EXAM #4 Flashcards
1
Q
Functions of the urinary system
A
- Elimination
- Excretion
- Homeostatic regulation of blood plasma by the kidneys
2
Q
Functions of the urinary system:
Role of ureters, bladder, urethra
- Discharge of waste products out of body
A
Elimination
3
Q
Functions of the urinary system:
_ first than _ second
A
- excretion
- elimination
4
Q
Functions of the urinary system:
Role of the kidney
- Remove of organic waste products from body fluids, produce urine
A
Excretion
5
Q
Functions of the urinary system:
3. Homeostatic regulation of blood plasma by the kidney
- Regulating blood _ & _
A
- volume & pressure
6
Q
Functions of the urinary system:
3. Homeostatic regulation of blood plasma by the kidney
- Regulating plasma _ concentrations
A
ion
7
Q
Functions of the urinary system:
3. Homeostatic regulation of blood plasma by the kidney
- Stabilizing _
A
blood pH
8
Q
Functions of the urinary system:
3. Homeostatic regulation of blood plasma by the kidney
- conserving _
A
nutrients
9
Q
Functions of the urinary system:
- Regulating blood volume & pressure
- Regulating plasma ion concentrations
- Stabilizing blood pH
- Conserving nutrients
A
Homeostatic regulation of blood plasma by the kidney
10
Q
Kidney tissue:
- _ contains ~1.25 million nephrons that make urine
A
Cortex
11
Q
Kidney tissue:
- Medulla consists of _ that drain urine from nephron to calyces
A
collecting ducts
12
Q
Kidney tissue:
_ drain into central renal pelvis
A
Calyces (plural of calyx)
13
Q
Kidney tissue:
Renal pelvis drains into the _
A
ureters
14
Q
Kidney has extensive _
- Kidneys receive 20-25% of cardiac output
A
vascular system
15
Q
The nephron consists of a renal _ and renal _
A
- corpuscle
- tubule
16
Q
The nephron:
Renal corpuscle is composed of _
A
Bowman’s capsule and the
glomerulus capillary bed
17
Q
The nephron:
_ consists of
- Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
- Nephron loop (Loop of Henle)
– Descending limb
– Ascending limb
- Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
A
Renal tubule
18
Q
Blood supply to the nephrons:
Glomerulus
_ arterioles & _ arterioles
A
afferent arterioles & efferent arterioles
19
Q
Blood supply to the nephrons:
Glomerulus
- _ arterioles supply blood to
capillary bed of glomerulus in the renal corpuscles
A
Afferent
20
Q
Blood supply to the nephrons:
Glomerulus
- _ arterioles collect blood _
glomerulus capillary bed
A
- Efferent
- leaving
21
Q
Blood supply to the nephrons:
Glomerulus
- _ exits capillaries into renal tubules
A
Filtrate
22
Q
Blood supply to the nephrons:
Renal tubules
- _ surround renal tubules - collect nutrients, water, and ions reabsorbed out of filtrate
A
Peritubular capillaries
23
Q
Two types of nephron
A
- cortical nephrons
- Juxtamedullary nephrons
24
Q
Type of nephron:
- ~85% of all nephrons
- Loops of Henle are shorter and mostly within the cortex
A
cortical nephrons
25
Type of nephron:
Cortical nephrons loops of Henle are _ and mostly within the cortex
shorter
26
Type of nephron:
- Loops of Henle are longer and extend deep into renal pyramids
- Produce more concentrated urine
-- More water reabsorbed
Juxtamedullary nephrons
27
Type of nephron:
Juxtamedullary nephrons
- Loops of Henle are _ and extend deep into renal pyramids
longer
28
Type of nephron:
Juxtamedullary nephrons
- Produce more _ urine
-- More water reabsorbed (less water wasted)
concentrated
29
Basic process of urine formation
- Filtration
- Reabsorption
- Secretion
30
Basic process of urine formation:
- Blood pressure causes water & solutes to move out of glomerular capillaries into renal tubules
Filtration
31
Basic process of urine formation:
Filtration
- _ - Fluid within renal tubule
Filtrate (tubular fluid)
32
Basic process of urine formation:
- Removal of water and solutes from filtrate into peritubular fluid (then blood)
Reabsorption
33
Basic process of urine formation:
Reabsorption
- _ - interstitial fluid surrounding renal tubule and peritubular capillaries
Peritubular fluid
34
Basic process of urine formation:
- Transport of solutes from the (blood to) peritubular fluid into the filtrate
Secretion
35
Composition and volume of normal urine varies with the _ and _ events of the body
- metabolic
- hormonal
36
Composition and volume of normal urine:
_ liters per day of filtrate produced
180
37
Composition and volume of normal urine:
180 liters per day of filtrate produced – _ is reabsorbed
99%
38
Composition and volume of normal urine:
1.2 liters (1200 ml ) per day of _ produced
urine
39
Composition and volume of normal urine:
Failure of kidneys to _ would be fatal in a few hours
(dehydration)
concentrate urine
40
Composition and volume of normal urine:
- Blood/filtrate ~ _ mOsm/liter
300
41
Composition and volume of normal urine:
- Blood/filtrate pH = _
7.35-7.45
42
Composition and volume of normal urine:
- Urine ~ _ mOsm/liter
850 to 1300
43
Composition and volume of normal urine:
- Urine pH = _
4.5-8.0
44
Three metabolic wastes
1. Urea
2. creatinine
3. uric acid
45
Composition and volume of normal urine:
Wastes are eliminated only when _ in urine, so removal
is accompanied by _
- dissolved
- water loss
46
Urine production:
Glomerulus – produces _ similar in composition to plasma without plasma proteins
filtrate
47
Urine production:
_ – produces filtrate similar in composition to plasma without plasma proteins
Glomerulus
48
Urine production:
PCT- reabsorbs _ by carrier
mediated transport and 60-70% of by _ osmosis
- nutrients & ions
- H2O
49
Urine production:
_ - reabsorbs nutrients & ions by carrier mediated transport and 60-70% of by H2O osmosis
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
50
Urine production:
_ - reabsorbs H2O by osmosis
Descending limb
51
Urine production:
Descending limb - reabsorbs _ by osmosis
H2O
52
Urine production:
Thick ascending limb - reabsorbs _ and _
- Na+
- Cl-
53
Urine production:
_ - reabsorbs Na+ and Cl-
Thick ascending limb
54
Urine production:
DCT and collecting ducts – function depends on levels of _
hormones
55
Urine production:
_ – function depends on levels of hormones
Distal convoluted tubules (DCT) and collecting ducts
56
Reabsorption and secretion:
occur via diffusion, osmosis, and carrier-mediated
transport across _ forming the wall of renal tubule
epithelial cells
57
3 Carrier Mediated transport
1. Facilitated diffusion
2. Active transport
