EXAM #2 Flashcards
Lymphatic system functions:
1. collects _ _ from tissues, circulates it through the lymphatic vessels, and delivers it to the _ system
- interstitial fluids
- cardiovascular
Lymphatic system functions:
2. contains cells. tissues, and organs that participate in the _ mechanisms protecting the body against disease
defense
Lymph - fluid in the lymph vessels:
- interstitial fluid is collected and returned to _ by lymph vessels
veins
Lymph - fluid in the lymph vessels:
- interstitial fluid is produced at the capillary beds when the water and small solutes of plasma are _ _ of capillaries into tissues but large _ remain in plasma
- forced out
- proteins
Lymph - forces in play at capillary beds:
Blood pressure (capillary hydrostatic pressure)
- force that _ water and solutes _ from plasma to interstitial spaces
- pushes
- out
Lymph - forces in play at capillary beds:
Osmotic pressure - _ force
diffusion
Lymph - forces in play at capillary beds:
Osmotic pressure - diffusion force
- force that _ water out of interstitial fluids across capillary walls _ _
- pulls
- into plasma
Lymph - forces in play at capillary beds:
Osmotic pressure - diffusion force
- average of _ mm Hg in plasma
25
Lymph - capillary filtration and reabsorption:
_ occurs on arterial side of capillary beds when blood pressure is higher (~35 mm Hg) than osmotic pressure (~ 25 mm Hg)
filtration
Lymph - capillary filtration and reabsorption:
Filtration = water and solutes are _ _
pushed out
Lymph - capillary filtration and reabsorption:
_ occurs on venous side of capillary beds where blood pressure is less (~18 mm Hg) than osmotic pressure (~25 mm Hg)
reabsorption
Lymph - capillary filtration and reabsorption:
Reabsorption = water and small solutes are drawn _ _ the capillaries from the interstitial fluid
back into
Lymph - capillary filtration and reabsorption:
Occurs on the venous side of capillary beds
reabsorption
Lymph - capillary filtration and reabsorption:
Occurs on arterial side of capillary beds
filtration
Lymph:
The difference between blood pressure pushing fluids and osmotic pressure pulling fluids in
Net filtration pressure
Lymph:
Capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP) (blood pressure) pushing fluids out
net hydrostatic pressure
Lymph:
Blood colloidal osmotic pressure (BCOP) pulling water in
net osmotic pressure
Lymph:
Net filtration =
BP - OP
Lymph:
NFP on arterial side = _ - _
35 mm Hg - 25 mm Hg
Lymph:
NFP on arterial side
- _ liters per day filtered out into interstitial space
24
Lymph:
NFP on venous side = _ - _
18 mm Hg - 25 mm Hg
Lymph:
NFP on venous side
- _ liters per day reabsorbed from interstitial space
20.4
Lymph ~ _ collected as lymph
3.6 liters/day
Lymph - Disturbance of forces affects levels of interstitial fluids by:
- due to dehydration, hemorrhage
recall of fluids
Lymph - Disturbance of forces affects levels of interstitial fluids by:
- abnormal accumulation of fluids
edema
Lymph - Disturbance of forces affects levels of interstitial fluids by:
- Edema at an injury site - swelling
- tissue osmotic pressure _ _ if capillary is broken and plasma proteins leak out
- Blood osmotic pressure is _ than normal
- goes up
- lower
Lymph - Disturbance of forces affects levels of interstitial fluids by:
- Edema in starvation
- blood osmotic pressure _ _ because liver makes _ blood proteins
- goes down
- fewer
Lymphatic system:
Defense mechanisms of the body
- protect body from pathogens (disease producing organisms)
- protect body from foreign substances (toxins, pollens)
- protect body from abnormal cells of the body (cancer, virus infected cells)
Lymphatic system:
Defense mechanisms of the body
- prevent or slow entry of harmful substance
- detect and destroy harmful substances in the body, regardless of identity
non-specific defenses (innate)
Lymphatic system:
Defense mechanisms of the body
- cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune response by lymphocytes
- identity of substance determines response
specific defenses (adaptive)
Lymphatic system:
Defense mechanisms of the body
- Both _ _ and _ _ are needed to provide adequate resistance to disease
- non-specific defenses (innate)
- specific defenses (adaptive)
Lymphatic system:
Defense mechanisms of the body
