Exam 4 Flashcards by Sarah Salinas

Already exists in the body, and attacks anything deemed “other”

Innate immunity

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A developed response based on exposure to a foreign invader

Adaptive immunity

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Structures, chemicals, and processes that work to prevent pathogens entering the body

First line of defense

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First line of defense includes

Skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems

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The layers of the skin

Epidermis top layer, dermis middle layer, hypodermis and bottom layer

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A type of phagocyte and a type of antigen presenting cell located in epidermis

Dendritic cell

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Help skin resist abrasions. In dermis

Collagen fibers

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Is the chemical defense of the skin containing salt. Sweat glands

Perspiration

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Elimination of pathogenic microorganisms

Antimicrobial peptides

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Enzymes in your tears that attack and destroy bacterial cell walls

Lysozyme

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Sebaceous glands

Sebum

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Two layers of mucous membranes

Epithelium and deeper connective layer

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Help remove invaders

Goblet (secretes mucous) and ciliated columnar cells (moved mucous up)

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Mucins (glycoproteins)

Mucous

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In the epithelium ______ removes microorganisms

Shedding of cells

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Produces and drains tears. Blinking spreads tears and wash the surface of eyes. Lysozyme in tears destroys bacteria

Lacrimal apparatus

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Competes with potential pathogens

Microbiome

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Components of the blood

Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

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Mostly water with electrolytes, dissolved gases, nutrients, and proteins

Plasma

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Fluid remaining when clotting factors are removed. Contains iron binding/transporting molecules. Some microbes can steal the iron

Serum

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Process by which the division of stem cells in the bone marrow produce three types of “formed elements”

Hematopoiesis

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Existing capillaries to attack invaders

Diapedesis

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The process by which a phagocyte (a type of white blood cell) surrounds and destroys foreign substances (such as bacteria) and removes dead cells

Phagocytosis

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The directional movement of the phagocyte toward a chemical attractant. First step of phagocytosis

Chemotaxis

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Programmed orderly cell death

Apoptosis

The three types of formed elements of blood

Erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes (granulocytes and agranulocytes)

Carrie O2 and CO2

Erythrocytes

Blood clotting

Platelets

Defend against invaders

Leukocytes

Difference between agranulocyte versus granulocyte

granulocytes originate from the bone marrow while agranulocytes originate from the lymph nodes

No phagocytosis. Release inflammatory chemicals. Type of granulocyte

Basophils

Phagocyte pathogens. Types of granulocytes

Eosinophils and neutrophils

Type of leukocytes mature into macrophages. An agranulocyte

Monocytes

A type of agranulocyte that is most involved in adaptive immunity, except natural killer (NK) lymphocytes

Lymphocytes

Phagocytes that devour foreign objects

Macrophages

Differential white blood cell count

Can signal disease, increased eosinophils indicate allergies or a parasitic worm infection, bacterial disease often show increase in leukocytes and neutrophils, viral infection show increase in lymphocytes

Six steps in phagocytosis

Chemotaxis, adhesion, ingestion, maturation, killing, illumination

Non-phagocytic killing methods

Eosinophils, neutrophils, natural killer (NK cells)

Nonspecific chemical defenses

Toll like receptors (TLR‘s), NOD proteins

Protein molecules that nonspecifically inhibit the spread of viral infections

Interferons

A set of serum proteins that can be activated by the classical, alternative, or lectin pathways, and create a cascade effect that amplifies immune signals and response

The role of the complement system

Proteins that assist in phagocytosis Buy coding the surface of the pathogen and helping phagocytes recognize, attached, and devour it

Opsonins

Chemotaxis signals

Chemotactic factors

nonspecific response to tissue damage from various causes, characterized by redness, heat, swelling and pain

Inflammation

Develops quickly, it’s short-lived, typically beneficial, important in second line of defense. Increases blood vessel dilation in permeability, helps with migration of phagocytes, helps with tissue repair

Acute inflammation

Long lasting, damaged and tissues can cause disease

Chronic inflammation

Produces redness and localized heat associated with inflammation

Vasodilation

Chemicals that travel to the hypothalamus and trigger it to raise the body temperature

Pyrogens

5 attributes of adaptive immunity

Specificity, inducibility, clonality, unresponsiveness to self, memory

Adaptive immunity acts against a specific antigen

Specificity

Specific pathogen activates/induces adaptive immunity cells

Immunity

Adaptive immunity cells proliferate

Clonality

Does not act against normal body cells

Unresponsiveness to self

Adapts and responds faster to subsequent encounters with the same pathogen/toxic

Memory

Two main types of lymphocytes

B lymphocytes (mature in bone marrow), T lymphocytes (mature in thymus)

Two types of adaptive immune responses

Cells mediated immune responses, and antibody (“humoral”) immune responses

Immune related functions of the lymphatic system

Screen the tissues of the body for foreign molecules

Primary lymphatic organs

Red bone marrow (lymphocytes made here), thymus (T cells mature here)

Secondary lymphatic organs

Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

a toxin or other foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.

Antigen

Recognized by 3-D regions

Epitopes

Food and dust an contain antigen particles

Allergens

Toxins and other components of microbes

Exogenous antigens

Produced by microbes that reproduce inside a body’s cells

Endogenous antigens

Derived from normal cellular processes. Any antigen that stimulates autoantibodies in the organism that produced it

Autoantigens

What the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins are for

To bind peptide fragments derived from pathogens and display them on the cell surface for recognition by the appropriate T cells

All cells using type I MHC

Endogenous

APCs only using type II MHC

Exogenous

T cells locations

Produced in red bone marrow, mature in thymus, and found circulating in the lymphatic and blood

B cells locations

Produced in bone marrow, mature in bone marrow , and located in spleen blood and lymph nodes

Process by which self recognizing T cells or B cells are removed from production

Clonal deletion

Plasma cell definition and its function

Type of immune cells, that makes up large amounts of a specific antibody. It’s a type of white blood cell

5 cytokines

Interleukins, interferons, growth factors, tumor necrosis factor (T N3F), chemokines

Administration of antigens so patient actively generate an adaptive immune response

Active immunization

Individual suites immunity through the transfer of antibodies formed by immune individual or animal

Passive immunotherapy

Ingredients added to a vaccine to increase their effectiveness

Adjuvants

Attenuated vaccines

Live modified pathogens. Advantages: can provide contact immunity. Disadvantage: can result in infection

Inactivated vaccines

Killed pathogen. Advantages; safer than live. Disadvantage: can require multiple doses, or adjuvants

Toxoid vaccines

Modified toxins. Advantages: doesn’t contain the pathogen at all. Disadvantages: requires multiple doses

Combination vaccines

Multiple pathogens

Passive immunotherapy

Administration of antiserum that contains performed antibodies

Antiserum

A substance containing pre formed antibodies that is given to a patient in passive immunotherapy

Contact immunity

A vaccinated individual can confer immunity upon unimmunized individuals through contact with bodily fluids or excrement

The type of leukocyte that can kill pathogens by generating traps made out of fibers: I.e., “NETs”

Neutrophils

The only type of lymphocytes involved with innate immunity

Natural killer

A type of B cell that has adapted to start producing immunoglobulins

Plasma cell