3. Cotransport & Countertransport
58
Characteristics of Carrier
Mediated Transport:
- specific for a particular molecule
- transport only in one direction
- distribution of carrier proteins vary
- Can be controlled by hormones
carrier proteins
59
Characteristics of Carrier
Mediated Transport:
carrier proteins
- _ for a particular molecule
specific
60
Characteristics of Carrier
Mediated Transport:
carrier proteins
- transport only in _
one direction
61
Characteristics of Carrier
Mediated Transport:
carrier proteins
- distribution of carrier proteins _
vary
62
Characteristics of Carrier
Mediated Transport:
carrier proteins
- Can be controlled by _
hormones
63
Characteristics of Carrier
Mediated Transport:
carrier proteins have a _
transport maximum (Tm)
64
Characteristics of Carrier
Mediated Transport:
carrier proteins have a transport maximum (Tm)
- Determines _ for reabsorption of substances in tubular fluid
- Excess is _
- renal threshold
- “lost” in urine
65
Filtration and the Glomerulus:
_ forces water and solutes out of glomerular capillaries
Blood pressure
66
Filtration and the Glomerulus:
Large molecules such as
plasma proteins _ due to 3 layers of glomerulus filtration
do not cross
67
Filtration and the Glomerulus:
3 layers of glomerulus filtration
1. Capillary endothelium
2. Lamina densa
3. Podocytes cover lamina
densa
68
Filtration and the Glomerulus:
3 layers of glomerulus filtration
- specialized basal lamina
Lamina densa
69
Filtration and the Glomerulus:
3 layers of glomerulus filtration
- Podocytes cover lamina
densa of capillaries producing _
filtration slits
70
Filtration at Glomerulus:
Net filtration pressure is sum of opposing forces
FP = GHP - CsHP - BOP
71
Filtration at Glomerulus:
Net filtration
- blood hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries pushing _ (GHP)
fluids & solutes out
72
Filtration at Glomerulus:
Net filtration
- capsular hydrostatic pressure pushing _ capillaries (CsHP)
fluids & solutes into
73
Filtration at Glomerulus:
Net filtration
- blood osmotic pressure _ capillaries (BOP)
pulling water into
74
Filtration at Glomerulus:
- blood osmotic pressure (BOP) = _ mm Hg
25 (OP)
75
Filtration at Glomerulus:
- Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CsHP) = _ mm Hg
15
76
Filtration at Glomerulus:
- blood hydrostatic pressure (GHP) = _ mm Hg
50 (BP)
77
Filtration at Glomerulus:
Filtration pressure = (BP) 50 - (OP) 25 - (CsHP) 15 = _ mm Hg
10
78
Amount of filtrate produced in the kidneys each minute
Glomerular filtration rate
(GFR)
79
Glomerular filtration rate
(GFR):
Amount of filtrate produced in the kidneys each minute - - _ /minute = _/day
- 100 ml
- 180 liters
80
GFR is altered by any factors that alter net _
filtration pressure (FP)
81
GFR is altered by any factors that alter net filtration pressure (FP)
- Causing changes in _ of urine output and _ of urine
- volume
- composition
82
GFR altered by net filtration pressure (FP):
- Causing changes in urine output volumes & composition of urine
-- Changes in _
-- Changes in _ levels
- blood pressure
- blood osmotic
83
Glomerular filtration rate
(GFR):
Kidney has mechanisms to keep GFR at _
- Disease or damage can alter that
homeostasis
84
Factors affecting the GFR:
Decrease in GFR
- If GFR falls too low, can be fatal in a few days to weeks due to _
toxic waste buildup in blood
85
Factors affecting the GFR:
Decrease in GFR
_ will decrease filtration
Low BP
86
Factors affecting the GFR:
Decrease in GFR
- Low BP will decrease filtration
-- Hemorrhage (blood loss), dehydration, or shock that _
dilates blood vessels
87
Factors affecting the GFR:
Decrease in GFR
- Glomerulonephritis
-- _ of filtration slits by antigen-antibody complexes in blood
Blockage
88
Factors affecting the GFR:
Decrease in GFR
- Glomerulonephritis
-- Blockage of _ by antigen-antibody complexes in blood
filtration slits
89
Factors affecting the GFR:
Decrease in GFR
- Glomerulonephritis
-- Fluids _ move out of capillaries
can not
90
Factors affecting the GFR:
- Glomerulonephritis
-- _, urine production falls
GFR decreases
91
Factors affecting the GFR:
Decrease in GFR
- _ is inflammation of kidney
Nephritis
92
Factors affecting the GFR:
Decrease in GFR
- Nephritis - inflammation of kidney
-- Swelling causes _ so filtration rate slows
increased capsular pressure
93
Control of the GFR:
Autoregulation of _ can keep GFR constant despite changes in _
- afferent and efferent arteriole diameters
- systemic BP
94
Control of the GFR:
Autoregulation of afferent and efferent arteriole diameters can keep GFR constant despite changes in systemic BP
- Decreasing BP causes:
-- Dilation of _ arteriole
afferent
95
Control of the GFR:
Autoregulation of afferent and efferent arteriole diameters can keep GFR constant despite changes in systemic BP
- Decreasing BP causes:
-- Dilation of _ capillaries
glomerular
96
Control of the GFR:
Autoregulation of afferent and efferent arteriole diameters can keep GFR constant despite changes in systemic BP
- Decreasing BP causes:
-- Constriction of _ arteriole
efferent
97
Control of the GFR:
_ causes:
- Dilation of afferent arteriole
- Dilation of glomerular capillaries
- Constriction of efferent arteriole
Decreasing BP
98
Control of the GFR:
Autoregulation of afferent and efferent arteriole diameters can keep GFR constant despite changes in systemic BP
- Increasing BP causes:
-- _ of afferent arteriole
constriction
99
Control of the GFR:
_ causes:
- constriction of afferent arteriole
increasing BP
100
Control of the GFR:
_ regulation can over-ride autoregulation during stress response
Sympathetic ANS
101
Control of the GFR:
Sympathetic ANS regulation can over-ride autoregulation during stress response
- Hypotensive stress → strong vasoconstriction of
afferent arteriole, _ blood flow to _
- reducing
- glomerulus
102
Control of the GFR:
Sympathetic ANS regulation can over-ride autoregulation during stress response
- _ stress → strong vasoconstriction of
afferent arteriole, reducing blood flow to glomerulus
Hypotensive
103
Control of the GFR:
Sympathetic ANS regulation can over-ride autoregulation during stress response
- Overheating and exercise stress → _ from kidney by vasodilation of arterioles in skin and skeletal muscles
divert blood away
104
Control of the GFR:
Sympathetic ANS regulation can over-ride autoregulation during stress response
