Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The ability to maintain a constant internal environment

A

Homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happens when the body is unable to maintain homeostasis

A

Disease, disorder, die

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Examples of physiological properties that must be controlled?

A

Body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Feedback systems detect ____

A

Change and initiate a response that change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A feedback loop that changes and then goes back to its normal range

A

Negative Feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A feedback loop that enhances a change or makes the change larger

A

Positive Feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A set point that is beyond the desirable range

A

Stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

These are the muscles and glands that bring about the desired response to restore the set point of the controlled variable

A

Effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Factor held within a narrow range of physiological values

A

Controlled variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the controlled variable for the set point. If different than the set point will inform the control center

A

Sensor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

This center compares the actual value to the set point, if they are different an error signal is generated

A

Control center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the control centers of the body?

A

Brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is an integrator?

A

Control center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In what order do the players in feedback loops occur?

A

Controlled variable, stimulus, sensor, control center, effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Molecules made by living things that are essential for life

A

Biomolecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A single unit of biomolecules

A

Monomer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A bundle of biomolecules/monomers

A

Polymer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Combining monomers together

A

Dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Taking polymers apart

A

Hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is another name for dehydration synthesis

A

Condensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does dehydration make?

A

One large unit and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does hydrolysis use to make smaller molecules

A

One large unit and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body

A

metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the name for hydrolysis when it comes to metabolism

A

Catabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the name for dehydration when it comes to metabolism?

A

Anabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What reaction requires energy and what reaction releases energy?

A

Release energy- catabolism
Require energy- anabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the composition of a carbohydrate?

A

Carbons, Hydrogens, Oxygens
1:2:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How do you identify a triose monosaccharide?

A

It has three carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How do you identify a pentose monosaccharide and what are the 2 types?

A

It has 5 carbons. Ribose and Deoxyribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How do you identify a Hexose monosaccharide and what are the three types?

A

It has 6 carbons. Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose`

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the force that holds a disaccharide together?

A

A glycoside bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the three disaccharide simple sugars?

A

Maltose, Sucrose, and Lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the function of a disaccharide?

A

A short term energy source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is maltose made up of?

A

Two glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is sucrose made up of?

A

Glucose and fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is lactose made up of?

A

Galactose and glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the three polysaccharide simple sugars?

A

cellulose, starch, glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the characteristics of cellulose?

A

It is made by plants, undigestible, and it is a material of plant cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the characteristics of starch?

A

It is made of plants but can be digested

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the characteristics of glycogen?

A

Made by humans and animals; in humans it is made in the liver and skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the function of polysaccharides and what is its monomer?

A

It is a long term energy source and is made are made of glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the composition of lipids?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
NOT 1:2:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the four types of lipids?

A

Triglycerides, Cholesterol, Phospholipids, Prostaglandins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the function of a triglyceride and what are they made up of?

A

A long term energy source made in liver and adipose cells. made of a glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acid chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the two types of triglycerides?

A

Saturated and unsaturated fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are saturated fats?

A

Triglycerides with the max # of H bonds so the fatty acids are straight. So they’re solid at room temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are unsaturated fats?

A

Triglycerides with a lack of max H bonds so liquid at room temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the function of Phospholipids and what makes it?

A

The function is that they are molecules that make up the membranes of cells. It is made up of a glycerol phosphate head and 2 fatty acid tails.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Having polar and nonpolar parts

A

Amphipathic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

No liking fats/hydrophilic

A

Lipophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Liking fats/hydrophobic

A

Lipophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the function of cholesterol?

A

Part of the cell membrane, precursor to other molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are the two types of cholesterol and how can you identify them?

A

HDL and LDL; 4 interlocking rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are some products made from cholesterol?

A

Steroids, vitamin d, bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is the function of prostaglandins? What do they look like?

A

Signaling Molecules; a ring with two things coming off.

56
Q

What is the composition of proteins?

A

CHONPS

57
Q

What is the monomer of proteins?

A

amino acids

58
Q

What is the general structure of amino acids?

A

Amino group, carboxyl group, R group

59
Q

How many R groups are there?

A

20

60
Q

What kind of bond forms amino acids together?

A

peptide bonds

61
Q

What are the four structures of proteins?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

62
Q

What is a primary protein?

A

Line of Amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

63
Q

what is a secondary protein

A

coils/sheets forming when nearby H ions from H bonds

64
Q

What is a tertiary protein?

A

attraction/repulsion of R groups

65
Q

What is the quaternary protein?

A

Multiple polypeptide subunits come together

66
Q

What does the function of proteins depend on?

A

The protein structure

67
Q

What are some functions of proteins?

A

Enzymes, support, immunity, muscles, transport, energy, hormones

68
Q

When a proteins shape changes?

A

its function does as well

69
Q

What causes denaturation?

A

pH, temperature, solubility

70
Q

Loss of biological activity of shape

A

denaturation

71
Q

The regaining of activity and shape

A

renaturation

72
Q

What is the composition of nucleic acids?

A

CHONP

73
Q

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

A

nucleotides

74
Q

What are nucleotides made of?