- specific defenses (adaptive) cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune response by _
lymphocytes
Lymphatic system:
Non-specific defenses
- physical barriers keep hazardous organisms _ of body
outside
Lymphatic system:
Non-specific defenses - physical barriers
- intact skin
- mucous membranes
mechanical barriers
Lymphatic system:
Non-specific defenses - physical barriers
- tears
-saliva
-urine
flushing of surfaces
Lymphatic system:
Non-specific defenses - physical barriers
- sebum, perspiration
- digestive secretions, mucus
secretions
Lymphatic system:
Non-specific defenses - 3 physical barriers
- mechanical barriers (skin)
- flushing of surfaces (tears)
- secretions (sweat)
Lymphatic system:
Non-specific defenses
- types of phagocytes
- monocyte/macrophage
- neutrophils and eosinophils
Lymphatic system:
Non-specific defenses - phagocytes
- location
in lymphoid diffuse tissue, spleen and nodes
Lymphatic system:
Non-specific defenses - phagocytes
- location in bloodstream and tissues
migrate out of bloodstream at sites of infection or injury
Lymphatic system:
Non-specific defenses - phagocytes
- _ _ _ cellular debris and pathogens
engulf and destroy
Constant _ of tissues by natural killer cells
monitoring
_ respond to
- foreign cell surfaces markers in cell membrane of foreign cells
- vital markers on virus-infected cells
- tumor-specific markers on neoplastic cells
NK cells
Nk cells release _ by exocytosis causing _ of foreign and abnormal cells
- perforins
- lysis
Non-specific defenses:
Inflammation
- Damaged cells release prostaglandins which activate _ _ and pain receptors
mast cells
Non-specific defenses:
Inflammation
- _ _ release
Mast cells
Non-specific defenses:
Inflammation
- Capillaries _and become more _
- Increased blood flow produces redness and warmth in the tissues
- Increased permeability causes swelling (edema)
- dilate
- permeable
Non-specific defenses:
Inflammation
- Phagocytic cells (neutrophils and macrophages) are attracted by _ and _
- Help destroy pathogens and remove cellular debris
- prostaglandins
- histamines
Non-specific defenses:
Fever
- maintenance of body temperature above _
37.2 degrees celsius (99 deg F)
Non-specific defenses:
Fever
- _ reset the body’s “thermostat” and raise body temperature
- Pathogens, toxins, antigen-antibody complexes
- Interleukin-1 from activated macrophages
pyrogens
Non-specific defenses:
Fever
- High temperatures can inhibit some pathogens
- _ proteins
denature
Non-specific defenses:
Fever
- High temperatures increase metabolic rate in body cells
- _ activity of phagocytes, repair of damaged tissue
accelerate
Non-specific defenses:
Interferons
- small proteins released by
- activated lymphocytes
- activated macrophages
- virally infected cells
Lymphoid organs, tissues and vessels functions:
- _ of body fluids to trap microorganisms and detect signs of tissue infections
- in some cases, germinal sites for maturation of lymphocytes
filtration
Lymphatic network of vessels:
- Right and left lymphatic ducts return lymph to right and left _
subclavian veins
Lymphatic network of vessels:
- Lymphatic vessels carry lymph from tissues back to the _ system
venous
Lymphatic network of vessels:
- Lymphatic vessels contain _ to keep lymph flowing toward heart
valves
Lymphatic network of vessels:
- Lymph is moved as _ _ _ _ by movement of nearby muscles (same mechanism as blood flow in veins)
lymph vessels are squeezed
Lymphoid organs:
- _ is located behind sternum in anterior mediastinum - larger during _
- thymus
- childhood
Lymphoid organs:
- _ is the site for production of _ which are responsible for cell-mediated immune response
- thymus
- T-lymphocytes
Lymphoid organs:
What is responsible for cell-mediated immune response
T-lymphocytes
Lymphoid organs:
- _ uses filtration of _ to trap microorganisms & detect signs of tissue infections
- lymph nodes
- lymph
Lymphoid organs:
- Large nodes are located at junction of smaller lymph vessels with central trunks
- Enlargement usually indicates inflammation in tissues of that region
- “swollen glands”
lymph nodes
Lymphoid organs:
- _ uses filtration of _ to trap microorganisms & detect signs of tissue infections
- Removal of abnormal cells and other blood
components
- spleen
- blood
Lymphoid organs:
- Largest lymphoid organ, located to left of the stomach