- _ stress → divert blood away from kidney by vasodilation of arterioles in skin and skeletal muscles
Overheating and exercise
105
Control of the GFR:
Sympathetic ANS regulation can over-ride autoregulation during stress response
- Reduced kidney perfusion & _
urine output
106
Role of kidney in systemic BP control:
Release of _ by juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
renin
107
Role of kidney in systemic BP control:
Release of renin by JGA
- Stimulated by a drop in _
filtration pressure
108
Role of kidney in systemic BP control:
Release of renin by JGA
- Renin release --> formation of _
angiotensin II
109
Role of kidney in systemic BP control:
- _ ---> Angiotensin I
Angiotensinogen
110
Role of kidney in systemic BP control:
_ converts angiotensiongen to angiotensin I
Renin
111
Role of kidney in systemic BP control:
- Angiotensin I ---> _
Angiotensin II
112
Role of kidney in systemic BP control:
_ converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II
angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
113
Role of kidney in systemic BP control:
As blood passes through _ , _ converts angiotensin I to the active form angiotensin II
- lungs
- angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
114
Role of kidney in systemic BP control:
Angiotensin II produces increases in _ and _
- blood volume
- BP
115
Control of the GFR:
Effects of _
- constricts efferent arteriole
- Stimulates aldosterone secretion
- Stimulates antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion
- Stimulates thirst
- Stimulates sympathetic activation
angiotensin II
116
Control of the GFR:
Effects of angiotensin II
- _efferent arteriole
constricts
117
Control of the GFR:
Effects of angiotensin II
- Stimulates _ secretion
- Stimulates _ secretion
- aldosterone
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
118
Control of the GFR:
Effects of angiotensin II
- Stimulates _
thirst
119
Control of the GFR:
Effects of angiotensin II
- Stimulates _ activation
sympathetic
120
PCT _ 60-70% of filtrate
reabsorbs
121
PCT reabsorption of most organic nutrients by _
- Sugars, amino acids, vitamins, etc. up to transport maximum (Tm)
carrier mediated transport
122
PCT reabsorption of most organic nutrients by carrier mediated transport
- Genetic disorders exist in which genes for one or more of transport proteins are _
abnormal
123
PCT Reabsorption of _, _ and other ions
- sodium
- bicarbonate
124
PCT Reabsorption of _
water by osmosis
125
Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle):
- Reabsorbs water by osmosis
- Impermeable to solutes
Thin descending limb
126
Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle):
Thin descending limb
- Reabsorbs water by _
osmosis
127
Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle):
Thin descending limb
- Impermeable to _
solutes
128
Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle):
- Active NaCl reabsorption
- Impermeable to water
Thick ascending limb
129
Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle):
Thick ascending limb:
- Active _ reabsorption
NaCl
130
Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle):
Thick ascending limb:
- Impermeable to _
water
131
Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle):
Exchange between fluids moving in opposite directions
Countercurrent multiplication
132
Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle):
Countercurrent multiplication
- Exchange between fluids moving in _
opposite directions
133
Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle):
Countercurrent multiplication
- Increased osmolarity from NaCl transport from ascending limb results in increased movement of _ from descending limb
waste
134
Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle):
Countercurrent multiplication
- Increased osmolarity from _ from _ results in _ movement of waste from descending limb
- NaCl transport
- ascending limb
- increased
135
Tubes of smooth muscle ~12 inches long from kidney to bladder
Ureters
136
Ureters:
_ force urine toward the urinary bladder
Peristaltic contractions
137
Hollow organ – surrounded
by 3 layers of smooth muscle called the detrusor muscle
Urinary bladder
138
Urinary bladder:
Hollow organ – surrounded
by 3 layers of smooth muscle called the _
detrusor muscle
139
Urinary bladder:
_ innervation controls contraction of detrusor muscle which voids (empties) bladder
Parasympathetic
140
Urinary bladder:
Parasympathetic innervation controls _ which voids (empties) bladder
contraction of detrusor muscle
141
Elimination of urine:
Urethra
- at base of the bladder
- Smooth muscle, ANS control (involuntary)
Internal urinary sphincter
142
Elimination of urine:
Urethra
- Internal urinary sphincter
-- at _ of the bladder
base
143
Elimination of urine:
Urethra
- Internal urinary sphincter
-- Smooth muscle, _
ANS control (involuntary)
144
Elimination of urine:
Urethra
- In floor of pelvic cavity =
urogenital diaphragm
- Skeletal muscle, voluntary control
External urinary sphincter
145
Elimination of urine:
Urethra
- External urinary sphincter
-- In _ cavity = urogenital diaphragm
floor of pelvic
146
Elimination of urine:
Urethra
- External urinary sphincter
-- Skeletal muscle, _
voluntary control
147
expelling urine from urinary bladder through urethra
Urination (voiding)
148
Urination coordinated by _
micturition reflex
149
Micturition Reflex:
Stretch receptors in wall of bladder
- Provide _ awareness of bladder distension
conscious
150
Micturition Reflex:
Stretch receptors in wall of bladder
- Provide input to ANS causing reflex contraction of detrusor muscle via _
parasympathetic input
151
Urination requires _ micturition reflex with relaxation of internal and external urethral sphincter
coupling
152
Urinary Disorders:
Inability to voluntarily prevent the release of urine
Incontinence
153
Urinary Disorders:
Inability to voluntarily release urine
Urinary retention
154
- Incontinence
- Urinary retention
- Urinary tract infections
- Kidney Stones
Urinary Disorders
155
Changes with aging include:
Problems with the _
- Incontinence
- Urinary retention due to prostate gland hypertrophy in males
micturition reflex
156
Changes with aging include:
Higher incidence of _
- Calcium, magnesium, or uric acid crystals
- Amino acid crystals in genetic disorders of amino acid carrier-mediated transport proteins
