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Physiology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What muscles are striated?

A

Skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle

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2
Q

What muscles are unstriated?

A

Smooth Muscle

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3
Q

What muscles are voluntary?

A

Skeletal muscle

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4
Q

What muscles are involuntary?

A

Cardiac and smooth muscle

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5
Q

muscle cell

A

myocyte

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6
Q

Junction between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber

A

Neuromuscular junction

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7
Q

look at phys 5
look at phys 6

A

62,63,72,79-82,84
13-17, 26-31, 43, 50, 56, 58, 63-64

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8
Q

the part of the muscle that generates the force

A

Muscle Body

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9
Q

What is the structure of the skeletal muscle?

A

Muscle -> Muscle body -> fascicles -> muscle cells -> muscle fibers -> myofibrils -> t-tubules

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10
Q

the equivalent of the plasma membrane in muscle cells

A

Sarcolemm

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11
Q

Equivalent of the plasma membrane in muscle cells

A

Sarcolemma

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12
Q

Equivalent of cytoplasm in muscle cell

A

Sarcoplasm

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13
Q

What does the sarcoplasm do?

A

it stores glycogen and myoglobin (O2)

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14
Q

What does the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum do?

A

it stores Ca ions

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15
Q

Allows action potentials to reach the interior of the muscle

A

Transverse T-Tubules

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16
Q

Voltage sensitive protein on T-Tubule that responds to a depolarization

A

DHP

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17
Q

Calcium channel located on SR and connected to T-tubule

A

Ryanodine

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18
Q

what does the Ca-ATPase pump do?

A

Pumps Ca ions from the sarcoplasm into the SR

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19
Q

unit of the muscle: composed of overlapping thin and thick filament

A

Sarcomere

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20
Q

what do A bands contain?

A

Thin and thick filament

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21
Q

What does the H zone and M line contain

A

Thick filament

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22
Q

What does the I band contain?

A

Thin filament

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23
Q

Ca binds to it?

A

Troponin

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24
Q

Has the ability to cover/uncover the myosin binding site

A

Tropomyosin

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25
Q

What makes up thin filament?

A

Actin

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26
Q

what makes up thick filament?

A

Myosin

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27
Q

sequence of events whereby an action potential in the sarcolemma causes contraction

A

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

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28
Q

Three levels of Muscle Metabolism in order

A

Creatine phosphate
Anaerobic Respiration
Aerobic Oxidation

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29
Q

Describe the phases of a muscle Twitch

A

Latent period- chemical spread of motor neuron and AP
Contraction- Ca release
Relaxation- Ca reabsorption by SR

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30
Q

What is the longest phase of a twitch

A

Relaxation period

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31
Q

generate less force and fatigues faster, red fiber

A

Slow Oxidative Fiber

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32
Q

Increased force but fatigues faster, white fiber

A

Fast Glycolytic Fiber

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33
Q

Intermediate Trainable pink fibers

A

Fast Oxidative Fiber

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34
Q

Three factors that affect the force generated by individual muscle fibers

A

Frequency of stimulation
Fiber Diameter
Change in fiber length

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35
Q

frequency of stimulation phases

A

Twitches, summation, tetnus, fatigue

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36
Q

caused by troponin saturation with Ca

A

Complete tetanus

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37
Q

larger fiber diameter leads to what

A

increased myofilaments which increase sarcomeres and force

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38
Q

What does working out do to your muscles?

A

increases the fiber diameter

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39
Q

What does optimal length of fibers do?

A

Increase force of contraction which forms greatest number of crossbridges

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40
Q

When thin filaments begin to overlap each other

A

Below optimal Fiber Length

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41
Q

When thin and thick filaments don’t overlap as much

A

Above optimal fiber Length

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42
Q

Motor neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates

A

Motor unit

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43
Q

Activating more motor units to generate more force

A

Motor unit recruitment

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44
Q

What is the size principal?

A

Order of recruitment

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45
Q

What is the practical implication of this principal?

A

Use as much force as needed to accomplish a task

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46
Q

Which muscle type maintains its force for a longer period of time?

A

Smooth muscle

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47
Q

Contraction from a neuron?

A

Neurogenic

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48
Q

What muscles are neurogenic?

A

Skeletal and multi-unit smooth

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49
Q

Contraction due to muscle cell spontaneously depolarizing

A

Myogenic

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50
Q

What muscles are myogenic?

A

Cardiac and single-unit smooth

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51
Q

where are smooth muscles found and what do they do?

A

They are found in the lining of visceral organs and moves chyme or changes the size of blood vessels

52
Q

On smooth muscles, Is there troponin and what happens with Ca?

A

No troponin, Ca is released from ECF and is reuptake by the CaATPase or Ca/Na countertransport

53
Q

On smooth muscles, Are there any gap junctions?

A

Single-unit: Yes
Multi-unit: No

54
Q

On smooth muscles, Are they neurogenic or myogenic?

A

Multi- neurogenic
Single- myogenic

55
Q

Are smooth muscles voluntary or involuntary? What are the NT released by?

A

Involuntary and Varicosities

56
Q

Depols on own and reaches threshold, 1 AP

A

Pacemaker potential

57
Q

Spontaneous flucuation of mem. pot., builds until reaches threshold. several AP

A

Slow-Wave Potential

58
Q

Where are cardiac muscles found and what do they do?

A

They are found in the heart and beat the heart

59
Q

Are cardiac muscles voluntary or involuntary and are there gap junctions?

