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Microbiology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gene

A

Portions of DNA that code for specific proteins

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2
Q

Genome

A

The entire genetic compliment of an organism

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3
Q

Nucleotide

A

A compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group

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4
Q

Complementary

A

A property of double stranded nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA as well as DNA:RNA duplexes

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5
Q

Nucleoid

A

Where genome resides in the prokaryotic cells

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6
Q

Peptides

A

Long chains of amino acids

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7
Q

Semi conversative

A

1 from parent 1 new

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8
Q

Polymerization

A

Anabolic, enter chronic reactions to build a polymer out of monomers

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9
Q

Replication fork

A

Just where the DNA strand had been unzipped by DNA helicase

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10
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Replicates DNA only five end to three end. Adds nucleotides

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11
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

Small segments that make up the lagging strand

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12
Q

DNA ligase

A

Enzyme that bonds together individual Okazaki fragments

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13
Q

Primase

A

Enzyme that adds RNA primers to the template strands

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14
Q

 primers

A

Small pieces of RNA to give DNA polymerase a place to start

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15
Q

ORI/ origin

A

Where Bacterial DNA replication begins

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16
Q

Transcription

A

Information in DNA is copied to RNA

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17
Q

Translation

A

Polypeptides synthesized from RNA

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18
Q

Where transcription happens in prokaryotes

A

Nucleoid region of the cytoplasm

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19
Q

Where transcription happens in eukaryotes

A

Nucleus

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20
Q

Three stages of transcription and translation

A

Initiation, elongation, termination

21
Q

 initiation in transcription

A

RNA polymerase binds at 3’ promoter site

22
Q

Bubble

A

Does not need primer and unzips it’s self. Break Spond around it so you can access the one strand of DNA it needs. Happens in initiation of transcription

23
Q

Elongation in transcription

A

Complementary base is added to a 3’ end

24
Q

Termination in transcription

A

Self terminate (folds in on itself) or rho-dependent (protein that rna polymerase runs into like a speed bump)

25
Q

Post processes that occur in eukaryotes during transcription

A

Capping with mod-guanine and Poly-A tail

26
Q

 introns

A

“In” between the genes. Non-coding

27
Q

Exons

A

Are “ex”pressed. These are the actual genes

28
Q

Promoter site

A

The signal for the RNA polymerase to get started on initiation in transcription

29
Q

Splicing

A

Removed all the introns

30
Q

Alternative splicing

A

Can remove some exons so it’s only a few number of genes are carried (alternative to fit the specific proteins)

31
Q

Strat codon

A

AUG

32
Q

Stop codon

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

33
Q

Initiation in translation

A

Attaches to the start codon (AUG) and binds to the A site

34
Q

Elongation in translation

A

A site moves to the P site where it builds polypeptides and then moves to the E site and exits

35
Q

Termination in translation

A

Whenever the mRNA reaches a stop codon

36
Q

Deleterious

A

Bad or harmful (mutations)

37
Q

Types of mutations

A

Point mutations (SNPs) and gross mutations

38
Q

Point mutations

A

Silent, missense, and nonsense

39
Q

Silent mutation

A

No change to the resulting protein

40
Q

Missense mutation

A

Changes an amino acid in the proteins

41
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

Changes a normal codon to a stop codon

42
Q

Genetic recombination

A

Exchange of nucleotide sequences between two different DNA molecules (similar to crossing over in meiosis)

43
Q

3 types of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes

A

Transformation (take up dna from environment and incorporate into genome), transduction (dna is incorporated into genome via lytic cycle (generalized) or Lysogenic (specialized)), and conjugation (transfer requires physical contact)

44
Q

Operon

A

A segment of the prokaryotic genome that contains all of the genes for a particular function, and the regulatory elements for that gene

45
Q

The human genome only contains around 22,000 genes, but we are able to make it upwards to a 500,000 unique proteins due to what?

A

Alternative splicing

46
Q

The short stretch of DNA where the RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription

A

Promoter

47
Q

Vivo

A

In cell

48
Q

Vitro

A

In lab

49
Q

Ideal microbial control method/agent

A

Inexpensive, fast acting, stable during storage, harmful to microbes and harmless to all else

Microbiology (9 decks)

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