kidney stones
157
Changes with aging include:
_ in the number of functional nephrons
Decline
158
Changes with aging include:
Reduced sensitivity to _ (pee more frequently)
ADH
159
Reabsorption and secretion in the DCT & collecting ducts:
_ adjustment of urine
final
160
Reabsorption and secretion in the DCT & collecting ducts:
Final adjustment of urine
- _ is controlled by varying the amounts of _ secreted or _ reabsorbed
- pH
- H+
- HCO3-
161
Reabsorption and secretion in the DCT & collecting ducts:
Final adjustment of urine
- Water and solute levels in urine regulated by _
hormones
162
Reabsorption and secretion in the DCT & collecting ducts:
Reabsorption
- Active reabsorption of _ in presence of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitriol
calcium
163
Reabsorption and secretion in the DCT & collecting ducts:
Reabsorption
- Active reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- in exchange for K+ in presence of _
aldosterone
164
Reabsorption and secretion in the DCT & collecting ducts:
Reabsorption
- Water reabsorbed in presence of _
ADH
165
Steroid hormone from adrenal cortex
Aldosterone
166
Aldosterone:
Released in response to _, _ blood levels of _ ions, or high levels of K+
- low BP
- low
- Na+
167
Aldosterone:
Causes _ of transport _ for
absorption of Na+ and secretion of K+
- increased synthesis
- proteins
168
Aldosterone:
- In absence of aldosterone, Na+ reabsorption and K+
secretion is _ in DCT and collecting ducts
minimal
169
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH):
- Facultative _
water reabsorption
170
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH):
- In absence of ADH, water reabsorption is _ in DCT and collecting ducts
minimal
171
Peptide hormone from posterior pituitary gland
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
172
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH):
ADH normally released at _
- sufficient to reabsorb 25-26 liters of the 27 liters/day entering DCT
low levels
173
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH):
Causes appearance of _
water channels in membrane
174
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH):
Controlled primarily by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
- High blood osmolarity (low water) = _
more ADH
175
Which would NOT cause a decrease in GFR?
- Dehydration
- Low albumin levels (causes decreased osmotic pressure)
- hemorrhage (causes low BP)
- Nephritis (causes increased csHP)
Low albumin levels (causes decreased osmotic pressure)
176
An ACE inhibitor would _
reduce angiotensin II and increase amount of urine produced
177
If glucose is detected in high levels in a urine sample, it is an indication that _
glucose transport maximums have reached threshold
178
Reproductive System:
produce gametes & hormones
Gonads
179
Reproductive System:
Gonads
- Female ovaries
eggs, estrogens and progesterone
180
Reproductive System:
Gonads
- Male testes
Sperm and androgens (testosterone)
181
Reproductive System:
Transport
ducts
182
Reproductive System:
Ducts
- Females
uterine (Fallopian) tubes
183
Reproductive System:
Ducts
- Males
Epididymus, ductus deferens & urethra
184
Reproductive System:
Secrete fluids into ducts
accessory glands
185
Reproductive System:
External genitalia
- Female
clitoris, labia minora, labia majora
186
Reproductive System:
External genitalia
- Male
penis & scrotum
187
Reproductive System:
Females – Uterus, vagina, mammary glands
- To provide for _
growth, delivery and nutrients for infant
188
Hormonal control of reproductive system:
Hypothalamus- gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
- Requires adequate level of _ hormone from adipose tissue
Leptin
189
Hormonal control of reproductive system:
Hypothalamus- gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
- Males: released at _
steady state
190
Hormonal control of reproductive system:
Hypothalamus- gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
- Females: release varies over a _
monthly cycle
191
Hormonal control of reproductive system:
Anterior pituitary
- gonadotropins (FSH and LH) in response to _
GnRH
192
Hormonal control of reproductive system:
Anterior pituitary: gonadotropins (FSH and LH) in response to GnRH
- Males:
-- FSH causes _
maturation of sperm
193
Hormonal control of reproductive system:
Anterior pituitary: gonadotropins (FSH and LH) in response to GnRH
- Males:
-- LH causes secretion of _
testosterone
194
Hormonal control of reproductive system:
Anterior pituitary: gonadotropins (FSH and LH) in response to GnRH
- Females:
-- FSH causes _
maturation of egg and secretion of estrogen
195
Hormonal control of reproductive system:
Anterior pituitary: gonadotropins (FSH and LH) in response to GnRH
- Females:
-- LH causes _
release of egg and secretion of progesterone
196
Oogonia & spermatogonia are stem cells (germ cells)
capable of dividing by _
mitosis
197
Oogonia & spermatogonia are stem cells (germ cells)
capable of dividing by mitosis
- Produce _
oocytes and spermatocytes
198
Oocytes & spermatocytes
undergo _
meiosis
199
Oocytes & spermatocytes
undergo meiosis
- produce haploid _
eggs (ova) and sperm
(spermatozoa)
200
Oogenesis:
Oogonia _ dividing by mitosis in 3rd month of _ development
- stop
- fetal
201
Oogenesis:
All oogonia _ into _ and enter the first stage of meiosis
- differentiate
- primary oocytes
202
Oogenesis:
No further differentiation occurs until _
puberty
203
Oogenesis:
From puberty through
menopause, one oocyte per
month continues meiosis and matures into an ovum
- Requires _
FSH and LH
204
Spermatogenesis:
Spermatogonia able to divide by mitosis through out _
lifespan
205
Spermatogenesis:
Starting in puberty, some
spermatogonia differentiate into _
- Requires FSH
primary spermatocytes
206
Spermatogenesis:
Primary spermatocytes complete both steps of meiosis, producing _
four spermatids
207
Spermatogenesis:
Spermatids mature into _
spermatozoa
208
Spermatozoan (sperm) components
- Head
- Middle piece
- Tail
209
Spermatozoan (sperm):
- Nucleus and densely
packed chromosomes
- Acrosomal cap
Head
210
Spermatozoan (sperm):
- Mitochondria -
produce the ATP needed to move the tail
Middle piece
211
Spermatozoan (sperm):
- Only flagellum in the human body
Tail
212
Fertilization:
- Acrosomal enzymes from multiple sperm create gaps in corona radiata.