A

Involuntary and Yes

60
Q

In cardiac muscles, is there troponin and what happens with Ca?

A

Yes troponin, Ca is released from ECF and is reuptaken through the Ca/Na countertransport

61
Q

Are cardiac muscles Neurogenic or Myogenic?

A

Myogenic

62
Q

What is the function of the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

To maintain homeostasis and control involuntary bodily functions

63
Q

The rest-and-digest

A

Parasympathetic

64
Q

The fight or flight

A

Sympathetic

65
Q

Affects digestion by innervating Gi tract

A

Enteric

66
Q

When it comes to increasing or decreasing heartrate what ANS do you use?

A

Increase- Sympathetic
Decrease- Parasympathetic

67
Q

mimics a sympathetic response

A

sympathomimetic

68
Q

Blocks a sympathetic response

A

Sympatholytic

69
Q

Mimics parasympathetic response

A

Parasympathomimetic

70
Q

Blocks a parasympathetic response

A

Anticholinergic

71
Q

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

A

Gas exchange, deliver oxygen and remove Co2

72
Q

What are some non-respiratory functions the respiratory system achieves?

A

Maintain pH
Vocalization
Mucus escalator
Cools body
Venous return (returns blood to heart)

73
Q

What is the order of the respiratory system?

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, Rt or Lt Primary bronchus, secondary bronci, tertiary bronci, Conducting bronchiols, terminal bronchiols, respiratory beonchiols, alveolar ducts, alveoli

74
Q

a bunch of alveoli together

A

Alveolar sac

75
Q

Equalizes pressure across the lung

A

Alveolar Pores

76
Q

Secretes surfactant in the alveoli

A

Type II cells

77
Q

Walls of the avioli and respiratory membrane

A

Type I cells

78
Q

Engulfs invaders in the alveoli

A

Macrophage

79
Q

Disrupts the surface tension of H2O

A

Surfactant

80
Q

What is the order of blood supply to the lungs?

A

Heart, Pulmonary Arteries, Pulmonary arterioles, Pulmonary Capillaries, Pulmonary venules, pulmonary veins, heart

81
Q

Where is blood deoxigenated?

A

Heart, Pulmonary arteries, pulmonary arterioles

82
Q

Where is blood oxygenated?

A

Pulmonary venules, pulmonary veins, heart

83
Q

Direct innervation to lungs

A

Parasympathetic

84
Q

Not innervated

A

Sympathetic

85
Q

An increase in air flow

A

Bronchodilation

86
Q

A decrease in air flow

A

Bronchoconstriction

87
Q

The lining of the lungs

A

Pleura

88
Q

Pleura connected to ribs

A

Parietal pleura

89
Q

Pleura connected to lung tissue

A

Visceral pleura

90
Q

Space between pleural linings (fluid filled)

A

Pleural cavity

91
Q

force exerted by particles on a containers walls

A

Pressure

92
Q

pressure and volume of a gas have an inverse relationship

A

boyles law

93
Q

Pressure of the atmosphere

A

760 mmHg

94
Q

Pressure of Intra-alveolar at rest

A

760 mmHg

95
Q

Pressure of intrapleural pressure

A

756 mmHg

96
Q

At rest Patm and Palv

A

Are equal and no air movement

97
Q

Lungs are made of ______ and tend to _____

A

Elastin, and deflate

98
Q

Get air into the lungs

A

Inspiration

99
Q

Get air out of lungs

A

Expiration

100
Q

Palv < Patm, needs increase vol of thoracic cavity

A

Inspiration

101
Q

Palv > Patm low Vol
Palv = 761

A

expiration

102
Q

Quiet breathing

A

Eupnea

103
Q

forced breathing

A

Hyperpnea

104
Q

For quick breathing, Inspiration is ______ and Expiration is ________

A

Active and passive

105
Q

For forced breathing, inpiration and expiration is?

A

Active

106
Q

Technique used to measure volumes of air

A

Spirometry

107
Q

Amount of air in and out in a normal breath

A

Tidal volume

108
Q

Volume of air remaining after a max expiration

A

Residual volume

109
Q

Volume of air above the normal inspiration

A

Inspiratory Reserve volume

110
Q

Volume of air below the normal expiration

A

Expiratory Reserve volume

111
Q

Total amount of air you can breath in and out

A

Vital Capacity

112
Q

All air a lung can hold

A

Total lung capacity

113
Q

Maintains a constant breathing rate

A

Dorsal Respiratory group

114
Q

Forced breathing that stimulates contraction of neck and abdoman

A

Ventral respiratory group

115
Q

Stimulates the Dorsal Respiratory Group

A

Apnuestic center

116
Q

Inhibits the Dorsal Respiratory Group

A

Pneumotaxic center

117
Q

Receptors that respond to change in gas concentration and ion concentration

A

Chemoreceptors

118
Q

Located in carotid bodies that detect change in CO2, H+ and O2

A

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

119
Q

Located in the medulla, respond to to high Co2 and high H+

A

Central Chemoreceptors

120
Q

move into blood

A

Load

121
Q

Remove from blood

A

Unload

122
Q

Gas exchange at lungs, Unload Co2, load O2

A

External Respiration

123
Q

Gas exchange at tissues, Load Co2, unload O2

A

Internal Respiration

124
Q

Total pressure that is exerted by a mix of gases

A

Daltons law

125
Q

start cards at 74

A

ok

Physiology (5 decks)

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