Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BMB > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Motor apraxia

A

Difficulty in coordinating bimanual or fractionated movements that is NOT due to muscle weakness/ paralysis (commonly in SMA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Motor aphasia

A

Word finding language deficit (commonly Broca’s area)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Stria terminalis connects what structures

A

Amygdala to hypothalamus and septal region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In a coronal section, what’s a landmark for the level at which the genu of the internal capsule is show?

A

Interventricular foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the ventral amygdalofugal pathway (VAFP)

A

Connects the amygdala to the lateral hypothalamus and the thalamus (dorsomedial nucleus), emotion cortex, ventral striatum and pallidum, and brainstem nuclei

Travels through the basal forebrain region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

EMOTION CORTEX LESIONS

Orbitofrontal:

Anterior cingulate:

Ventromedial cortex:

A
  1. marked personality changes (impulsivity, explosiveness, tactlessness, lability, lack of interpersonal sensitivity)
  2. akinetic mutism, profound apathy, abulia, immobility
  3. psychopathy (absence of emotion, empathy, remorsefulness)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Major output to septal nuclei and mammillary of the hypothalamus is through the

A

Fornix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What part of the thalamus receives fibers from the mammillothalamic tract?

What structures does it project to?

A
  1. Anterior nucleus

2. Cingulate gyrus via anterior limb of internal capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

  • cause?
  • atrophy/infarct to?
  • effects?
A
  • due to severe thiamine deficiency (B-1); most commonly due to alcohol abuse
  • atrophy/infarct of the dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus
  • DM nucleus functions in the declarative memory system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are 4 aspects of long term potentiation in declarative memory

A
  • Tetanic stimulation is required
  • Strong tetanic stimulus is required
  • LTP is associative
  • The NMDA receptor is required
  • Calcium influx is required
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Limbic lobes (4)

A

o Cingulate gyrus
o Parahippocampal gyrus
o Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
o Orbitofrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Difference b/w mood and affect

A

o Mood – underlying baseline emotional tone
• Analogous to muscle tone
• Can’t be observed

o Affect – Transient outward sign
• Observed emotional expression in a patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the UMN for the ANS?

A

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List 3 tasks of the amygdala

A

The amygdala is the coordinating center for emotional state that

(1) assigns an emotional grade (VALENCE) to sensory input and/or thoughts;
(2) sends signals to emotion cortex for conscious awareness of emotional feelings; and,
(3) sends signals to emotional expression centers (hypothalamus, emotion basal ganglia) for emotional behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

  • cause
  • signs/sxs
A
  • bilateral lesion of medial temporal lobes, including the amygdala and uncus
  • may exhibit docile behavior and flattened affect, indiscriminate hypersexuality, hyperorality (exploration of objects using one’s mouth) and hyperphagia (excessive eating), visual agnosia and excessive attention to visual stimuli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Urbach-Wiethe disease

A
  • calcification lesions of the amygdala (congenital)

- won’t be able to read emotion in people’s faces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Medial forebrain bundle

A
  • travels through lateral hypothalamus and brainstem reticular formation
  • connects the emotion centers in the forebrain w/ each other and w/ brainstem nuclei
  • continuous w/ descending hypothalamic fibers that descend to preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cholinergic cell groups

  • location
  • fx
A
  • nucleus basalis

- memory, attention, sleep/wake cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Serotonergic cell groups

  • location
  • fx
A
  • raphe nuclei of rostral brainstem

- mood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Noradrenergic cell groups

  • location
  • fx
A
  • locus ceruleus

- activate entire cortex for increased arousal and vigilance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Dopaminergic projection for emotion

  • 2 pathways
  • fx
A

VTA to

  1. mesolimbic pathway
    - subcortical structures
  2. Mesocortical pathways
    - particularly prefrontal cortex

Activate entire cortex for increased arousal and vigilance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the components of the limbic basal ganglia and function

A

Fx -> selection of MOTOR programs essential for survival

Ventral striatum + ventral pallidum

Nucleus accumbens is the INPUT
• Amygdala to NA via the stria terminalis
• Where the caudate and putamen are connected ventrally

Ventral pallidum is the OUTPUT
• Projects to the DM nucleus of thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

List the pathway to activate motor neurons for emotional response

A

receptors recording state of environment -> amygdala (emotional grading) -> nucleus accumbens -> ventral pallidum -> DM of thalamus -> emotional cortex (emotional feelings) -> motor neurons activated for emotional response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

UMN for Duchenne smile is through the?

A

Limbic basal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which cranial nerves have parasympathetic function?

A

III, VII, IX, X

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the function divisions of the solitary nucleus

What part of the brainstem is it?