- A single sperm then makes contact with the oocyte membrane, and membrane fusion occurs, triggering _.
oocyte activation and completion of meiosis
213
Female Reproductive System:
Gonads - produce gametes & hormones
- Ovaries produce _
oocytes, estrogens and progesterone
214
Female Reproductive System:
Ducts - Uterine (Fallopian)
tubes
- Transports gametes, site of _
fertilization
215
Female Reproductive System:
Uterus and vagina
- provide for _ and delivery
fetal development
216
Female Reproductive System:
Oocytes are surrounded by _
follicular cells (ovarian follicle)
217
Female Reproductive System:
Monthly process of oocyte maturation, ovulation, and
follicle degeneration
Ovarian cycle
218
Female Reproductive System:
Ovarian cycle
- From puberty through menopause
-- Divided into two phases:
1. Follicular phase
2. Luteal phase
219
Female Reproductive System:
Ovarian cycle
- FSH stimulates follicular cells to multiply
Follicular phase (pre-ovulatory)
220
Female Reproductive System:
Ovarian cycle-Follicular phase (pre-ovulatory)
- FSH stimulates follicular cells to multiply
-- Follicular cells secrete _
-- Support oocyte development
estrogen
221
Female Reproductive System:
Ovarian cycle-Follicular phase (pre-ovulatory)
- FSH stimulates follicular cells to multiply
-- A few oocytes per month start development, only _ becomes dominant and _
- one
- completes process
222
Female Reproductive System:
Ovarian cycle-Follicular phase (pre-ovulatory)
- _ levels at end of follicular
phase prompt completion of meiosis I in dominant oocyte
Rising LH
223
Female Reproductive System:
Ovarian cycle-Follicular phase (pre-ovulatory)
- Rising LH levels at end of follicular phase prompt _
completion of meiosis I in dominant oocyte
224
Female Reproductive System:
Ovarian cycle-Follicular phase (pre-ovulatory)
- _ = follicular cells that remain associated with secondary oocyte
Corona radiata
225
Female Reproductive System:
Release of egg with surrounding corona radiata from follicle
Ovulation
226
Female Reproductive System:
Ovulation
- Follicular cells release secondary oocyte into pelvic cavity by forming a _
small cyst
227
Female Reproductive System:
Ovulation
- Oocyte moves into uterine tube by contact with _
fimbriae
228
Female Reproductive System:
Ovulation
- Any oocytes that began but did not complete development undergo _
atresia
229
Female Reproductive System:
Ovarian cycle
- Remaining follicular cells form corpus luteum
Luteal phase (post-ovulatory)
230
Female Reproductive System:
Ovarian cycle-Luteal phase (post-ovulatory)
- Yellow in color due to _
cholesterol
231
Female Reproductive System:
Ovarian cycle-Luteal phase (post-ovulatory)
- Cholesterol is converted to _
-- Prepares uterus for pregnancy
progesterone
232
Female Reproductive System:
Ovarian cycle-Luteal phase (post-ovulatory)
- Secretes moderate amounts of _ but mostly _
- estrogens
- progesterone
233
Female Reproductive System:
Ovarian cycle-Luteal phase (post-ovulatory)
- Begins _ about 12 days after ovulation
-- in absence of HcG (pregnancy hormone)
degenerating
234
Female Reproductive System:
Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes)
- Help move ovum into tube
fimbriae
235
Female Reproductive System:
Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes)
- Oocyte moves through tube via _ movement
-- Lipid and glycogen secretions
peristalsis and cilia
236
Female Reproductive System:
Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes)
- Fertilization of oocyte by sperm
-- Within _ after ovulation while oocyte is in _
- 24 hours
- first third of tube
237
Female Reproductive System:
Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes)
- Blockage of uterine tubes
-- _ – elective surgery for birth control
Tubal ligation
238
Female Reproductive System:
Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes)
- Blockage of uterine tubes
-- Pelvic inflammatory disease (STIs) - _
scarring of tubes
239
Male Reproductive System:
Gonads - produce gametes & hormones
- Testes produce _
Sperm (spermatozoa) and androgens (testosterone)
240
Male Reproductive System:
Ducts – _
- Epididymis, Ductus deferens, Ejaculatory duct, and Urethra
Pathway of spermatozoa
241
Male Reproductive System:
Ducts – Pathway of spermatozoa
- Epididymis,
- Ductus deferens,
- Ejaculatory duct & Urethra
242
Male Reproductive System:
Accessory glands – secrete _
- Seminal vesicles, Prostate gland, Bulbourethral glands
fluids into ducts to support sperm, producing semen
243
Male Reproductive System:
External genitalia
- _ enclosing testes & penis
Scrotal sac
244
Male Reproductive System:
Seminiferous tubules of the
testes is the site of _
spermatogenesis
245
Male Reproductive System:
Seminiferous tubules of the
testes
- Spermatogonia → _ → _ → _
spermatocytes → spermatids → spermatozoa
(sperm)
246
Male Reproductive System:
Seminiferous tubules of the
testes
- Site of spermatogenesis
-- Requires temperature _ normal body temperature
2 degrees Fahrenheit below
247
Male Reproductive System:
Seminiferous tubules of the
testes
- Sustentacular (nurse) cells respond to _
FSH
248
Male Reproductive System:
Seminiferous tubules of the
testes
- Support mitosis, meiosis, & sperm differentiation
- Form the blood-testis barrier
- Secrete inhibin which suppresses FSH release
Sustentacular (nurse) cells
249
Male Reproductive System:
Seminiferous tubules of the
testes
- Sustentacular (nurse) cells
-- Support _, _, & sperm differentiation
mitosis, meiosis
250
Male Reproductive System:
Seminiferous tubules of the
testes
- Sustentacular (nurse) cells
-- Form the _
blood-testis barrier
251
Male Reproductive System:
Seminiferous tubules of the
testes
- Sustentacular (nurse) cells
-- Secrete inhibin which suppresses _ release
FSH
252
Male Reproductive System:
Seminiferous tubules of the
testes
- Secrete androgens when stimulated by LH
Interstitial cells (Leydig cells)
253
Male Reproductive System:
Seminiferous tubules of the
