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Physiology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What makes up the peripheral nervous system?

A

cranial and spinal nerves

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3
Q

Somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers that conduct impulses from receptors to the CNS

A

Sensory (afferent) division

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4
Q

What three things effect sensory divison?

A

Somatic senses- Skeletal muscle
Visceral senses- stomach
Special senses- outside info

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5
Q

Conducts impulses from the CNS to the effectors

A

Motor (efferent) division

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6
Q

What is the functional unit of the nervous system?

A

neuron

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7
Q

What are the support cells of the nervous system?

A

Glial cells

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8
Q

Receive input form other neurons and generates graded potential

A

Dendrite

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9
Q

Carries out most cellular function and generates graded potential

A

Soma

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10
Q

Initiates action potential

A

Axon hillock

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11
Q

Propagates action potentials

A

Axon

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12
Q

Forms the myelin sheath around the axon (in CNS)

A

Oligodendrocytes

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13
Q

Forms the myelin sheath in PNS

A

Schwann

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14
Q

Insulates the axon to enable faster and more efficient action potential transmission

A

Myelin sheath

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15
Q

Releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft

A

axon terminal

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16
Q

What part of cells make up gray matter?

A

Dendrites/soma

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17
Q

What part of cells make up white matter?

A

axon/oligodendrocytes

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18
Q

what is the function of gray matter

A

Synaptic transmission

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19
Q

What is the function of white matter?

A

propagate action potential

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20
Q

where is gray matter located?

A

Outer layer in general and the inner layer of the spinal cord`

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21
Q

clusters of cells in the CNS

A

Nuclei

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22
Q

Pathways in the CNS

A

Axons that travel in bundles

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23
Q

Clusters of cells in the PNS

A

Ganglia

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24
Q

Nerves in PNS

A

Axons that travel in bundles

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25
Q

What is the net charge of the ICF?

A

negative

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26
Q

What is the net charge of the ECF?

A

Positive

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27
Q

How does a cell do work

A

It has to have a membrane potential

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28
Q

What cells are excitable

A

Muscle and nerve cells

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29
Q

Chemical force

A

based on concentration

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30
Q

Electrical force

A

based on electrical charge

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31
Q

Based on both the chemical and electrical force

A

Electrochemical

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32
Q

What are the equilibrium potential for rest, Na, and K?

A

Rest- -70mV
Na- +60mV
K- -90mV

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33
Q

How does the Na/K pump maintain the EC gradient for Na and K.

A

By pumping out 3 Na and in 2 K

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34
Q

Explain how leak channels establish a negative RMP

A

there are more K+ leak channels than sodium and hydrated K+ is smaller than Na

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35
Q

Leak channels are ______

A

always open

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36
Q

Change in response to a ligand binding to them

A

Ligand gated channel

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37
Q

Change in response to membrane potential

A

voltage gated channel

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38
Q

What type of channels are always open and are found along the whole neuron?

A

Leak channels

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39
Q

What type of channels are found along dendrites/soma and recieve info from pre-synaptic neurons

A

Ligand gated channels

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40
Q

What type of channels are found on the axon hillock and axon and initiate and propagate action potentials

A

Na/K voltage gated

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41
Q

What type of channels are found on afferent neurons and take part in sense?

A

mechanically gated channels

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42
Q

What type of channels are found on the axon terminal and release neurotransmitters?

A

Ca+ voltage gated channels

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43
Q

What is threshold to make a action potential?

A

-55mv

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44
Q

Membrane potential is more positive due to Na influx

A

Depolarization

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45
Q

When membrane potential returns to RMP or is more negative due to K+ efflux

A

Repolarization

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46
Q

Membrane potential is more negative than rest due to K+ efflux

A

hyperpolarization

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47
Q

Can’t generate a new action potential

A

Absolute refractory period

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48
Q

Can generate another action potential with a larger simulus

A

Relative refractory period

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49
Q

How can a larger stimulus cause another action potential?

A

-Due to K+ efflux the membrane is more - than normal

-Not all Na channels are at rest so larger stimulus reaches them

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50
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

action potentials jump from node to node

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51
Q

action potential travels the entire length of the axon

A

Continuous conduction

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52
Q

Myelin sheath is damaged and speed of action potential slows

A

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

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53
Q

What happens to a graded potentials strength as it moves towards the axon hillock?

A

It loses it strength

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54
Q

What dictates the magnitude of the graded potential?

