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Microbiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

 Ploidy

A

The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell, or in the cells of an organism

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2
Q

Haploid

A

Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes. 1n

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3
Q

Diploid

A

Containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. 2n

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4
Q

 chromosome

A

A thread like structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. The whole “X” looking figure

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5
Q

Chromatid

A

Half of a chromosome

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6
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The cytoplasmic division of the cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into 2 daughter cells

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7
Q

 interphase

A

Normal cell life function, preparing for DNA replication

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8
Q

Prophase

A

Nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle fibers, chromosomes condense

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9
Q

 metaphase

A

Lined up in the middle

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10
Q

Anaphase

A

Spindles pull chromosomes

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11
Q

 telophase

A

On opposite ends, nuclear envelope forms

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12
Q

 cytokinesis

A

Cell division (does not happen all the time but most)

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13
Q

Crossing over between homologous pairs happens in

A

Prophase one

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14
Q

Tetrad

A

Group set of four

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15
Q

 generalists

A

Can infect many types of cells, or many different hosts, or some combination of these things

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16
Q

Helical

A

Having the shape or form of a helix; spiral

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17
Q

Capsid

A

The protein shell of a virus particle surrounding its nucleic acid

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18
Q

 polyhedral

A

Have nucleic acid encased in a polyhedral (many sided) shell or capsid, which is commonly shaped like an icosahedron

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19
Q

Capsomere

A

Little subunits that make up the capsid

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20
Q

Viral spikes

A

Little protein spikes on the outside of the envelope, and uses that to attach to a host

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21
Q

Complex virus shape

A

Bacteriophages

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22
Q

 nucleocapsid

A

The cast of the virus with the enclosed nucleic acid

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23
Q

Burst time

A

Time from attachment to host cell to bursting

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24
Q

Burst size

A

Number of viruses that get released from a single host cell

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25
Prophage
DNA/RNA of a bacteriophage incorporated with the genome of the bacteria (just resting)
26
Neoplasia
Uncontrolled cell division in multicellular animal
27
Tumor
Mass of neoplastic cells
28
Benign
Harmless
29
Malignant
More dangerous, could spread
30
Metastasis
Occurs when tumors spread
31
Oncogene theory
The idea that it takes multiple negative hits, in order to cause cancer. Ex: UV light, Radiation,, Carcinogenics, Viruses
32
Proto-oncogenes
Promote some growth and division. Very important. Has potential to be related to cancer
33
Oncology
The study and treatment of tumors
34
Carcinogenic
A substance or organism or agent capable of causing cancer
35
Viroids
Single stranded RNA that effects plants
36
Prions
Pathogenic agents that are transmissible and are able to induce abnormal folding of a specific normal cellular proteins called prion proteins that are found most abundantly in the brain. EX: mad cow disease
37
Lyric cycle
1. Attachment 2. Entry 3.(bio)synthesis 4. Assembly 5. Release
38
Lysogenic cycle
1. Attachment 2. Entry 3. Prophage insertion 4. Replicate/division 5. Induction 6.(bio)synthesis 7. Assembly 8. Release
39
3 entry ways in animal viral cycles
1. Direct penetration 2. Membrane fusion 3. Endocytosis
40
Temperate phage replication uses this cycle
Lysogenic
41
The step in both lytic and lysogenic cycles during which viral proteins and nucleic acids come together to form new, mature viruses
Assembly
42
Lysogenic conversion
When a virus inserts it’s genes into a bacteria, and as a result, converts it from a harmless bacteria to a pathogen
43
+
Oxidized
44
H
Reduction
45
Electron transport chain
Most significant production of ATP
46
The final electron except are in aerobic respiration 
Oxygen
47
Substrate level phosphorylation
Direct transfer of phosphate between two substrates
48
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidation reduction reactions to create a gradient that powers phosphorylation of ATP
49
Acetyl-CoA
Carries the carbon atoms of the acetyl group to the TCA cycle to be oxidized for energy production
50
Decarboxylation
The removal of carbon dioxide from organic acids
51
Chemiosmosis
The process of diffusion of ions, H ions, across a selectively permeable membrane. In ETC
52
ATP synthase
The enzyme in the electrochemical gradient that makes ATP molecules
53
Proton gradient
Energy pumps H+ across membrane
54
Electrochemical gradient
The free energy available to carry out the useful work of transporting the molecule across the membrane
55
Four stages in cellular respiration
1. Glycolysis (splits glucose into 2 pyruvate) 2. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (synthesis of acetyl coa) 3. Citric acid/kreb cycle ( production of more electron carriers) 4. Final series of redox reaction ( electron transport chain)
56
Envelope
Some viruses have a membrane like structure surrounding there protein coat
57
Beta oxidation
Repeated splitting off of pairs of hydrogenated carbons from fatty acids and joining to coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA
58
Deamination
Reactions to split amino groups of amino acids
59
Gluconeogenesis
Process that transforms non-carbohydrate substrates (ex: lactate, amino acids, and glycerol) into glucose
60
Gene expression
Amount and timing of protein (enzyme) production
61
Metabolic expression
Activity of proteins (enzymes) once produced
62
Gluconeogenesis
The anabolic version of the glycolysis pathway
63
Nitrogen fixation
 necessary for life on earth because we can’t use the nitrogen that is abundant to all around us. Species that takes 79% into stuff we can actually use
64
Obligate aerobe
Require oxygen
65
Facilitative anaerobes
Grow better with oxygen but can live without it
66
Aerotolerant anaerobes
Are unaffected by oxygen levels
67
Obligate anaerobes
Are killed by oxygen
68
Quorum sensing
Having enough bacteria to you to take action. to communicate with each other

Microbiology (9 decks)

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