A

Nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group(s)

75
Q

What are purines?

A

A double ringed nitrogenous base, Adenine and Guanine

76
Q

What are pyrimidines?

A

A single ringed nitrogenous base, cytosine, uracil, thymine

77
Q

What kind of molecule is ATP?

A

Nucleotide

78
Q

What is DNA used for?

A

To make chromosomes and genetic materials

79
Q

What are the characteristics of DNA?

A

A-T, C-G, uses deoxyribose, double helix

80
Q

What are the characteristics of RNA?

A

A-U, C-G, uses ribose, single strand

81
Q

What is RNA used for?

A

mRNA and protein synthesis

82
Q

The movement of solutes in and our of the cell

A

membrane transport

83
Q

Why is membrane transport important?

A

maintain homeostasis

84
Q

What is found within the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins

85
Q

Factors that affect the direction of transport

A

driving forces

86
Q

What are the three driving forces?

A

chemical, electrical, electrochemical

87
Q

What are the characteristics of chemical driving forces?

A

Based on concentration, # of solutes high concentration to low concentration

88
Q

What are the characteristics of chemical driving forces?

A

Based on concentration, # of solutes high concentration to low concentration

89
Q

Manufactures RNA for ribosomes

A

Nucleolus

90
Q

Contains DNA

A

Nucleus

91
Q

Makes lipids and stores Ca ions

A

Smooth Er

92
Q

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

cytoplasm

93
Q

Makes proteins

A

Rough Er

94
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

95
Q

Separates the ICF from the ECF

A

Cell membrane

96
Q

Generates ATP

A

Mitochondrion

97
Q

Used to remove material from the cell

A

Secretory vesicles

98
Q

Packages material from the ER

A

Golgi Apparatus

99
Q

Digests unwanted material using enzymes

A

Lysosome

100
Q

Rids toxins via oxidation

A

Peroxisome

101
Q

Why can some solutes freely diffuse across the plasma membrane?

A

Chemical properties of solutes and the plasma membrane itself

102
Q

What are characteristics of a solutes that can freely diffuse across the plasma membrane?

A

Hydrophobic, lipophilic, nonpolar, small molecules

103
Q

What are characteristics of solutes that require a transmembrane protein to cross the plasma membrane?

A

Hydrophilic, lipophobic, polar, large molecules

104
Q

When something happens on its own

A

passive

105
Q

when something is being forced to happen

A

active

106
Q

Describe simple diffusion

A

small, nonpolar molecules that move from a high to low concentration, along the gradient

107
Q

Describe Facilitated diffusion

A

large, polar molecules that move from high to low concentration, along the gradient with the help of a transmembrane protein

108
Q

Contains both a solute and a solvent

A

Solution

109
Q

the diffusion of water

A

osmosis

110
Q

how to water move

A

from high concentration to low concentration or low solute to high solute

111
Q

What does osmosis require?

A

A transmembrane protein called aquaporin

112
Q

Comparing cell to surrounding solution in terms of concentration or # of solutes

A

Tonicity

113
Q

Low amount of solute and high water

A

Hypotonic

114
Q

High amount of solute and low water

A

Hypertonic

115
Q

What are the two types of active transport?

A

Primary and secondary`

116
Q

What molecules use primary active transport?

A

inorganic ions

117
Q

What molecules use secondary active transport?

A

Organic molecules and ions

118
Q

In a resting cell, where do Na and K go?

A

3 Na goes out and 2 K goes in

119
Q

What is the direction of solutes in primary active transport?

A

low concentration to high concentration

120
Q

What is the direction of solutes in secondary active transport

A

high concentration to low concentration

121
Q

How many types of secondary active transport are there?

A

2, cotransport and counters transport

122
Q

Both moleues move in the same direction

A

co-transport (symport)

123
Q

molecules move in opposite directions

A

counter-transport (antiport)

124
Q

bulk transport

A

vesicular

125
Q

What are the two types of vesicular transport?

A

endocytosis and exocytosis

126
Q

The bulk movement of material out of the cell using vesicles

A

exocytosis

127
Q

the bulk movement of material into the cell

A

endocytosis

128
Q

What are the three types of endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor-mediated

129
Q

The movement of solid material into the cell using lysosomes

A

phagocytosis

130
Q

The movement of liquid material into the cell using endosomes

A

pinocytosis

131
Q

Receptors bind to molecules in ECF to bring in using clathrinid coated vesicle

A

Receptor-mediated

132
Q

These integral membrane proteins serve as identity markers allowing cells to recognize other cells.

A

Glycoproteins

133
Q

These transmembrane proteins allow water soluble solutes to pass thru, provided the solute is small enough.

A

channel proteins

134
Q

Water soluble solutes bind to these transmembrane proteins which undergo a conformational change in order to deliver the solute to the opposite side of the membrane.

A

Carrier proteins

135
Q

These integral proteins may be protrude to either the ECF or ICF side of the membrane, they aid in catalyzing reactions.

A

Enzymes

136
Q

These integral proteins protrude toward the ECF, and bind to ligands.

A

receptors

Physiology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions