Exam 3 Flashcards
(163 cards)
1
Q
What makes up the central nervous system?
A
Brain and spinal cord
2
Q
What makes up the peripheral nervous system?
A
cranial and spinal nerves
3
Q
Somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers that conduct impulses from receptors to the CNS
A
Sensory (afferent) division
4
Q
What three things effect sensory divison?
A
Somatic senses- Skeletal muscle
Visceral senses- stomach
Special senses- outside info
5
Q
Conducts impulses from the CNS to the effectors
A
Motor (efferent) division
6
Q
What is the functional unit of the nervous system?
A
neuron
7
Q
What are the support cells of the nervous system?
A
Glial cells
8
Q
Receive input form other neurons and generates graded potential
A
Dendrite
9
Q
Carries out most cellular function and generates graded potential
A
Soma
10
Q
Initiates action potential
A
Axon hillock
11
Q
Propagates action potentials
A
Axon
12
Q
Forms the myelin sheath around the axon (in CNS)
A
Oligodendrocytes
13
Q
Forms the myelin sheath in PNS
A
Schwann
14
Q
Insulates the axon to enable faster and more efficient action potential transmission
A
Myelin sheath
15
Q
Releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
A
axon terminal
16
Q
What part of cells make up gray matter?
A
Dendrites/soma
17
Q
What part of cells make up white matter?
A
axon/oligodendrocytes
18
Q
what is the function of gray matter
A
Synaptic transmission
19
Q
What is the function of white matter?
A
propagate action potential
20
Q
where is gray matter located?
A
Outer layer in general and the inner layer of the spinal cord`
21
Q
clusters of cells in the CNS
A
Nuclei
22
Q
Pathways in the CNS
A
Axons that travel in bundles
23
Q
Clusters of cells in the PNS
A
Ganglia
24
Q
Nerves in PNS
A
Axons that travel in bundles
25
What is the net charge of the ICF?
negative
26
What is the net charge of the ECF?
Positive
27
How does a cell do work
It has to have a membrane potential
28
What cells are excitable
Muscle and nerve cells
29
Chemical force
based on concentration
30
Electrical force
based on electrical charge
31
Based on both the chemical and electrical force
Electrochemical
32
What are the equilibrium potential for rest, Na, and K?
Rest- -70mV
Na- +60mV
K- -90mV
33
How does the Na/K pump maintain the EC gradient for Na and K.
By pumping out 3 Na and in 2 K
34
Explain how leak channels establish a negative RMP
there are more K+ leak channels than sodium and hydrated K+ is smaller than Na
35
Leak channels are ______
always open
36
Change in response to a ligand binding to them
Ligand gated channel
37
Change in response to membrane potential
voltage gated channel
38
What type of channels are always open and are found along the whole neuron?
Leak channels
39
What type of channels are found along dendrites/soma and recieve info from pre-synaptic neurons
Ligand gated channels
40
What type of channels are found on the axon hillock and axon and initiate and propagate action potentials
Na/K voltage gated
41
What type of channels are found on afferent neurons and take part in sense?
mechanically gated channels
42
What type of channels are found on the axon terminal and release neurotransmitters?
Ca+ voltage gated channels
43
What is threshold to make a action potential?
-55mv
44
Membrane potential is more positive due to Na influx
Depolarization
45
When membrane potential returns to RMP or is more negative due to K+ efflux
Repolarization
46
Membrane potential is more negative than rest due to K+ efflux
hyperpolarization
47
Can't generate a new action potential
Absolute refractory period
48
Can generate another action potential with a larger simulus
Relative refractory period
49
How can a larger stimulus cause another action potential?
-Due to K+ efflux the membrane is more - than normal
-Not all Na channels are at rest so larger stimulus reaches them
50
Saltatory conduction
action potentials jump from node to node
51
action potential travels the entire length of the axon
Continuous conduction
52
Myelin sheath is damaged and speed of action potential slows
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
53
What happens to a graded potentials strength as it moves towards the axon hillock?
It loses it strength
54
What dictates the magnitude of the graded potential?
the strength of the stimulus
55
Summation that occurs from the same stimulus
temporal summation
56
Summation that occurs from different stimuli
Spatial summation
57
What are the two types of PSPs
EPSP and IPSP
58
Increases the likelihood of the postsynaptic neuron generating an action potential
Excitatory PSP
59
Decreases the likelihood of the postsynaptic neuron generating an action potential
Inhibitory PSP
60
How is a NT removed from the cleft
Degrade via enzyme
Reuptake by pre-syn neuron
Diffuse away
61
How do you make acetylcholine
Acetyl CoA + Choline
62
What are the two types of Ach
Nicotinic- fast
muscarinic- slow
63
What are biogenic amines?
Play a behavior in mental illness
HAVE- YAY LACK- SAD
64
How many adrenergic receptors are there and whats their speed?
Slow and 5
65
wrinkly part of the brain that preforms higher functions
Cerebral cortex
66
Cognitive processing which is important for planning movement
Basal Nuclei
67
Part of the cerebrum responsible from learning and memory
Basal Forebrain
68
Part of the cerebrum responsible from emotion, memory, and behavior
Limbic Cortex
69
What are the functions of the frontal lobe?
Voluntary movement
speaking
elaboration of thought
personality
decision making
70
What are the functions of the parietal lobe?
Somatic sensory or BODY FEELINGs
71
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
Vision
72
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
hearing
73
What is the function of the primary motor cortex?
Voluntary movement
74
What is the function of the Broccas area?
Physical formation of words
75
What is the function of the prefrontal association area?
Plans for movement and decision making
76
Function of the olfactory cortex
smell
77
What is the function of the primary auditory cortex?
Detects loudness and pitch
78
What is the function of the auditory associate area?
