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Microbiology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Already exists in the body, and attacks anything deemed “other”

A

Innate immunity

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2
Q

A developed response based on exposure to a foreign invader

A

Adaptive immunity

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3
Q

Structures, chemicals, and processes that work to prevent pathogens entering the body

A

First line of defense

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4
Q

First line of defense includes

A

Skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems

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5
Q

The layers of the skin

A

Epidermis top layer, dermis middle layer, hypodermis and bottom layer

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6
Q

A type of phagocyte and a type of antigen presenting cell located in epidermis

A

Dendritic cell

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7
Q

Help skin resist abrasions. In dermis

A

Collagen fibers

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8
Q

Is the chemical defense of the skin containing salt. Sweat glands 

A

Perspiration

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9
Q

Elimination of pathogenic microorganisms 

A

Antimicrobial peptides

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10
Q

Enzymes in your tears that attack and destroy bacterial cell walls

A

Lysozyme 

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11
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Sebum

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12
Q

Two layers of mucous membranes

A

Epithelium and deeper connective layer

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13
Q

Help remove invaders

A

Goblet (secretes mucous) and ciliated columnar cells (moved mucous up)

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14
Q

Mucins (glycoproteins)

A

Mucous

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15
Q

In the epithelium ______ removes microorganisms 

A

Shedding of cells

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16
Q

Produces and drains tears. Blinking spreads tears and wash the surface of eyes. Lysozyme in tears destroys bacteria

A

Lacrimal apparatus

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17
Q

Competes with potential pathogens

A

Microbiome

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18
Q

Components of the blood

A

Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

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19
Q

Mostly water with electrolytes, dissolved gases, nutrients, and proteins

A

Plasma

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20
Q

Fluid remaining when clotting factors are removed. Contains iron binding/transporting molecules. Some microbes can steal the iron

A

Serum

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21
Q

Process by which the division of stem cells in the bone marrow produce three types of “formed elements”

A

Hematopoiesis

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22
Q

Existing capillaries to attack invaders

A

Diapedesis

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23
Q

The process by which a phagocyte (a type of white blood cell) surrounds and destroys foreign substances (such as bacteria) and removes dead cells

A

Phagocytosis

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24
Q

The directional movement of the phagocyte toward a chemical attractant. First step of phagocytosis

A

Chemotaxis

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25
Q

Programmed orderly cell death

A

Apoptosis

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26
Q

The three types of formed elements of blood

A

Erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes (granulocytes and agranulocytes) 

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27
Q

Carrie O2 and CO2

A

Erythrocytes

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28
Q

Blood clotting

A

Platelets

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29
Q

Defend against invaders

A

Leukocytes

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30
Q

Difference between agranulocyte versus granulocyte

A

 granulocytes originate from the bone marrow while agranulocytes originate from the lymph nodes

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31
Q

No phagocytosis. Release inflammatory chemicals. Type of granulocyte 

A

Basophils

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32
Q

Phagocyte pathogens. Types of granulocytes

A

Eosinophils and neutrophils

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33
Q

Type of leukocytes mature into macrophages. An agranulocyte

A

Monocytes

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34
Q

A type of agranulocyte that is most involved in adaptive immunity, except natural killer (NK) lymphocytes

A

Lymphocytes

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35
Q

Phagocytes that devour foreign objects

A

Macrophages

36
Q

Differential white blood cell count

A

Can signal disease, increased eosinophils indicate allergies or a parasitic worm infection, bacterial disease often show increase in leukocytes and neutrophils, viral infection show increase in lymphocytes

37
Q

Six steps in phagocytosis

A

Chemotaxis, adhesion, ingestion, maturation, killing, illumination

38
Q

Non-phagocytic killing methods

A

Eosinophils, neutrophils, natural killer (NK cells)

39
Q

Nonspecific chemical defenses

A

Toll like receptors (TLR‘s), NOD proteins

40
Q

Protein molecules that nonspecifically inhibit the spread of viral infections

A

Interferons

41
Q

A set of serum proteins that can be activated by the classical, alternative, or lectin pathways, and create a cascade effect that amplifies immune signals and response

A

The role of the complement system

42
Q

Proteins that assist in phagocytosis Buy coding the surface of the pathogen and helping phagocytes recognize, attached, and devour it

A

Opsonins

43
Q

Chemotaxis signals

A

Chemotactic factors

44
Q

nonspecific response to tissue damage from various causes, characterized by redness, heat, swelling and pain