spleen
Lymphoid tissue:
_ lymphatic tissues and lymphoid nodules
Diffuse
Lymphoid tissue:
- Located under mucosal layers of all passageways that _ _ _ _
- Functions to trap microorganisms & detect signs of tissue infections in mucosal layers
Lymphoid tissue
- Reproductive - Respiratory
- Urinary - Digestive
open to the outside
Diffuse Lymphoid tissue:
- collections of _
nodules
Diffuse Lymphoid tissue:
Collections of nodules
- appendix
- Tonsils (2 _, 1 _, 2 _)
- 2 palatine
- 1 pharyngeal
- 2 lingual
Defense mechanisms of the body:
Specific defenses (immune response)
- Protect against _ _
particular threats
Defense mechanisms of the body:
Specific defenses (immune response)
- Depend upon the activation of _ & _ _
- B & T lymphocytes
Defense mechanisms of the body:
Specific defenses (immune response)
- Depend upon the activation of B & T lymphocytes
- Activation causes _ _ and large increase in population of B & T lymphocytes specific for that pathogen or abnormal cell
- Activation is multiple step, complex process to provide _
- cell division
- control
Defense mechanisms of the body:
Specific defenses (immune response)
- Attack abnormal cells
Cytotoxic T-cells
Defense mechanisms of the body:
Specific defenses (immune response)
- activate B cells and stimulate Tc cells
Helper T-cells
Defense mechanisms of the body:
Specific defenses (immune response)
- Types of T-cells
- cytotoxic T-cells
- Helper T-cells
- Suppressor (regulatory) T-cells
Defense mechanisms of the body:
Specific defenses (immune response)
- Differentiate into plasma cells which produce and secrete antibodies
B cells
Specific defenses B & T lymphocyte activation:
- activated by contact with _
antigens
Specific defenses B & T lymphocyte activation:
- _ = chemical targets that stimulate immune response
- Most are foreign proteins
- some lipids, polysaccharides and nucleic acids can also be antigenic
antigens
Specific defenses B & T lymphocyte activation:
- Each lymphocyte can respond to only _ _ _
one unique antigen
T cells are activated by exposure to an _
antigen
T cells are activated by exposure to an antigen:
- Antigen must be presented on cell _ of human cell
surface
T cells are activated by exposure to an antigen:
- _ body cells such as cancer cells or virus infected cell
- Antigens displayed on cell membrane
abnormal
T cells are activated by exposure to an antigen:
- Invading pathogens such as bacteria or viruses or eukaryotic parasites
- Digested by _
* Fragments (antigens) displayed on phagocyte cell membrane T cells are activated by exposure to an antigen
phagocytes
_ glycoproteins (Major Histocompatibility
Complex)
- Display antigens to mark cell for immune system recognition
MHC
Antigen presentation by MHC
glycoprotein:
- Antigen-glycoprotein combination appears on a _ _
cell membrane
Antigen presentation by MHC
glycoprotein:
- T-cells _ _ _ _ are activated upon contact with MHC-antigen complex
specific for the antigen
Found in membranes of nucleated body cells
Class I MHC proteins
Class I MHC proteins:
- Pick up small peptides in cell and carry them to the _
surface
Class I MHC proteins:
- T cells ignore normal peptides
- _ _ or viral proteins activate T cells to
destroy cell
abnormal peptides
In cell membranes of B lymphocytes
Class II MHC proteins
Class II MHC proteins:
- In cell membranes of _ (Antigen-presenting cells)
- Present foreign antigens
- Bacteria, parasites, chemicals, etc.
phagocytes
Also called cluster of differentiation markers
In T cell membranes
CD markers
CD markers:
- Found on Cytotoxic T cells and regulatory T cells
- Respond to antigens on class I MHC proteins
CD 8
CD markers:
CD 8
- Found on _ _ and regulatory T cells
cytotoxic T-cells
CD markers:
CD 8
- Respond to antigens on _ _ _ proteins
class I MHC
CD markers:
- Found on helper T-cells
- Respond to antigens on class II MHC proteins
CD 4 markers
CD markers:
CD 4
- Found on _ _
helper T-cells
CD markers:
CD 4
- Respond to antigens on _ _ _ proteins
class II MHC
Nonspecific Defenses:
_ trigger the production of antiviral proteins that interfere with viral reproduction inside cells
Interferons
Nonspecific Defenses:
Interferons trigger the production of antiviral proteins that interfere with _ _ inside cells
viral reproduction
How is filtration pressure impacted by dehydration?
