex contraction of detrusor muscle via _

A

parasympathetic input

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151
Q

Urination requires _ micturition reflex with relaxation of internal and external urethral sphincter

A

coupling

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152
Q

Urinary Disorders:
Inability to voluntarily prevent the release of urine

A

Incontinence

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153
Q

Urinary Disorders:
Inability to voluntarily release urine

A

Urinary retention

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154
Q
  • Incontinence
  • Urinary retention
  • Urinary tract infections
  • Kidney Stones
A

Urinary Disorders

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155
Q

Changes with aging include:
Problems with the _
- Incontinence
- Urinary retention due to prostate gland hypertrophy in males

A

micturition reflex

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156
Q

Changes with aging include:
Higher incidence of _
- Calcium, magnesium, or uric acid crystals
- Amino acid crystals in genetic disorders of amino acid carrier-mediated transport proteins

A

kidney stones

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157
Q

Changes with aging include:
_ in the number of functional nephrons

A

Decline

158
Q

Changes with aging include:
Reduced sensitivity to _ (pee more frequently)

A

ADH

159
Q

Reabsorption and secretion in the DCT & collecting ducts:
_ adjustment of urine

A

final

160
Q

Reabsorption and secretion in the DCT & collecting ducts:
Final adjustment of urine
- _ is controlled by varying the amounts of _ secreted or _ reabsorbed

A
  • pH
  • H+
  • HCO3-
161
Q

Reabsorption and secretion in the DCT & collecting ducts:
Final adjustment of urine
- Water and solute levels in urine regulated by _

A

hormones

162
Q

Reabsorption and secretion in the DCT & collecting ducts:
Reabsorption
- Active reabsorption of _ in presence of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitriol

A

calcium

163
Q

Reabsorption and secretion in the DCT & collecting ducts:
Reabsorption
- Active reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- in exchange for K+ in presence of _

A

aldosterone

164
Q

Reabsorption and secretion in the DCT & collecting ducts:
Reabsorption
- Water reabsorbed in presence of _

A

ADH

165
Q

Steroid hormone from adrenal cortex

A

Aldosterone

166
Q

Aldosterone:
Released in response to _, _ blood levels of _ ions, or high levels of K+

A
  • low BP
  • low
  • Na+
167
Q

Aldosterone:
Causes _ of transport _ for
absorption of Na+ and secretion of K+

A
  • increased synthesis
  • proteins
168
Q

Aldosterone:
- In absence of aldosterone, Na+ reabsorption and K+
secretion is _ in DCT and collecting ducts

A

minimal

169
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH):
- Facultative _

A

water reabsorption

170
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH):
- In absence of ADH, water reabsorption is _ in DCT and collecting ducts

A

minimal

171
Q

Peptide hormone from posterior pituitary gland

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

172
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH):
ADH normally released at _
- sufficient to reabsorb 25-26 liters of the 27 liters/day entering DCT

A

low levels

173
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH):
Causes appearance of _

A

water channels in membrane

174
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH):
Controlled primarily by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
- High blood osmolarity (low water) = _

A

more ADH

175
Q

Which would NOT cause a decrease in GFR?
- Dehydration
- Low albumin levels (causes decreased osmotic pressure)
- hemorrhage (causes low BP)
- Nephritis (causes increased csHP)

A

Low albumin levels (causes decreased osmotic pressure)

176
Q

An ACE inhibitor would _

A

reduce angiotensin II and increase amount of urine produced

177
Q

If glucose is detected in high levels in a urine sample, it is an indication that _

A

glucose transport maximums have reached threshold

178
Q

Reproductive System:
produce gametes & hormones

A

Gonads

179
Q

Reproductive System:
Gonads
- Female ovaries

A

eggs, estrogens and progesterone

180
Q

Reproductive System:
Gonads
- Male testes

A

Sperm and androgens (testosterone)

