Exam 1 Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
The ability to maintain a constant internal environment
A
Homeostasis
2
Q
What happens when the body is unable to maintain homeostasis
A
Disease, disorder, die
3
Q
Examples of physiological properties that must be controlled?
A
Body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure and oxygen
4
Q
Feedback systems detect ____
A
Change and initiate a response that change
5
Q
A feedback loop that changes and then goes back to its normal range
A
Negative Feedback
6
Q
A feedback loop that enhances a change or makes the change larger
A
Positive Feedback
7
Q
A set point that is beyond the desirable range
A
Stimulus
8
Q
These are the muscles and glands that bring about the desired response to restore the set point of the controlled variable
A
Effector
9
Q
Factor held within a narrow range of physiological values
A
Controlled variable
10
Q
the controlled variable for the set point. If different than the set point will inform the control center
A
Sensor
11
Q
This center compares the actual value to the set point, if they are different an error signal is generated
A
Control center
12
Q
What are the control centers of the body?
A
Brain and spinal cord
13
Q
What is an integrator?
A
Control center
14
Q
In what order do the players in feedback loops occur?
A
Controlled variable, stimulus, sensor, control center, effector
15
Q
Molecules made by living things that are essential for life
A
Biomolecules
16
Q
A single unit of biomolecules
A
Monomer
17
Q
A bundle of biomolecules/monomers
A
Polymer
18
Q
Combining monomers together
A
Dehydration
19
Q
Taking polymers apart
A
Hydrolysis
20
Q
What is another name for dehydration synthesis
A
Condensation
21
Q
What does dehydration make?
A
One large unit and water
22
Q
What does hydrolysis use to make smaller molecules
A
One large unit and water
23
Q
The sum of all chemical reactions in the body
A
metabolism
24
Q
What is the name for hydrolysis when it comes to metabolism
A
Catabolism
25
What is the name for dehydration when it comes to metabolism?
Anabolism
26
What reaction requires energy and what reaction releases energy?
Release energy- catabolism
Require energy- anabolism
27
What is the composition of a carbohydrate?
Carbons, Hydrogens, Oxygens
1:2:1
28
How do you identify a triose monosaccharide?
It has three carbons
29
How do you identify a pentose monosaccharide and what are the 2 types?
It has 5 carbons. Ribose and Deoxyribose
30
How do you identify a Hexose monosaccharide and what are the three types?
It has 6 carbons. Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose`
31
What is the force that holds a disaccharide together?
A glycoside bond
32
What are the three disaccharide simple sugars?
Maltose, Sucrose, and Lactose
33
What is the function of a disaccharide?
A short term energy source
34
What is maltose made up of?
Two glucose
35
What is sucrose made up of?
Glucose and fructose
36
What is lactose made up of?
Galactose and glucose
37
What are the three polysaccharide simple sugars?
cellulose, starch, glycogen
38
What are the characteristics of cellulose?
It is made by plants, undigestible, and it is a material of plant cell wall
39
What are the characteristics of starch?
It is made of plants but can be digested
40
What are the characteristics of glycogen?
Made by humans and animals; in humans it is made in the liver and skeletal muscles
41
What is the function of polysaccharides and what is its monomer?
It is a long term energy source and is made are made of glucose
42
What is the composition of lipids?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
NOT 1:2:1
43
What are the four types of lipids?
Triglycerides, Cholesterol, Phospholipids, Prostaglandins
44
What is the function of a triglyceride and what are they made up of?
A long term energy source made in liver and adipose cells. made of a glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acid chains
45
What are the two types of triglycerides?
Saturated and unsaturated fats
46
What are saturated fats?
Triglycerides with the max # of H bonds so the fatty acids are straight. So they're solid at room temp
47
What are unsaturated fats?
Triglycerides with a lack of max H bonds so liquid at room temp
48
What is the function of Phospholipids and what makes it?
The function is that they are molecules that make up the membranes of cells. It is made up of a glycerol phosphate head and 2 fatty acid tails.
49
Having polar and nonpolar parts
Amphipathic
50
No liking fats/hydrophilic
Lipophobic
51
Liking fats/hydrophobic
Lipophilic
52
What is the function of cholesterol?
Part of the cell membrane, precursor to other molecules
53
What are the two types of cholesterol and how can you identify them?
HDL and LDL; 4 interlocking rings
54
What are some products made from cholesterol?
Steroids, vitamin d, bile
55
What is the function of prostaglandins? What do they look like?
Signaling Molecules; a ring with two things coming off.
56
What is the composition of proteins?
CHONPS
57
What is the monomer of proteins?
amino acids
58
What is the general structure of amino acids?
Amino group, carboxyl group, R group
59
How many R groups are there?
20
60
What kind of bond forms amino acids together?
peptide bonds
61
What are the four structures of proteins?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
62
What is a primary protein?
Line of Amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
63
what is a secondary protein
coils/sheets forming when nearby H ions from H bonds
64
What is a tertiary protein?
attraction/repulsion of R groups
65
What is the quaternary protein?