A

the strength of the stimulus

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55
Q

Summation that occurs from the same stimulus

A

temporal summation

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56
Q

Summation that occurs from different stimuli

A

Spatial summation

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57
Q

What are the two types of PSPs

A

EPSP and IPSP

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58
Q

Increases the likelihood of the postsynaptic neuron generating an action potential

A

Excitatory PSP

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59
Q

Decreases the likelihood of the postsynaptic neuron generating an action potential

A

Inhibitory PSP

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60
Q

How is a NT removed from the cleft

A

Degrade via enzyme
Reuptake by pre-syn neuron
Diffuse away

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61
Q

How do you make acetylcholine

A

Acetyl CoA + Choline

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62
Q

What are the two types of Ach

A

Nicotinic- fast
muscarinic- slow

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63
Q

What are biogenic amines?

A

Play a behavior in mental illness
HAVE- YAY LACK- SAD

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64
Q

How many adrenergic receptors are there and whats their speed?

A

Slow and 5

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65
Q

wrinkly part of the brain that preforms higher functions

A

Cerebral cortex

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66
Q

Cognitive processing which is important for planning movement

A

Basal Nuclei

67
Q

Part of the cerebrum responsible from learning and memory

A

Basal Forebrain

68
Q

Part of the cerebrum responsible from emotion, memory, and behavior

A

Limbic Cortex

69
Q

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A

Voluntary movement
speaking
elaboration of thought
personality
decision making

70
Q

What are the functions of the parietal lobe?

A

Somatic sensory or BODY FEELINGs

71
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Vision

72
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

hearing

73
Q

What is the function of the primary motor cortex?

A

Voluntary movement

74
Q

What is the function of the Broccas area?

A

Physical formation of words

75
Q

What is the function of the prefrontal association area?

A

Plans for movement and decision making

76
Q

Function of the olfactory cortex

A

smell

77
Q

What is the function of the primary auditory cortex?

A

Detects loudness and pitch

78
Q

What is the function of the auditory associate area?

A

Interprets sound from cortex as music, speech, or noise

79
Q

What is the function of Wernicke’s area?

A

Language comprehension

80
Q

What is the function of the primary visual cortex?

A

Receives info from the eyes

81
Q

What does the visual association area do?

A

Processes info from eyes

82
Q

What is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

Localize the source and intensity

83
Q

What is the function of the sensory association area?

A

Complex processing of the somato cortex

84
Q

Mainly relays info between cerebral cortex and PNS (except smell)

A

Thalamus

85
Q

Regulates homeostasis

A

Hypothalamus

86
Q

Regulates fear and aggression

A

Amygdala

87
Q

Regulates long term memory and formation of emotional response

A

Hippocampus

88
Q

What are the three parts of the brain stem and what do they do?

A

Midbrain- Coordinates sensory representations of vision, hearing and sensory
Pons and Medulla- regulates autonomic functions

89
Q

Compares information from the cerebrum w/ incoming information from the PNS

A

Cerebellum

90
Q

How are the PNS and CNS connected?

A

Spine

91
Q

Information movement from the PNS to the brain

A

Ascending tract

92
Q

Cross over where it enters the spinal cord (ascending tract)

A

Dorsal columns

93
Q

Where the body is in 3D space

A

Proprioception

94
Q

Crossover at medulla (ascending tract)

A

Spinothalamic tract

95
Q

Information from the brain to PNS

A

Descending Tract

96
Q

Goes to the extremities and crosses over at the medulla

A

Lateral Corticospinal tract

97
Q

Muscles of the trunk and crosses over where it leaves the spinal cord

A

Ventral corticospinal tract

98
Q

What cranial functions do you need to know and what do they do?

A
  1. Olfactory- smell
  2. Optic- sight
  3. Vestibulocochlear- hearing
    9.Glossopharyngeal- taste
  4. Vagus- sensory autonomic
99
Q

The act of turning light into electrical signals

A

Phototransduction

100
Q

What are the three layers of the eye and where are they?