181
Q

Reproductive System:
Transport

A

ducts

182
Q

Reproductive System:
Ducts
- Females

A

uterine (Fallopian) tubes

183
Q

Reproductive System:
Ducts
- Males

A

Epididymus, ductus deferens & urethra

184
Q

Reproductive System:
Secrete fluids into ducts

A

accessory glands

185
Q

Reproductive System:
External genitalia
- Female

A

clitoris, labia minora, labia majora

186
Q

Reproductive System:
External genitalia
- Male

A

penis & scrotum

187
Q

Reproductive System:
Females – Uterus, vagina, mammary glands
- To provide for _

A

growth, delivery and nutrients for infant

188
Q

Hormonal control of reproductive system:
Hypothalamus- gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
- Requires adequate level of _ hormone from adipose tissue

A

Leptin

189
Q

Hormonal control of reproductive system:
Hypothalamus- gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
- Males: released at _

A

steady state

190
Q

Hormonal control of reproductive system:
Hypothalamus- gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
- Females: release varies over a _

A

monthly cycle

191
Q

Hormonal control of reproductive system:
Anterior pituitary
- gonadotropins (FSH and LH) in response to _

A

GnRH

192
Q

Hormonal control of reproductive system:
Anterior pituitary: gonadotropins (FSH and LH) in response to GnRH
- Males:
– FSH causes _

A

maturation of sperm

193
Q

Hormonal control of reproductive system:
Anterior pituitary: gonadotropins (FSH and LH) in response to GnRH
- Males:
– LH causes secretion of _

A

testosterone

194
Q

Hormonal control of reproductive system:
Anterior pituitary: gonadotropins (FSH and LH) in response to GnRH
- Females:
– FSH causes _

A

maturation of egg and secretion of estrogen

195
Q

Hormonal control of reproductive system:
Anterior pituitary: gonadotropins (FSH and LH) in response to GnRH
- Females:
– LH causes _

A

release of egg and secretion of progesterone

196
Q

Oogonia & spermatogonia are stem cells (germ cells)
capable of dividing by _

A

mitosis

197
Q

Oogonia & spermatogonia are stem cells (germ cells)
capable of dividing by mitosis
- Produce _

A

oocytes and spermatocytes

198
Q

Oocytes & spermatocytes
undergo _

A

meiosis

199
Q

Oocytes & spermatocytes
undergo meiosis
- produce haploid _

A

eggs (ova) and sperm
(spermatozoa)

200
Q

Oogenesis:
Oogonia _ dividing by mitosis in 3rd month of _ development

A
  • stop
  • fetal
201
Q

Oogenesis:
All oogonia _ into _ and enter the first stage of meiosis

A
  • differentiate
  • primary oocytes
202
Q

Oogenesis:
No further differentiation occurs until _

A

puberty

203
Q

Oogenesis:
From puberty through
menopause, one oocyte per
month continues meiosis and matures into an ovum
- Requires _

A

FSH and LH

204
Q

Spermatogenesis:
Spermatogonia able to divide by mitosis through out _

A

lifespan

205
Q

Spermatogenesis:
Starting in puberty, some
spermatogonia differentiate into _
- Requires FSH

A

primary spermatocytes

206
Q

Spermatogenesis:
Primary spermatocytes complete both steps of meiosis, producing _

A

four spermatids

207
Q

Spermatogenesis:
Spermatids mature into _

A

spermatozoa

208
Q

Spermatozoan (sperm) components

A
  • Head
  • Middle piece
  • Tail
209
Q

Spermatozoan (sperm):
- Nucleus and densely
packed chromosomes
- Acrosomal cap

A

Head

210
Q

Spermatozoan (sperm):
- Mitochondria -
produce the ATP needed to move the tail

A

Middle piece

211
Q

Spermatozoan (sperm):
- Only flagellum in the human body

A

Tail

212
Q

Fertilization:
- Acrosomal enzymes from multiple sperm create gaps in corona radiata.
- A single sperm then makes contact with the oocyte membrane, and membrane fusion occurs, triggering _.