Interprets sound from cortex as music, speech, or noise
79
What is the function of Wernicke's area?
Language comprehension
80
What is the function of the primary visual cortex?
Receives info from the eyes
81
What does the visual association area do?
Processes info from eyes
82
What is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex?
Localize the source and intensity
83
What is the function of the sensory association area?
Complex processing of the somato cortex
84
Mainly relays info between cerebral cortex and PNS (except smell)
Thalamus
85
Regulates homeostasis
Hypothalamus
86
Regulates fear and aggression
Amygdala
87
Regulates long term memory and formation of emotional response
Hippocampus
88
What are the three parts of the brain stem and what do they do?
Midbrain- Coordinates sensory representations of vision, hearing and sensory
Pons and Medulla- regulates autonomic functions
89
Compares information from the cerebrum w/ incoming information from the PNS
Cerebellum
90
How are the PNS and CNS connected?
Spine
91
Information movement from the PNS to the brain
Ascending tract
92
Cross over where it enters the spinal cord (ascending tract)
Dorsal columns
93
Where the body is in 3D space
Proprioception
94
Crossover at medulla (ascending tract)
Spinothalamic tract
95
Information from the brain to PNS
Descending Tract
96
Goes to the extremities and crosses over at the medulla
Lateral Corticospinal tract
97
Muscles of the trunk and crosses over where it leaves the spinal cord
Ventral corticospinal tract
98
What cranial functions do you need to know and what do they do?
1. Olfactory- smell
2. Optic- sight
8. Vestibulocochlear- hearing
9.Glossopharyngeal- taste
10. Vagus- sensory autonomic
99
The act of turning light into electrical signals
Phototransduction
100
What are the three layers of the eye and where are they?
Sclera- outer
Choroid- middle
Retina- inner
101
Moves the eye
muscles
102
provides covering from the environment
Cornea
103
The white part of the eye that provides support and structure
sclera
104
Colored part of the eye that controls how much light enters the eye
Iris
105
Light enters here
Pupil
106
Refracts light into the retina
Lens
107
Controls the shape of the lense
Zonular fibers
Ciliary Body
108
Supply nutrients, gases removes waste via the blood vessel
Choroid
109
Transmits signals to the brain
Optic nerve
110
Photo transduction occurs here and is made of rods and cones
Retina
111
The place where optic nerve pierces retina
Optic Disk (blind spot)
112
Greatest number of cones which leads to the highest optical activity
Fovea
113
What are the two layers of the retina
Retinal pigmented epithelium and the neural layer
114
Where does light enter the retina?
the inner layer of the neural layer
115
What are the three layers of the neural layer and what do they do?
Outer layer- Rods and cones (photoreceptors)
Middle layer- Bipolar cells (capable of generating IPSP or EPSP
Inner layer- Ganglion cells (capable of generating action potentials)
116
In which order does light enter the eye
1. Cornea
2. Aqueous humor
3. pupil
4. Lens
5. vitreous humor
6. retina
117
Where is the aqueous humor and what is its function?
It is in the anterior chamber and it supplies nutrients to the lens and cornea
118
Where is the vitreous humor and what is its function?
It is in the posterior chamber and maintains the shape of the eye
119
What are the two muscle types of the iris?
Radial and Circular
120
Causes the circular muscles to contract?
Parasympathetic stimulation
121
Causes the radial muscles to contract
Sympathetic Stimulation
122
Concave surfaces do what to focal length
increase
123
convex surfaces do what to focal length
decrease
124
Having 20/20 vision
Emmetropia
125
Photopigment
rhodopsin
126
Retinal is ____ in the dark
cis
127
Retinal is _____ in the light
trans
128
Being able to see objects close up but not far away
myopia
129
Being able to see far away but not close up
Hyperopia
130
Scatters the light
Astigmatism
131
An increase in aqueous humor increases pressure and gradually looses eye sight
glaucoma
132
When stuff closer is slowly fuzzy with age
Presbyopia
133
Amplifies physical vibrations
Ear ossicles
134
collects sound waves
Pinna
135
Transmits sound waves to middle and inner ear
External Auditory meatus
136
Converts sound waves into physical vibration
Tympanic membrane
137
Exit of the cochlea
Round window
138
regulates pressure in the ear
Eustachian Tube
139
Transduces vibrations into electrical signals
Cochlea
140
Transmits signal to brain
Vestibulocochlear nerve
141
Entrance to cochlea
Oval window
142
What makes up the external canal?
Pinna, Auditory Meatus
143
What makes up the middle ear?
Tympanic membrane and ossicles
144
What makes up the inner ear?
Cochlea and nerves
145
The number of peaks in a sound wave
Frequency
146
The height of sound waves
Amplitude
147
Depends on frequency
Pitch
148
Depends on amplitude
Intensity
149
What is the sound of a normal conversation?
60 dB
150
What level of sound causes hearing loss
Over 100 dB
151
The tip of the cochlea?
Helicotrema
152
What are the three places that sound passes through in the cochlea?
Scala Vestible, Scala Media, Scala Tympani
153
What type of hearing loss is cochlear implants for?
Sensorinerual
154
Activated when comes in contact with warmth or cold
Thermoreceptors
155
Sense pain by detecting damaging stimuli
Nociceptors
156
What are two proprioceptors?
Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organ
157
Muscles of extremities that cross over at the medula
Lateral corticospinal tract
158
Muscles of the trunk that cross over at the spot where it leaves the spinal cord
Anterior corticospinal tract
159
Involuntary responses to stimuli that occur automatically
Reflex
160
What are some reflexes?
Withdrawl, sneeze, cough, shiver, stretch
161
Ipsilateral
Same side
162
Contralateral
Different sides
163
What are some reflexes known at birth>?
Suckling, Rooting, Moro Reflex
