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Microbiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

 Ploidy

A

The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell, or in the cells of an organism

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2
Q

Haploid

A

Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes. 1n

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3
Q

Diploid

A

Containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. 2n

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4
Q

 chromosome

A

A thread like structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. The whole “X” looking figure

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5
Q

Chromatid

A

Half of a chromosome

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6
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The cytoplasmic division of the cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into 2 daughter cells

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7
Q

 interphase

A

Normal cell life function, preparing for DNA replication

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8
Q

Prophase

A

Nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle fibers, chromosomes condense

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9
Q

 metaphase

A

Lined up in the middle

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10
Q

Anaphase

A

Spindles pull chromosomes

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11
Q

 telophase

A

On opposite ends, nuclear envelope forms

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12
Q

 cytokinesis

A

Cell division (does not happen all the time but most)

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13
Q

Crossing over between homologous pairs happens in

A

Prophase one

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14
Q

Tetrad

A

Group set of four

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15
Q

 generalists

A

Can infect many types of cells, or many different hosts, or some combination of these things

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16
Q

Helical

A

Having the shape or form of a helix; spiral

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17
Q

Capsid

A

The protein shell of a virus particle surrounding its nucleic acid

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18
Q

 polyhedral

A

Have nucleic acid encased in a polyhedral (many sided) shell or capsid, which is commonly shaped like an icosahedron

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19
Q

Capsomere

A

Little subunits that make up the capsid

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20
Q

Viral spikes

A

Little protein spikes on the outside of the envelope, and uses that to attach to a host

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21
Q

Complex virus shape

A

Bacteriophages

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22
Q

 nucleocapsid

A

The cast of the virus with the enclosed nucleic acid

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23
Q

Burst time

A

Time from attachment to host cell to bursting

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24
Q

Burst size

A

Number of viruses that get released from a single host cell

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25
Q

Prophage

A

DNA/RNA of a bacteriophage incorporated with the genome of the bacteria (just resting)

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26
Q

Neoplasia

A

Uncontrolled cell division in multicellular animal

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27
Q

Tumor

A

Mass of neoplastic cells

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28
Q

Benign

A

Harmless

29
Q

Malignant

A

More dangerous, could spread

30
Q

Metastasis

A

Occurs when tumors spread

31
Q

Oncogene theory

A

The idea that it takes multiple negative hits, in order to cause cancer. Ex: UV light, Radiation,, Carcinogenics, Viruses

32
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

Promote some growth and division. Very important. Has potential to be related to cancer

33
Q

Oncology

A

The study and treatment of tumors

34
Q

Carcinogenic

A

A substance or organism or agent capable of causing cancer

35
Q

Viroids

A

Single stranded RNA that effects plants

36
Q

Prions

A

Pathogenic agents that are transmissible and are able to induce abnormal folding of a specific normal cellular proteins called prion proteins that are found most abundantly in the brain. EX: mad cow disease

37
Q

Lyric cycle

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Entry
    3.(bio)synthesis
  3. Assembly
  4. Release
38
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Entry
  3. Prophage insertion
  4. Replicate/division
  5. Induction
    6.(bio)synthesis
  6. Assembly
  7. Release
39
Q

3 entry ways in animal viral cycles

A
  1. Direct penetration
  2. Membrane fusion
  3. Endocytosis
40
Q

Temperate phage replication uses this cycle

A

Lysogenic

41
Q

The step in both lytic and lysogenic cycles during which viral proteins and nucleic acids come together to form new, mature viruses

A

Assembly

42
Q

Lysogenic conversion

A

When a virus inserts it’s genes into a bacteria, and as a result, converts it from a harmless bacteria to a pathogen

43
Q

+

A

Oxidized

44
Q

H

A

Reduction

45
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Most significant production of ATP

46
Q

The final electron except are in aerobic respiration 

A

Oxygen

47
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

Direct transfer of phosphate between two substrates

48
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Oxidation reduction reactions to create a gradient that powers phosphorylation of ATP

49
Q

Acetyl-CoA

A

Carries the carbon atoms of the acetyl group to the TCA cycle to be oxidized for energy production

50
Q

Decarboxylation

A

The removal of carbon dioxide from organic acids

51
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

The process of diffusion of ions, H ions, across a selectively permeable membrane. In ETC

52
Q

ATP synthase

A

The enzyme in the electrochemical gradient that makes ATP molecules

53
Q

Proton gradient

A

Energy pumps H+ across membrane

54
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

The free energy available to carry out the useful work of transporting the molecule across the membrane

55
Q

Four stages in cellular respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis (splits glucose into 2 pyruvate)
  2. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (synthesis of acetyl coa)
  3. Citric acid/kreb cycle ( production of more electron carriers)
  4. Final series of redox reaction ( electron transport chain)
56
Q

Envelope

A

Some viruses have a membrane like structure surrounding there protein coat

57
Q

Beta oxidation

A

Repeated splitting off of pairs of hydrogenated carbons from fatty acids and joining to coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA

58
Q

Deamination

A

Reactions to split amino groups of amino acids

59
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Process that transforms non-carbohydrate substrates (ex: lactate, amino acids, and glycerol) into glucose

60
Q

Gene expression

A

Amount and timing of protein (enzyme) production

61
Q

Metabolic expression

A

Activity of proteins (enzymes) once produced

62
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

The anabolic version of the glycolysis pathway

63
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

 necessary for life on earth because we can’t use the nitrogen that is abundant to all around us. Species that takes 79% into stuff we can actually use

64
Q

Obligate aerobe

A

Require oxygen

65
Q

Facilitative anaerobes

A

Grow better with oxygen but can live without it

66
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

Are unaffected by oxygen levels

67
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Are killed by oxygen

68
Q

Quorum sensing

A

Having enough bacteria to you to take action. to communicate with each other

Microbiology (9 decks)

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