A

oocyte activation and completion of meiosis

213
Q

Female Reproductive System:
Gonads - produce gametes & hormones
- Ovaries produce _

A

oocytes, estrogens and progesterone

214
Q

Female Reproductive System:
Ducts - Uterine (Fallopian)
tubes
- Transports gametes, site of _

A

fertilization

215
Q

Female Reproductive System:
Uterus and vagina
- provide for _ and delivery

A

fetal development

216
Q

Female Reproductive System:
Oocytes are surrounded by _

A

follicular cells (ovarian follicle)

217
Q

Female Reproductive System:
Monthly process of oocyte maturation, ovulation, and
follicle degeneration

A

Ovarian cycle

218
Q

Female Reproductive System:
Ovarian cycle
- From puberty through menopause
– Divided into two phases:

A
  1. Follicular phase
  2. Luteal phase
219
Q

Female Reproductive System:
Ovarian cycle
- FSH stimulates follicular cells to multiply

A

Follicular phase (pre-ovulatory)

220
Q

Female Reproductive System:
Ovarian cycle-Follicular phase (pre-ovulatory)
- FSH stimulates follicular cells to multiply
– Follicular cells secrete _
– Support oocyte development

A

estrogen

221
Q

Female Reproductive System:
Ovarian cycle-Follicular phase (pre-ovulatory)
- FSH stimulates follicular cells to multiply
– A few oocytes per month start development, only _ becomes dominant and _

A
  • one
  • completes process
222
Q

Female Reproductive System:
Ovarian cycle-Follicular phase (pre-ovulatory)
- _ levels at end of follicular
phase prompt completion of meiosis I in dominant oocyte

A

Rising LH

223
Q

Female Reproductive System:
Ovarian cycle-Follicular phase (pre-ovulatory)
- Rising LH levels at end of follicular phase prompt _

A

completion of meiosis I in dominant oocyte

224
Q

Female Reproductive System:
Ovarian cycle-Follicular phase (pre-ovulatory)
- _ = follicular cells that remain associated with secondary oocyte

A

Corona radiata

225
Q

Female Reproductive System:
Release of egg with surrounding corona radiata from follicle

A

Ovulation

226
Q

Female Reproductive System:
Ovulation
- Follicular cells release secondary oocyte into pelvic cavity by forming a _

A

small cyst

227
Q

Female Reproductive System:
Ovulation
- Oocyte moves into uterine tube by contact with _

A

fimbriae

228
Q

Female Reproductive System:
Ovulation
- Any oocytes that began but did not complete development undergo _

A

atresia

229
Q

Female Reproductive System:
Ovarian cycle
- Remaining follicular cells form corpus luteum

A

Luteal phase (post-ovulatory)

230
Q

Female Reproductive System:
Ovarian cycle-Luteal phase (post-ovulatory)
- Yellow in color due to _

A

cholesterol

231
Q

Female Reproductive System:
Ovarian cycle-Luteal phase (post-ovulatory)
- Cholesterol is converted to _
– Prepares uterus for pregnancy

A

progesterone

232
Q

Female Reproductive System:
Ovarian cycle-Luteal phase (post-ovulatory)
- Secretes moderate amounts of _ but mostly _

A
  • estrogens
  • progesterone
233
Q

Female Reproductive System:
Ovarian cycle-Luteal phase (post-ovulatory)
- Begins _ about 12 days after ovulation
– in absence of HcG (pregnancy hormone)

A

degenerating

234
Q

Female Reproductive System:
Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes)
- Help move ovum into tube

A

fimbriae

235
Q

Female Reproductive System:
Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes)
- Oocyte moves through tube via _ movement
– Lipid and glycogen secretions

A

peristalsis and cilia

236
Q

Female Reproductive System:
Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes)
- Fertilization of oocyte by sperm
– Within _ after ovulation while oocyte is in _

A
  • 24 hours
  • first third of tube
237
Q

Female Reproductive System:
Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes)
- Blockage of uterine tubes
– _ – elective surgery for birth control

A

Tubal ligation

238
Q

Female Reproductive System:
Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes)
- Blockage of uterine tubes
– Pelvic inflammatory disease (STIs) - _

A

scarring of tubes

239
Q

Male Reproductive System:
Gonads - produce gametes & hormones
- Testes produce _

A

Sperm (spermatozoa) and androgens (testosterone)

240
Q

Male Reproductive System:
Ducts – _
- Epididymis, Ductus deferens, Ejaculatory duct, and Urethra