Multiple polypeptide subunits come together
66
What does the function of proteins depend on?
The protein structure
67
What are some functions of proteins?
Enzymes, support, immunity, muscles, transport, energy, hormones
68
When a proteins shape changes?
its function does as well
69
What causes denaturation?
pH, temperature, solubility
70
Loss of biological activity of shape
denaturation
71
The regaining of activity and shape
renaturation
72
What is the composition of nucleic acids?
CHONP
73
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
nucleotides
74
What are nucleotides made of?
Nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group(s)
75
What are purines?
A double ringed nitrogenous base, Adenine and Guanine
76
What are pyrimidines?
A single ringed nitrogenous base, cytosine, uracil, thymine
77
What kind of molecule is ATP?
Nucleotide
78
What is DNA used for?
To make chromosomes and genetic materials
79
What are the characteristics of DNA?
A-T, C-G, uses deoxyribose, double helix
80
What are the characteristics of RNA?
A-U, C-G, uses ribose, single strand
81
What is RNA used for?
mRNA and protein synthesis
82
The movement of solutes in and our of the cell
membrane transport
83
Why is membrane transport important?
maintain homeostasis
84
What is found within the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins
85
Factors that affect the direction of transport
driving forces
86
What are the three driving forces?
chemical, electrical, electrochemical
87
What are the characteristics of chemical driving forces?
Based on concentration, # of solutes high concentration to low concentration
88
What are the characteristics of chemical driving forces?
Based on concentration, # of solutes high concentration to low concentration
89
Manufactures RNA for ribosomes
Nucleolus
90
Contains DNA
Nucleus
91
Makes lipids and stores Ca ions
Smooth Er
92
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
cytoplasm
93
Makes proteins
Rough Er
94
Protein synthesis
Ribosomes
95
Separates the ICF from the ECF
Cell membrane
96
Generates ATP
Mitochondrion
97
Used to remove material from the cell
Secretory vesicles
98
Packages material from the ER
Golgi Apparatus
99
Digests unwanted material using enzymes
Lysosome
100
Rids toxins via oxidation
Peroxisome
101
Why can some solutes freely diffuse across the plasma membrane?
Chemical properties of solutes and the plasma membrane itself
102
What are characteristics of a solutes that can freely diffuse across the plasma membrane?
Hydrophobic, lipophilic, nonpolar, small molecules
103
What are characteristics of solutes that require a transmembrane protein to cross the plasma membrane?
Hydrophilic, lipophobic, polar, large molecules
104
When something happens on its own
passive
105
when something is being forced to happen
active
106
Describe simple diffusion
small, nonpolar molecules that move from a high to low concentration, along the gradient
107
Describe Facilitated diffusion
large, polar molecules that move from high to low concentration, along the gradient with the help of a transmembrane protein
108
Contains both a solute and a solvent
Solution
109
the diffusion of water
osmosis
110
how to water move
from high concentration to low concentration or low solute to high solute
111
What does osmosis require?
A transmembrane protein called aquaporin
112
Comparing cell to surrounding solution in terms of concentration or # of solutes
Tonicity
113
Low amount of solute and high water
Hypotonic
114
High amount of solute and low water
Hypertonic
115
What are the two types of active transport?
Primary and secondary`
116
What molecules use primary active transport?
inorganic ions
117
What molecules use secondary active transport?
Organic molecules and ions
118
In a resting cell, where do Na and K go?
3 Na goes out and 2 K goes in
119
What is the direction of solutes in primary active transport?
low concentration to high concentration
120
What is the direction of solutes in secondary active transport
high concentration to low concentration
121
How many types of secondary active transport are there?
2, cotransport and counters transport
122
Both moleues move in the same direction
co-transport (symport)
123
molecules move in opposite directions
counter-transport (antiport)
124
bulk transport
vesicular
125
What are the two types of vesicular transport?
endocytosis and exocytosis
126
The bulk movement of material out of the cell using vesicles
exocytosis
127
the bulk movement of material into the cell
endocytosis
128
What are the three types of endocytosis?
Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor-mediated
129
The movement of solid material into the cell using lysosomes
phagocytosis
130
The movement of liquid material into the cell using endosomes
pinocytosis
131
Receptors bind to molecules in ECF to bring in using clathrinid coated vesicle
Receptor-mediated
132
These integral membrane proteins serve as identity markers allowing cells to recognize other cells.
Glycoproteins
133
These transmembrane proteins allow water soluble solutes to pass thru, provided the solute is small enough.
channel proteins
134
Water soluble solutes bind to these transmembrane proteins which undergo a conformational change in order to deliver the solute to the opposite side of the membrane.
Carrier proteins
135
These integral proteins may be protrude to either the ECF or ICF side of the membrane, they aid in catalyzing reactions.
Enzymes
136
These integral proteins protrude toward the ECF, and bind to ligands.
receptors