Filtration pressure (FP) decreases due to increase in osmotic pressure (OP)
Nonspecific Defenses:
Complement system
- chain reaction involving _ _ _ _
~11 plasma complement proteins (C)
Nonspecific Defenses:
Complement system
- Destroy target cell membranes by creating _
pores
Nonspecific Defenses:
Complement system
- stimulate _
- Attract phagocytes & enhance _
- inflammation
- phagocytosis
Nonspecific Defenses:
Complement system
- creates a cell with a hole (pore) which causes fluid to rush in and _
lyse (explode)
Non specific immune defense includes all but which of the following?
- fever,
- natural killer cells
- phagocytes
- antibodies
antibodies
How do natural killer cells help fight cancer?
They release perforin causing the cancer cell to lyse
True about _ proteins
- found in all cells; present antigens if cell is abnormal
- involved primarily with the activation of cytotoxic CD8 T-cells
MHC I
_ = abnormal - gets destroyed - “death” killer T’s
_ = doing its job
- class I MHC
- class II MHC
3 Major types of T lymphocytes
- cytotoxic T cells
- Helper T cells
- Regulatory (suppressor) T cells
Major types of T lymphocytes:
- cell-mediated immune response
- attack abnormal body cells
Cytotoxic T cells (TC)
Major types of T lymphocytes:
Cytotoxic T cells (TC)
- cell-mediated immune response
- attack abnormal _ _
body cells
Major types of T lymphocytes:
- activate B cells & stimulate cell division of other T cells
- Attack foreign cells and antigens
Helper T cells (TH)
Major types of T lymphocytes:
Helper T cells (TH)
- activate B cells & stimulate cell division of other T cells
- Attack _ & _
foreign cells & antigens
Major types of T lymphocytes:
- control or moderate immune response of T and B lymphocytes
Regulatory (Suppressor) T cells
Major types of T lymphocytes:
Regulatory (Suppressor) T cells
- control or moderate immune response of _
T and B lymphocytes
Activate Helper T cells _ which then activates _
- first
- B cells
Cell-mediated Immunity
Cytotoxic T cells (TC)
- _ _ cells specific for many different antigens present in blood and lymphoid tissues waiting for _
- inactive TC
- activation
Cell-mediated Immunity
Cytotoxic T cells (TC)
- Activated by binding to _ – antigen complex on abnormal cells
Class I MHC
Cell-mediated Immunity
Cytotoxic T cells (TC)
- Have _ marker which responds to Class I MHC proteins
CD 8
Cell-mediated Immunity
Cytotoxic T cells (TC)
- Have CD 8 marker which responds to _ proteins
Class I MHC
Activation of TC cells initiates _ _ _ against cells with that specific antigen
cell-mediated immune response
Activated Cytotoxic T cells undergo rapid cell division to produce:
- Active Cytotoxic T cells (TC cells)
- Memory TC cells (inactive TC cells)
Activated Cytotoxic T cells undergo rapid cell division to produce:
- seek out and destroy abnormal cells by releasing destructive chemicals
Active Cytotoxic T cells (TC cells)
Activated Cytotoxic T cells undergo rapid cell division to produce:
- protect against previously encountered antigens and may provide lifetime protection against some pathogens
Memory TC cells (inactive TC cells)
To destroy target cell, an active cytotoxic T cell may:
- Release _ and activate genes in target cell to trigger apoptosis
- Secrete poisonous lymphotoxin
cytokines
To destroy target cell, an active cytotoxic T cell may:
- Release _ to destroy target cell’s plasma membrane
perforins
Helper T cells (TH cells)
- Activated by binding to _ – antigen complex
Class II MHC
Helper T cells (TH cells)
- Have _ marker which responds to _ proteins
- CD 4
- class II MHC
Helper T cells (TH cells)
- Have CD 4 marker which responds to class II MHC proteins
- Activation of TH cell stimulates cell division to produce _ & _
active TH cells & memory TH cells
Helper T cells (TH cells)
Active Helper T cells release chemicals (cytokines) that:
- Activate _
- Stimulate _
- B cells
- Tc cells
Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins consisting of:
Two parallel pairs of _ _
polypeptide chains
Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins consisting of:
Two parallel pairs of polypeptide chains
- _ region and _ region
Constant region & variable region
Antibody structure:
Antigen _ on two tops of the Y
binding site