A

Pathway of spermatozoa

241
Q

Male Reproductive System:
Ducts – Pathway of spermatozoa

A
  • Epididymis,
  • Ductus deferens,
  • Ejaculatory duct & Urethra
242
Q

Male Reproductive System:
Accessory glands – secrete _
- Seminal vesicles, Prostate gland, Bulbourethral glands

A

fluids into ducts to support sperm, producing semen

243
Q

Male Reproductive System:
External genitalia
- _ enclosing testes & penis

A

Scrotal sac

244
Q

Male Reproductive System:
Seminiferous tubules of the
testes is the site of _

A

spermatogenesis

245
Q

Male Reproductive System:
Seminiferous tubules of the
testes
- Spermatogonia → _ → _ → _

A

spermatocytes → spermatids → spermatozoa
(sperm)

246
Q

Male Reproductive System:
Seminiferous tubules of the
testes
- Site of spermatogenesis
– Requires temperature _ normal body temperature

A

2 degrees Fahrenheit below

247
Q

Male Reproductive System:
Seminiferous tubules of the
testes
- Sustentacular (nurse) cells respond to _

A

FSH

248
Q

Male Reproductive System:
Seminiferous tubules of the
testes
- Support mitosis, meiosis, & sperm differentiation
- Form the blood-testis barrier
- Secrete inhibin which suppresses FSH release

A

Sustentacular (nurse) cells

249
Q

Male Reproductive System:
Seminiferous tubules of the
testes
- Sustentacular (nurse) cells
– Support _, _, & sperm differentiation

A

mitosis, meiosis

250
Q

Male Reproductive System:
Seminiferous tubules of the
testes
- Sustentacular (nurse) cells
– Form the _

A

blood-testis barrier

251
Q

Male Reproductive System:
Seminiferous tubules of the
testes
- Sustentacular (nurse) cells
– Secrete inhibin which suppresses _ release

A

FSH

252
Q

Male Reproductive System:
Seminiferous tubules of the
testes
- Secrete androgens when stimulated by LH

A

Interstitial cells (Leydig cells)

253
Q

Male Reproductive System:
Seminiferous tubules of the
testes
- Interstitial cells (Leydig cells)
– Secrete androgens when stimulated by _

A

LH

254
Q

Male Reproductive System:
Ducts – pathway of sperm
- Epididymis
– Coiled duct approximately _ long

A

23 feet

255
Q

Male Reproductive System:
Ducts – pathway of sperm
- Epididymis
– Receives sperm from _

A

seminiferous tubules

256
Q

Male Reproductive System:
Ducts – pathway of sperm
- Epididymis
– Peristaltic contractions move _ sperm _ through epididymis
— Requires _

A
  • immobile
  • slowly
  • 2 weeks
257
Q

Male Reproductive System:
Ducts – pathway of sperm
- Epididymis
– Passage through epididymis required for
functional _ of spermatozoa

A

maturation

258
Q

Male Reproductive System:
Ducts – pathway of sperm
- Ductus deferens (vas deferens)
– Approximately _ long

A

18 inches

259
Q

Male Reproductive System:
Ducts – pathway of sperm
- Ductus deferens (vas deferens)
– Receives sperm from _

A

epididymus

260
Q

Male Reproductive System:
Ducts – pathway of sperm
- Ductus deferens (vas deferens)
– Ascends up through _ canal

A

inguinal

261
Q

Male Reproductive System:
Ducts – pathway of sperm
- Ductus deferens (vas deferens)
– _ move sperm toward urethra

A

Peristaltic contractions

262
Q

Male Reproductive System:
Ducts – pathway of sperm
- Urethra
– _: Reproductive AND urinary tract

A

Dual function duct

263
Q

Semen contains between _ spermatozoa per ml
- Typical ejaculate = 2 - 5 ml fluid

A

20-100 million

264
Q

Semen:
Accessory glands – provide the exocrine secretions that form _ fluid

A

seminal

265
Q

Semen fluid:
- pH of _ – neutralizes acids of male urethral tract and female reproductive tract

A

7.2-7.6

266
Q

Semen fluid:
- Activates flagella, initiating _

A

sperm motility

267
Q

Semen fluid:
- Fructose, prostaglandins, mucus
- Antibiotic activity
- _ to dissolve vaginal mucus