A

Sclera- outer
Choroid- middle
Retina- inner

101
Q

Moves the eye

A

muscles

102
Q

provides covering from the environment

A

Cornea

103
Q

The white part of the eye that provides support and structure

A

sclera

104
Q

Colored part of the eye that controls how much light enters the eye

A

Iris

105
Q

Light enters here

A

Pupil

106
Q

Refracts light into the retina

A

Lens

107
Q

Controls the shape of the lense

A

Zonular fibers
Ciliary Body

108
Q

Supply nutrients, gases removes waste via the blood vessel

A

Choroid

109
Q

Transmits signals to the brain

A

Optic nerve

110
Q

Photo transduction occurs here and is made of rods and cones

A

Retina

111
Q

The place where optic nerve pierces retina

A

Optic Disk (blind spot)

112
Q

Greatest number of cones which leads to the highest optical activity

A

Fovea

113
Q

What are the two layers of the retina

A

Retinal pigmented epithelium and the neural layer

114
Q

Where does light enter the retina?

A

the inner layer of the neural layer

115
Q

What are the three layers of the neural layer and what do they do?

A

Outer layer- Rods and cones (photoreceptors)
Middle layer- Bipolar cells (capable of generating IPSP or EPSP
Inner layer- Ganglion cells (capable of generating action potentials)

116
Q

In which order does light enter the eye

A
  1. Cornea
  2. Aqueous humor
  3. pupil
  4. Lens
  5. vitreous humor
  6. retina
117
Q

Where is the aqueous humor and what is its function?

A

It is in the anterior chamber and it supplies nutrients to the lens and cornea

118
Q

Where is the vitreous humor and what is its function?

A

It is in the posterior chamber and maintains the shape of the eye

119
Q

What are the two muscle types of the iris?

A

Radial and Circular

120
Q

Causes the circular muscles to contract?

A

Parasympathetic stimulation

121
Q

Causes the radial muscles to contract

A

Sympathetic Stimulation

122
Q

Concave surfaces do what to focal length

A

increase

123
Q

convex surfaces do what to focal length

A

decrease

124
Q

Having 20/20 vision

A

Emmetropia

125
Q

Photopigment

A

rhodopsin

126
Q

Retinal is ____ in the dark

A

cis

127
Q

Retinal is _____ in the light

A

trans

128
Q

Being able to see objects close up but not far away

A

myopia

129
Q

Being able to see far away but not close up

A

Hyperopia

130
Q

Scatters the light

A

Astigmatism

131
Q

An increase in aqueous humor increases pressure and gradually looses eye sight

A

glaucoma

132
Q

When stuff closer is slowly fuzzy with age

A

Presbyopia

133
Q

Amplifies physical vibrations

A

Ear ossicles

134
Q

collects sound waves

A

Pinna

135
Q

Transmits sound waves to middle and inner ear

A

External Auditory meatus

136
Q

Converts sound waves into physical vibration

A

Tympanic membrane

137
Q

Exit of the cochlea

A

Round window

138
Q

regulates pressure in the ear

A

Eustachian Tube

139
Q

Transduces vibrations into electrical signals

A

Cochlea

140
Q

Transmits signal to brain

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

141
Q

Entrance to cochlea

A

Oval window

142
Q

What makes up the external canal?

A

Pinna, Auditory Meatus

143
Q

What makes up the middle ear?

A

Tympanic membrane and ossicles

144
Q

What makes up the inner ear?

A

Cochlea and nerves

145
Q

The number of peaks in a sound wave

A

Frequency

146
Q

The height of sound waves

A

Amplitude

147
Q

Depends on frequency

A

Pitch

148
Q

Depends on amplitude

A

Intensity

149
Q

What is the sound of a normal conversation?

A

60 dB

150
Q

What level of sound causes hearing loss

A

Over 100 dB

151
Q

The tip of the cochlea?

A

Helicotrema

152
Q

What are the three places that sound passes through in the cochlea?

A

Scala Vestible, Scala Media, Scala Tympani

153
Q

What type of hearing loss is cochlear implants for?

A

Sensorinerual

154
Q

Activated when comes in contact with warmth or cold

A

Thermoreceptors

155
Q

Sense pain by detecting damaging stimuli

A

Nociceptors

156
Q

What are two proprioceptors?

A

Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organ

157
Q

Muscles of extremities that cross over at the medula

A

Lateral corticospinal tract

158
Q

Muscles of the trunk that cross over at the spot where it leaves the spinal cord

A

Anterior corticospinal tract

159
Q

Involuntary responses to stimuli that occur automatically

A

Reflex

160
Q

What are some reflexes?

A

Withdrawl, sneeze, cough, shiver, stretch

161
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side

162
Q

Contralateral

A

Different sides

163
Q

What are some reflexes known at birth>?

A

Suckling, Rooting, Moro Reflex

Physiology (5 decks)

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