testes
- Interstitial cells (Leydig cells)
-- Secrete androgens when stimulated by _
LH
254
Male Reproductive System:
Ducts – pathway of sperm
- Epididymis
-- Coiled duct approximately _ long
23 feet
255
Male Reproductive System:
Ducts – pathway of sperm
- Epididymis
-- Receives sperm from _
seminiferous tubules
256
Male Reproductive System:
Ducts – pathway of sperm
- Epididymis
-- Peristaltic contractions move _ sperm _ through epididymis
--- Requires _
- immobile
- slowly
- 2 weeks
257
Male Reproductive System:
Ducts – pathway of sperm
- Epididymis
-- Passage through epididymis required for
functional _ of spermatozoa
maturation
258
Male Reproductive System:
Ducts – pathway of sperm
- Ductus deferens (vas deferens)
-- Approximately _ long
18 inches
259
Male Reproductive System:
Ducts – pathway of sperm
- Ductus deferens (vas deferens)
-- Receives sperm from _
epididymus
260
Male Reproductive System:
Ducts – pathway of sperm
- Ductus deferens (vas deferens)
-- Ascends up through _ canal
inguinal
261
Male Reproductive System:
Ducts – pathway of sperm
- Ductus deferens (vas deferens)
-- _ move sperm toward urethra
Peristaltic contractions
262
Male Reproductive System:
Ducts – pathway of sperm
- Urethra
-- _: Reproductive AND urinary tract
Dual function duct
263
Semen contains between _ spermatozoa per ml
- Typical ejaculate = 2 - 5 ml fluid
20-100 million
264
Semen:
Accessory glands – provide the exocrine secretions that form _ fluid
seminal
265
Semen fluid:
- pH of _ – neutralizes acids of male urethral tract and female reproductive tract
7.2-7.6
266
Semen fluid:
- Activates flagella, initiating _
sperm motility
267
Semen fluid:
- Fructose, prostaglandins, mucus
- Antibiotic activity
- _ to dissolve vaginal mucus
Proteases
268
Accessory glands:
Seminal vesicles
- Secretions form _ of total semen volume
~65%
269
Accessory glands:
Seminal vesicles
- Fluid is same osmotic concentration as blood plasma but different _
composition
270
Accessory glands:
Seminal vesicles
- High concentrations of _ (easily metabolized by sperm)
fructose
271
Accessory glands:
Seminal vesicles
- _ forms temporary semen clot in vagina
Fibrinogen
272
Accessory glands:
Seminal vesicles
- Secretions of seminal glands are slightly _
-- To neutralize acids in prostate and vagina
alkaline
273
Accessory glands:
Seminal vesicles
- Secretions of seminal glands are slightly alkaline
-- To _ in prostate and vagina
neutralize acids
274
Accessory glands:
Prostate gland
- _ of semen volume
~25%
275
Accessory glands:
Prostate gland
- Gland _ the urethra
- Prostate inflammation
(prostatitis) common in older men, but can occur at any age
surrounds
276
Accessory glands:
Bulbourethral glands
- Secrete thick, _ mucus
alkaline
277
Accessory glands:
Bulbourethral glands
- Secrete thick, alkaline mucus
-- Helps neutralize _ in urethra
-- _ tip of penis
- urinary acids
- Lubricates
278
Penis:
Deliver semen into vagina of female reproductive tract
Reproductive function
279
Penis:
- Contains three columns of
erectile tissue
- 2 corpora cavernosa
- 1 corpus spongiosum
280
Penis:
Contains three columns of
erectile tissue
- Connected at base to ischium & pubis
2 corpora cavernosa (dorsolateral)
281
Accessory glands:
Seminal vesicles
- _ stimulate smooth muscle contractions in male and female reproductive tracts
Prostaglandins
282
Penis:
Contains three columns of
erectile tissue
- surrounding urethra
1 corpus spongiosum (midventral)
283
Penis:
Erectile tissue contains many _ that can be filled with blood from arterioles and drained by venules
vascular sinuses
284
Penile Erection parasympathetic stimulation:
- Neurotransmitter - _
nitric oxide (NO)
285
Penile Erection parasympathetic stimulation:
- Neurotransmitter - nitric oxide (NO)
-- Causes increased cGMP (2o messenger) inside smooth muscle of blood vessels resulting in _
dilation
286
Penile Erection parasympathetic stimulation:
- Dilation of arterioles in erectile tissue
-- Increased blood flow in allowing _ of erectile tissue
filling of vascular sinuses
287
Penile Erection parasympathetic stimulation:
- Dilation of arterioles in erectile tissue
-- Compresses veins _ blood flow out
decreasing
288
Penile Erection parasympathetic stimulation:
- Impotence – _
-- Viagra, Cialis and Levitra
erectile dysfunction
289
Penis:
Erection = _ stimulation
parasympathetic
290
Penis:
subsidence of erection
Detumescence
291
Penis:
Detumescence – subsidence of erection
- Decrease in _ or increase
_ activity
- parasympathetic activity
- sympathetic
292
Penis:
Detumescence – subsidence of erection
- Constriction of _
-- reduces blood flow in
-- reduces compression of veins allowing blood to exit
from sinuses
arterioles
293
Penis:
Emission reflex = _ stimulation
sympathetic
294
Penis:
Emission reflex - sympathetic stimulation
- _ sperm and secretions into urethra
Moving
295
Penis:
Emission reflex - sympathetic stimulation
- _ in ducts and glands
Peristaltic contractions
296
Penis:
Emission reflex - sympathetic stimulation
- Reflex closing of _ sphincter
internal urinary
297
Penis:
moving semen out the urethra
Ejaculation
298
Penis:
Ejaculation - moving semen out the urethra
- _ of skeletal muscles at base of penis:
-- Forces semen out of urethra
-- Produces the sensation of orgasm
Rhythmic contraction
299
Human body cells have 46 chromosomes. Human gametes (sperm & egg) are _
produced by meiosis and have 23 chromosomes
300
Which of the following are NOT true about spermatocytes
- they have 46 chromosomes
- they are formed in the sustentacular cells
- they undergo meiosis
- they undergo mitosis
they undergo mitosis
301
Spermatozoa are not functionally mature until _
they finish the 2 week journey through the epididymis
302
FSH binds to follicular cells and causes _
estrogen secretion
303
When a male is born the gametes are at the _ stage; when a female is born, gametes are at the _ stage
spermatogonia; oocyte
304
What is the purpose of the corpus luteum?