A

Proteases

268
Q

Accessory glands:
Seminal vesicles
- Secretions form _ of total semen volume

A

~65%

269
Q

Accessory glands:
Seminal vesicles
- Fluid is same osmotic concentration as blood plasma but different _

A

composition

270
Q

Accessory glands:
Seminal vesicles
- High concentrations of _ (easily metabolized by sperm)

A

fructose

271
Q

Accessory glands:
Seminal vesicles
- _ forms temporary semen clot in vagina

A

Fibrinogen

272
Q

Accessory glands:
Seminal vesicles
- Secretions of seminal glands are slightly _
– To neutralize acids in prostate and vagina

A

alkaline

273
Q

Accessory glands:
Seminal vesicles
- Secretions of seminal glands are slightly alkaline
– To _ in prostate and vagina

A

neutralize acids

274
Q

Accessory glands:
Prostate gland
- _ of semen volume

A

~25%

275
Q

Accessory glands:
Prostate gland
- Gland _ the urethra
- Prostate inflammation
(prostatitis) common in older men, but can occur at any age

A

surrounds

276
Q

Accessory glands:
Bulbourethral glands
- Secrete thick, _ mucus

A

alkaline

277
Q

Accessory glands:
Bulbourethral glands
- Secrete thick, alkaline mucus
– Helps neutralize _ in urethra
– _ tip of penis

A
  • urinary acids
  • Lubricates
278
Q

Penis:
Deliver semen into vagina of female reproductive tract

A

Reproductive function

279
Q

Penis:
- Contains three columns of
erectile tissue

A
  • 2 corpora cavernosa
  • 1 corpus spongiosum
280
Q

Penis:
Contains three columns of
erectile tissue
- Connected at base to ischium & pubis

A

2 corpora cavernosa (dorsolateral)

281
Q

Accessory glands:
Seminal vesicles
- _ stimulate smooth muscle contractions in male and female reproductive tracts

A

Prostaglandins

282
Q

Penis:
Contains three columns of
erectile tissue
- surrounding urethra

A

1 corpus spongiosum (midventral)

283
Q

Penis:
Erectile tissue contains many _ that can be filled with blood from arterioles and drained by venules

A

vascular sinuses

284
Q

Penile Erection parasympathetic stimulation:
- Neurotransmitter - _

A

nitric oxide (NO)

285
Q

Penile Erection parasympathetic stimulation:
- Neurotransmitter - nitric oxide (NO)
– Causes increased cGMP (2o messenger) inside smooth muscle of blood vessels resulting in _

A

dilation

286
Q

Penile Erection parasympathetic stimulation:
- Dilation of arterioles in erectile tissue
– Increased blood flow in allowing _ of erectile tissue

A

filling of vascular sinuses

287
Q

Penile Erection parasympathetic stimulation:
- Dilation of arterioles in erectile tissue
– Compresses veins _ blood flow out

A

decreasing

288
Q

Penile Erection parasympathetic stimulation:
- Impotence – _
– Viagra, Cialis and Levitra

A

erectile dysfunction

289
Q

Penis:
Erection = _ stimulation

A

parasympathetic

290
Q

Penis:
subsidence of erection

A

Detumescence

291
Q

Penis:
Detumescence – subsidence of erection
- Decrease in _ or increase
_ activity

A
  • parasympathetic activity
  • sympathetic
292
Q

Penis:
Detumescence – subsidence of erection
- Constriction of _
– reduces blood flow in
– reduces compression of veins allowing blood to exit
from sinuses

A

arterioles

293
Q

Penis:
Emission reflex = _ stimulation

A

sympathetic

294
Q

Penis:
Emission reflex - sympathetic stimulation
- _ sperm and secretions into urethra

A

Moving

295
Q

Penis:
Emission reflex - sympathetic stimulation
- _ in ducts and glands

A

Peristaltic contractions

296
Q

Penis:
Emission reflex - sympathetic stimulation
- Reflex closing of _ sphincter

A

internal urinary

297
Q

Penis:
moving semen out the urethra

A

Ejaculation

298
Q

Penis:
Ejaculation - moving semen out the urethra
- _ of skeletal muscles at base of penis:
– Forces semen out of urethra
– Produces the sensation of orgasm