A

Inflammation

45
Q

Develops quickly, it’s short-lived, typically beneficial, important in second line of defense. Increases blood vessel dilation in permeability, helps with migration of phagocytes, helps with tissue repair

A

Acute inflammation

46
Q

Long lasting, damaged and tissues can cause disease

A

Chronic inflammation

47
Q

Produces redness and localized heat associated with inflammation

A

Vasodilation

48
Q

Chemicals that travel to the hypothalamus and trigger it to raise the body temperature

A

Pyrogens

49
Q

5 attributes of adaptive immunity

A

Specificity, inducibility, clonality, unresponsiveness to self, memory

50
Q

Adaptive immunity acts against a specific antigen

A

Specificity

51
Q

Specific pathogen activates/induces adaptive immunity cells

A

Immunity

52
Q

Adaptive immunity cells proliferate

A

Clonality

53
Q

Does not act against normal body cells

A

Unresponsiveness to self

54
Q

Adapts and responds faster to subsequent encounters with the same pathogen/toxic

A

Memory

55
Q

Two main types of lymphocytes

A

B lymphocytes (mature in bone marrow), T lymphocytes (mature in thymus)

56
Q

Two types of adaptive immune responses

A

Cells mediated immune responses, and antibody (“humoral”) immune responses

57
Q

Immune related functions of the lymphatic system

A

Screen the tissues of the body for foreign molecules

58
Q

Primary lymphatic organs

A

Red bone marrow (lymphocytes made here), thymus (T cells mature here)

59
Q

Secondary lymphatic organs

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

60
Q

a toxin or other foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.

A

Antigen

61
Q

Recognized by 3-D regions

A

Epitopes

62
Q

Food and dust an contain antigen particles

A

Allergens

63
Q

Toxins and other components of microbes

A

Exogenous antigens

64
Q

Produced by microbes that reproduce inside a body’s cells

A

Endogenous antigens

65
Q

Derived from normal cellular processes. Any antigen that stimulates autoantibodies in the organism that produced it

A

Autoantigens

66
Q

What the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins are for

A

To bind peptide fragments derived from pathogens and display them on the cell surface for recognition by the appropriate T cells

67
Q

All cells using type I MHC

A

Endogenous

68
Q

APCs only using type II MHC

A

Exogenous

69
Q

T cells locations

A

Produced in red bone marrow, mature in thymus, and found circulating in the lymphatic and blood

70
Q

B cells locations

A

Produced in bone marrow, mature in bone marrow , and located in spleen blood and lymph nodes

71
Q

Process by which self recognizing T cells or B cells are removed from production

A

Clonal deletion

72
Q

Plasma cell definition and its function

A

Type of immune cells, that makes up large amounts of a specific antibody. It’s a type of white blood cell

73
Q

5 cytokines

A

Interleukins, interferons, growth factors, tumor necrosis factor (T N3F), chemokines

74
Q

Administration of antigens so patient actively generate an adaptive immune response

A

Active immunization

75
Q

Individual suites immunity through the transfer of antibodies formed by immune individual or animal

A

Passive immunotherapy

76
Q

Ingredients added to a vaccine to increase their effectiveness

A

Adjuvants

77
Q

Attenuated vaccines

A

Live modified pathogens. Advantages: can provide contact immunity. Disadvantage: can result in infection

78
Q

Inactivated vaccines

A

Killed pathogen. Advantages; safer than live. Disadvantage: can require multiple doses, or adjuvants

79
Q

Toxoid vaccines

A

Modified toxins. Advantages: doesn’t contain the pathogen at all. Disadvantages: requires multiple doses

80
Q

Combination vaccines

A

Multiple pathogens

81
Q

Passive immunotherapy

A

Administration of antiserum that contains performed antibodies

82
Q

Antiserum

A

A substance containing pre formed antibodies that is given to a patient in passive immunotherapy

83
Q

Contact immunity

A

A vaccinated individual can confer immunity upon unimmunized individuals through contact with bodily fluids or excrement

84
Q

The type of leukocyte that can kill pathogens by generating traps made out of fibers: I.e., “NETs”

A

Neutrophils

85
Q

The only type of lymphocytes involved with innate immunity

A

Natural killer

86
Q

A type of B cell that has adapted to start producing immunoglobulins

A

Plasma cell

Microbiology (9 decks)

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