secrete progesterone and a smaller amount of estrogen
305
Uterus:
Small hollow organ with very thick elastic muscular wall, _
able to expand
306
Uterus:
base of uterus, opens into vagina
Cervix
307
Uterus:
Functions
- provide support for developing fetus
- _ at time of birth
expel fetus
308
Uterus:
Uterine wall consists of
three layers
1. perimetrium
2. myometrium
3. endometrium
309
Uterus:
Uterine wall consists of
three layers
- outer serosal layer
perimetrium
310
Uterus:
Uterine wall consists of
three layers
- muscular layer
myometrium
311
Uterus:
Uterine wall consists of
three layers
- mucosal layer
endometrium
312
Uterus:
Endometrium
- 2 zones
1. basilar zone
2. functional zone
313
Uterus:
Endometrium
- 2 zones
-- permanent layer
basilar zone
314
Uterus:
Endometrium
- 2 zones
-- created and they shed each month
functional zone
315
Prenatal development
(gestation):
- Approximately _ months
9 months (38-40 weeks)
316
Prenatal development
(gestation):
_ - fertilization through first two weeks
Pre-embryological development
317
Prenatal development
(gestation):
_ - changes occurring the first two months after embryo forms
embryological development
318
Prenatal development
(gestation):
_ - start of the ninth week and continues until birth
fetal development
319
Prenatal development
(gestation):
Gestation periods (three trimesters)
- First trimester (a LOT going on!!)
- Fertilization
- Cleavage
- implantation
- Embryogenesis
320
Fertilization (conception):
Occurs in the uterine tubes
- Within a day of _
ovulation
321
Fertilization (conception):
Multiple spermatozoa required to release sufficient _ and acrosin
hyaluronidase
322
Fertilization (conception):
Multiple spermatozoa required to release sufficient
hyaluronidase and acrosin
- _ required to penetrate the _ layer of follicle cells surrounding ovum
- enzymes
- corona radiata
323
Fertilization (conception):
_ spermatozoan enters oocyte
single
324
Fertilization (conception):
single spermatozoan enters oocyte
- Polyspermy prevented by membrane _ and _ reaction
- depolarization
- cortical
325
Fertilization (conception):
Female pronucleus and male pronucleus _ to produce _
- fuse
- diploid nucleus
326
Cleavage:
Zygote divides by _ multiple times forming a morula then a _
- mitosis
- blastocyst
327
Cleavage:
ball of undifferentiated cells
morula
328
Cleavage:
hollow sphere with cell differentiation
blastocyst
329
Cleavage:
Blastocyst
- Trophoblast
-- outer layer of cells that will form _ and outer layer of chorion
placenta
330
Cleavage:
Blastocyst
- inner cell mass
-- cluster of cells at one end of blastocyst that will form the _ and additional extraembryonic membranes
embryo
331
Cleavage:
Blastocyst
- cluster of cells at one end of blastocyst that will form the embryo and additional extraembryonic membranes
inner cell mass
332
Cleavage:
Blastocyst
- outer layer of cells that will form placenta and outer layer of chorion
Trophoblast
333
Implantation occurs approximately _ after
fertilization
10 days
334
Implantation & Placentation:
Blastocyst burrows into endometrium
- trophoblast secretes _
hyaluronidase
335
Implantation & Placentation:
Endometrium _ over blastocyst
reforms
336
Placentation:
Trophoblast spreads within endometrium
- dissolves through maternal _
blood vessels
337
Placentation:
Trophoblast spreads within endometrium
- dissolves through maternal blood vessels
- maternal blood flows through open _
lacunae
338
Placentation:
_ forms and _ extend into lacunae to gather nutrients and release waste
- Chorion
- chorionic villi
339
Uterine cycle (menstrual cycle):
_ series of changes in endometrium of non-pregnant uterus
- Controlled by hormones
- Average 28 day cycle (21-35 day range)
Repeating
340
Uterine cycle (menstrual cycle):
Functional zone grows in thickness to prepare to _
receive embryo
341
Uterine cycle (menstrual cycle):
Functional zone
- Stimulated by _
estrogen and progesterone
342
Uterine cycle (menstrual cycle):
Functional zone
- if no embryo implants in uterus, functional layer
deteriorates and is shed = _
menstruation
343
Vagina:
folds allowing for expansion
Rugae
344
Vagina:
Interior is _, contains mucus
secretions
acidic
345
Vagina:
Smooth muscle layers
continuous with smooth muscle layers of uterus
- Peristaltic contractions
move _ through uterus
sperm upwards
346
Vagina:
Extends from _ to opening in _
- cervix
- vestibule
347
Vagina:
Vaginal opening can expand & contract
- Partial membranous covering = _
hymen
348
Vagina:
secrete into vaginal opening
during sexual arousal
- homologous to bulbourethral glands of male
Greater vestibular glands
349
Female Sexual Function:
Parasympathetic activation during sexual arousal leads to _
increased blood flow to vagina and vestibule
350
Female Sexual Function:
Parasympathetic activation
- Increased blood flow to vagina
-- _ becomes engorged
Erectile tissue (clitoris, labia minora)
351
Female Sexual Function:
Parasympathetic activation
- Increased blood flow to vagina
-- _ from glands in vestibule and vagina