A

Rhythmic contraction

299
Q

Human body cells have 46 chromosomes. Human gametes (sperm & egg) are _

A

produced by meiosis and have 23 chromosomes

300
Q

Which of the following are NOT true about spermatocytes
- they have 46 chromosomes
- they are formed in the sustentacular cells
- they undergo meiosis
- they undergo mitosis

A

they undergo mitosis

301
Q

Spermatozoa are not functionally mature until _

A

they finish the 2 week journey through the epididymis

302
Q

FSH binds to follicular cells and causes _

A

estrogen secretion

303
Q

When a male is born the gametes are at the _ stage; when a female is born, gametes are at the _ stage

A

spermatogonia; oocyte

304
Q

What is the purpose of the corpus luteum?

A

secrete progesterone and a smaller amount of estrogen

305
Q

Uterus:
Small hollow organ with very thick elastic muscular wall, _

A

able to expand

306
Q

Uterus:
base of uterus, opens into vagina

A

Cervix

307
Q

Uterus:
Functions
- provide support for developing fetus
- _ at time of birth

A

expel fetus

308
Q

Uterus:
Uterine wall consists of
three layers

A
  1. perimetrium
  2. myometrium
  3. endometrium
309
Q

Uterus:
Uterine wall consists of
three layers
- outer serosal layer

A

perimetrium

310
Q

Uterus:
Uterine wall consists of
three layers
- muscular layer

A

myometrium

311
Q

Uterus:
Uterine wall consists of
three layers
- mucosal layer

A

endometrium

312
Q

Uterus:
Endometrium
- 2 zones

A
  1. basilar zone
  2. functional zone
313
Q

Uterus:
Endometrium
- 2 zones
– permanent layer

A

basilar zone

314
Q

Uterus:
Endometrium
- 2 zones
– created and they shed each month

A

functional zone

315
Q

Prenatal development
(gestation):
- Approximately _ months

A

9 months (38-40 weeks)

316
Q

Prenatal development
(gestation):
_ - fertilization through first two weeks

A

Pre-embryological development

317
Q

Prenatal development
(gestation):
_ - changes occurring the first two months after embryo forms

A

embryological development

318
Q

Prenatal development
(gestation):
_ - start of the ninth week and continues until birth

A

fetal development

319
Q

Prenatal development
(gestation):
Gestation periods (three trimesters)
- First trimester (a LOT going on!!)

A
  • Fertilization
  • Cleavage
  • implantation
  • Embryogenesis
320
Q

Fertilization (conception):
Occurs in the uterine tubes
- Within a day of _

A

ovulation

321
Q

Fertilization (conception):
Multiple spermatozoa required to release sufficient _ and acrosin

A

hyaluronidase

322
Q

Fertilization (conception):
Multiple spermatozoa required to release sufficient
hyaluronidase and acrosin
- _ required to penetrate the _ layer of follicle cells surrounding ovum

A
  • enzymes
  • corona radiata
323
Q

Fertilization (conception):
_ spermatozoan enters oocyte

A

single

324
Q

Fertilization (conception):
single spermatozoan enters oocyte
- Polyspermy prevented by membrane _ and _ reaction

A
  • depolarization
  • cortical
325
Q

Fertilization (conception):
Female pronucleus and male pronucleus _ to produce _

A
  • fuse
  • diploid nucleus
326
Q

Cleavage:
Zygote divides by _ multiple times forming a morula then a _

A
  • mitosis
  • blastocyst
327
Q

Cleavage:
ball of undifferentiated cells

A

morula

328
Q

Cleavage:
hollow sphere with cell differentiation

A

blastocyst

329
Q

Cleavage:
Blastocyst
- Trophoblast
– outer layer of cells that will form _ and outer layer of chorion

A

placenta

330
Q

Cleavage:
Blastocyst
- inner cell mass
– cluster of cells at one end of blastocyst that will form the _ and additional extraembryonic membranes

A

embryo

331
Q

Cleavage:
Blastocyst
- cluster of cells at one end of blastocyst that will form the embryo and additional extraembryonic membranes

A

inner cell mass

332
Q

Cleavage:
Blastocyst
- outer layer of cells that will form placenta and outer layer of chorion

A

Trophoblast

333
Q

Implantation occurs approximately _ after
fertilization

A

10 days

334
Q

Implantation & Placentation:
Blastocyst burrows into endometrium
- trophoblast secretes _

A

hyaluronidase

335
Q

Implantation & Placentation:
Endometrium _ over blastocyst

A

reforms

336
Q

Placentation:
Trophoblast spreads within endometrium
- dissolves through maternal _

A

blood vessels

337
Q

Placentation:
Trophoblast spreads within endometrium
- dissolves through maternal blood vessels
- maternal blood flows through open _

A

lacunae

338
Q

Placentation:
_ forms and _ extend into lacunae to gather nutrients and release waste

A
  • Chorion
  • chorionic villi
339
Q

Uterine cycle (menstrual cycle):
_ series of changes in endometrium of non-pregnant uterus
- Controlled by hormones
- Average 28 day cycle (21-35 day range)

A

Repeating

340
Q

Uterine cycle (menstrual cycle):
Functional zone grows in thickness to prepare to _

A

receive embryo

341
Q

Uterine cycle (menstrual cycle):
Functional zone
- Stimulated by _

A

estrogen and progesterone

342
Q

Uterine cycle (menstrual cycle):
Functional zone
- if no embryo implants in uterus, functional layer
deteriorates and is shed = _

A

menstruation

343
Q

Vagina:
folds allowing for expansion

A

Rugae

344
Q

Vagina:
Interior is _, contains mucus
secretions

A

acidic

345
Q

Vagina:
Smooth muscle layers
continuous with smooth muscle layers of uterus
- Peristaltic contractions
move _ through uterus

A

sperm upwards

346
Q

Vagina:
Extends from _ to opening in _

A
  • cervix
  • vestibule
347
Q

Vagina:
Vaginal opening can expand & contract
- Partial membranous covering = _

A

hymen

348
Q

Vagina:
secrete into vaginal opening
during sexual arousal
- homologous to bulbourethral glands of male

A

Greater vestibular glands

349
Q

Female Sexual Function:
Parasympathetic activation during sexual arousal leads to _

A

increased blood flow to vagina and vestibule

350
Q

Female Sexual Function:
Parasympathetic activation
- Increased blood flow to vagina
– _ becomes engorged

A

Erectile tissue (clitoris, labia minora)

351
Q

Female Sexual Function:
Parasympathetic activation
- Increased blood flow to vagina
– _ from glands in vestibule and vagina

A

increased secretions

352
Q

Female Sexual Function:
Parasympathetic activation
- Constriction of smooth muscles in _

A

nipples

353
Q

Female Sexual Function:
Sexual stimulation may lead to orgasm
- _ of uterine and vaginal walls, along with pelvic floor muscles, give rise to pleasurable feeling of orgasm

A

Rhythmic contractions

354
Q

Female Sexual Function:
Sexual stimulation may lead to orgasm
- activated by _ stimulation

A

sympathetic

355
Q

Female Reproductive System Aging:
Menopause
- Typically by age 45 – 55 supply of oocytes in ovaries _

A

are depleted

356
Q

Female Reproductive System Aging:
Menopause
- Oocytes and the primordial follicles lost over time by _

A

atresia

357
Q

Female Reproductive System Aging:
Menopause
- FSH unable to activate enough follicles to produce
sufficient _ for ovarian cycle

A

estrogen

358
Q

Female Reproductive System Aging:
Menopause
- FSH unable to activate enough follicles to produce
sufficient estrogen for ovarian cycle
– _, neither estrogen nor
progesterone are secreted

A

Ovulation ceases

359
Q

Female Reproductive System Aging:
Menopause
- Uterine cycle stops, menstruation ceases
- Body _ over time

A

adjusts to loss of estrogen

360
Q

Female Reproductive System Disorders:
Uterus

A
  • Fibroids (non-cancerous muscle tumors)
  • Endometrial & cervical cancer
361
Q