increased secretions
352
Female Sexual Function:
Parasympathetic activation
- Constriction of smooth muscles in _
nipples
353
Female Sexual Function:
Sexual stimulation may lead to orgasm
- _ of uterine and vaginal walls, along with pelvic floor muscles, give rise to pleasurable feeling of orgasm
Rhythmic contractions
354
Female Sexual Function:
Sexual stimulation may lead to orgasm
- activated by _ stimulation
sympathetic
355
Female Reproductive System Aging:
Menopause
- Typically by age 45 – 55 supply of oocytes in ovaries _
are depleted
356
Female Reproductive System Aging:
Menopause
- Oocytes and the primordial follicles lost over time by _
atresia
357
Female Reproductive System Aging:
Menopause
- FSH unable to activate enough follicles to produce
sufficient _ for ovarian cycle
estrogen
358
Female Reproductive System Aging:
Menopause
- FSH unable to activate enough follicles to produce
sufficient estrogen for ovarian cycle
-- _, neither estrogen nor
progesterone are secreted
Ovulation ceases
359
Female Reproductive System Aging:
Menopause
- Uterine cycle stops, menstruation ceases
- Body _ over time
adjusts to loss of estrogen
360
Female Reproductive System Disorders:
Uterus
- Fibroids (non-cancerous muscle tumors)
- Endometrial & cervical cancer
361
Female Reproductive System Disorders:
Ovaries
- cysts
- ovarian cancer
362
Benign and cancerous tumors
- Uterus
-- Fibroids (non-cancerous muscle tumors)
-- Endometrial & cervical cancer
- Ovaries
-- Cysts
-- Ovarian cancer
- Dysmenorrhea (cramps)
- Endometriosis
Female Reproductive System Disorders
363
Embryogenesis:
Inner cell mass begins differentiation after _
implantation
364
Embryogenesis:
Oocyte cytoplasm
- supports embryogenesis for _
first week – 12 days
365
Embryogenesis:
Oocyte cytoplasm
- Is _ - as zygote divides into multiple cells, differences in cytoplasmic composition in the cells trigger activation of different genes (induction, differentiation)
not homogeneous
366
Pregnancy:
Organ systems increase in complexity
Second trimester
367
Pregnancy:
- Many organ systems become fully functional
- Fetus undergoes largest weight change
- At end of gestation fetus and uterus push maternal organs out of position
Third trimester
368
Placental structure:
50% increased in maternal _
blood volume and urine output
369
Exchange of gasses, nutrients, & wastes between
fetal blood and maternal blood
Placental function
370
Placental function:
Endocrine function (maintain pregnancy and prepare for birth)
- Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
- Maintains _ for 3-4 months
corpus luteum
371
Placental function:
Endocrine function (maintain pregnancy and prepare for birth)
- support mammary gland development
Human placental lactogen (hPL) & Placental prolactin
372
Placental function:
Endocrine function (maintain pregnancy and prepare for birth)
- increase flexibility of pubic symphysis and dilation of
cervix, suppresses oxytocin release
Relaxin
373
Placental function:
Endocrine function (maintain pregnancy and prepare for birth)
- Relaxin - increase _ of pubic symphysis and dilation of cervix, suppresses _
- flexibility
- oxytocin release
374
Placental function:
Endocrine function (maintain pregnancy and prepare for birth)
- Estrogens = _
- Progesterone = _
- produce close to delivery
- throughout pregnancy until late-term
375
Mammary glands:
_ produced first followed by breast milk
colostrum
376
Labor & delivery:
Strong rhythmic contractions of smooth muscles of uterus in response to _
oxytocin and prostaglandins
377
Labor & delivery:
Factors preventing early contractions
- _ from placenta inhibits uterine muscle contraction until late in pregnancy
Progesterone
378
Labor & delivery:
Factors preventing early contractions
- Myometrium less sensitive to _
oxytocin
379
Labor & delivery:
Factors preventing early contractions
- Oxytocin _ in high levels
not present
380
Labor & delivery:
Factors causing contractions and initiating labor
- _ released by placenta in late pregnancy increases _ of smooth muscles to oxytocin
- Estrogen
- sensitivity
381
Labor & delivery:
Factors causing contractions and initiating labor
- Maternal and fetal pituitary secrete _
oxytocin
382
Labor & delivery:
Factors causing contractions and initiating labor
- Endometrium secretes _ in response to oxytocin and estrogen
prostaglandins
383
Goal of labor is _
parturition
384
Goal of labor is parturition:
Stages of labor
- dilation
- expulsion
- placental
385
Goal of labor is parturition:
Stages of labor
- Cervix dilates and fetus moves toward cervical canal, amnionic sac ruptures
dilation
386
Goal of labor is parturition:
Stages of labor
- Cervix completes dilation and fetus emerges
expulsion
387
_ = delivery = birth
Parturition
388
Goal of labor is parturition:
Stages of labor
- Ejection of placenta
placental
389
Hermione thinks she may be pregnant, she buys a test that detects what hormone in her urine?
hCG
390
Which part of the blastocyst forms the embryo?
The inner cell mass