Female Reproductive System Disorders:
Ovaries

A
  • cysts
  • ovarian cancer
362
Q

Benign and cancerous tumors
- Uterus
– Fibroids (non-cancerous muscle tumors)
– Endometrial & cervical cancer
- Ovaries
– Cysts
– Ovarian cancer
- Dysmenorrhea (cramps)
- Endometriosis

A

Female Reproductive System Disorders

363
Q

Embryogenesis:
Inner cell mass begins differentiation after _

A

implantation

364
Q

Embryogenesis:
Oocyte cytoplasm
- supports embryogenesis for _

A

first week – 12 days

365
Q

Embryogenesis:
Oocyte cytoplasm
- Is _ - as zygote divides into multiple cells, differences in cytoplasmic composition in the cells trigger activation of different genes (induction, differentiation)

A

not homogeneous

366
Q

Pregnancy:
Organ systems increase in complexity

A

Second trimester

367
Q

Pregnancy:
- Many organ systems become fully functional
- Fetus undergoes largest weight change
- At end of gestation fetus and uterus push maternal organs out of position

A

Third trimester

368
Q

Placental structure:
50% increased in maternal _

A

blood volume and urine output

369
Q

Exchange of gasses, nutrients, & wastes between
fetal blood and maternal blood

A

Placental function

370
Q

Placental function:
Endocrine function (maintain pregnancy and prepare for birth)
- Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
- Maintains _ for 3-4 months

A

corpus luteum

371
Q

Placental function:
Endocrine function (maintain pregnancy and prepare for birth)
- support mammary gland development

A

Human placental lactogen (hPL) & Placental prolactin

372
Q

Placental function:
Endocrine function (maintain pregnancy and prepare for birth)
- increase flexibility of pubic symphysis and dilation of
cervix, suppresses oxytocin release

A

Relaxin

373
Q

Placental function:
Endocrine function (maintain pregnancy and prepare for birth)
- Relaxin - increase _ of pubic symphysis and dilation of cervix, suppresses _

A
  • flexibility
  • oxytocin release
374
Q

Placental function:
Endocrine function (maintain pregnancy and prepare for birth)
- Estrogens = _
- Progesterone = _

A
  • produce close to delivery
  • throughout pregnancy until late-term
375
Q

Mammary glands:
_ produced first followed by breast milk

A

colostrum

376
Q

Labor & delivery:
Strong rhythmic contractions of smooth muscles of uterus in response to _

A

oxytocin and prostaglandins

377
Q

Labor & delivery:
Factors preventing early contractions
- _ from placenta inhibits uterine muscle contraction until late in pregnancy

A

Progesterone

378
Q

Labor & delivery:
Factors preventing early contractions
- Myometrium less sensitive to _

A

oxytocin

379
Q

Labor & delivery:
Factors preventing early contractions
- Oxytocin _ in high levels

A

not present

380
Q

Labor & delivery:
Factors causing contractions and initiating labor
- _ released by placenta in late pregnancy increases _ of smooth muscles to oxytocin

A
  • Estrogen
  • sensitivity
381
Q

Labor & delivery:
Factors causing contractions and initiating labor
- Maternal and fetal pituitary secrete _

A

oxytocin

382
Q

Labor & delivery:
Factors causing contractions and initiating labor
- Endometrium secretes _ in response to oxytocin and estrogen

A

prostaglandins

383
Q

Goal of labor is _

A

parturition

384
Q

Goal of labor is parturition:
Stages of labor

A
  • dilation
  • expulsion
  • placental
385
Q

Goal of labor is parturition:
Stages of labor
- Cervix dilates and fetus moves toward cervical canal, amnionic sac ruptures

A

dilation

386
Q

Goal of labor is parturition:
Stages of labor
- Cervix completes dilation and fetus emerges

A

expulsion

387
Q

_ = delivery = birth

A

Parturition

388
Q

Goal of labor is parturition:
Stages of labor
- Ejection of placenta

A

placental

389
Q

Hermione thinks she may be pregnant, she buys a test that detects what hormone in her urine?

A

hCG

390
Q

Which part of the blastocyst forms the embryo?

A

The inner cell mass

Physiology (8 decks)

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