A
  1. GVAs from VII, IX, X

Cranial portion - taste

Caudal portion - cardiorespiratory nucleus
-axons from IX and X

  1. Mid/rostral medulla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Ventrolateral medulla

  • location
  • function
A
  1. mid-rostral medulla
  2. output pathway
    -contains CPGs for:
    cardiovascular
    digestive tract
    vomiting
    respiratory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Parabrachial nucleus

  • location
  • function
A
  1. Rostral pons

2. modulates ventrolateral medulla activities (e.g. timing of breathing when swallowing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What coordinates autonomic activity w/ behaviors? Location?

A

PAG - midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What connects hypothalamus to parasympathetic GVE nuclei in the brainstem

A

Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Describe path of lateral descending hypothalamic fibers

A

hypothalamus -> brainstem centers (solitary nucleus, ventrolateral nucleus -> preganglionic parasympathetics and parasympathetics in the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Pathway for emotional response to odors?

A

Medial olfactory tract -> septal area (limbic system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Tract responsible for emotional, endocrine and visceral responses to odors

A

Lateral olfactory tract -> amygdala (which connects to hypothalamus and septal nuclei
through stria terminalis and ventral amygdalofugal pathway)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Tract of conscious emotions of odors

A

lateral olfactory tract -> olfactory tubercle (this projects to dorsomedial nucleus of
thalamus, which projects to orbitofrontal cortex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Tract for conscious recognition of odors

A

Lateral olfactory tract -> uncus/entorhinal cortex/piriform cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Primary afferents for taste

A

CN VII - anterior 2/3 of tongue
CN IX - posterior 1/3
CN X - epiglottis region

37
Q

1st, 2nd and 3rd order neurons for taste pathway

A

VII, XI, X -> solitary nucleus (through solitary tract)

Solitary nucleus -> parvocellular VPM through central tegmental tract

VPM -> posterior limb internal capsule -> insular cortex + gustatory region of postcentral gyrus

38
Q

What is the fx of the area postrema? location?

A

-mid medulla

  • Activated by toxins in CSF or blood which directs the emetic center
  • Another route than through the solitary nucleus
39
Q

Bilateral ablation of VL nucleus or upper cervical cord results in

A

Respiratory arrest/apnea

40
Q

Parabrachial nucleus

  • location
  • fx
A
  1. Rostral pons

2a) apneustic center - stimulates inhalation
b) pneumotaxic center - inhibits apneustic center

41
Q

Lesion site for ataxic breathing

A

b/w pons and medulla - no pontine control of VL medulla

42
Q

Describe apneusis

A

Damage to pneumotaxic center

prolonged inhalation followed by patient hold his breath

43
Q

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

A

-seen in bilateral thalamic compressions

alternating deep breathing and apnea

44
Q

Describe the autonomic innervation to the bladder

A

External urethral sphincter -> somatic neurons

Internal - sympathetic

Detrusor muscle - parasympathetic

45
Q

Describe the sxs seen with sensory paralytic bladder and the cause?

A

-can consciously void but tend to overstretch bladder b/c don’t realize it’s getting full

  • damage to sensory peripheral neurons
  • e.g. tabes dorsalis
46
Q

Where are circumventricular organs found and what do they do?

Which one is involved in monitoring blood for toxins and triggering the vomiting reflex

A
  • walls of 3rd and 4th ventricles where BBB is lacking
  • monitor physiologic states
  • area postrema -> walls of caudal 4th ventricle
47
Q

What are the nuclei in the anterior region of hypothalamus? (PSPS)

A

preoptic
supraoptic
paraventricular
suprachiasmatic

48
Q

Define poikilothermia and cause

A
  • body temperature fluctuates with ambient temperature
  • Bilateral anterior hypothalamic lesions can injure or destroy the circuitry for regulation of body temperature, because of the loss of the anterior heat releasing center and fibers to the posterior heat production center.
49
Q

kallman’s syndrome

  • cause
  • signs
A
  • failure of preoptic nuclei migration to hypothalamus

- hypogonadism and anosmia

50
Q

Bilateral lesions of the anterior region of the hypothalamus or, more commonly, injury to the infundibular stalk of the hypophysis, can result in?

A

Diabetes insipidus - polyuria and polydipsia

51
Q

Middle hypothalamus

  • nuclei
  • fx
A
  1. Arcuate nuclei
    - makes DA, TRH, GRH, GnRH
    - release of factors to regulate hormone balance needed for body development, growth, and favorable energy
  2. VMN
    - satiety center
    - links energy requirement to food seeking behavior
    - connected to emotional centers and indirectly to somatic/visceral centers
52
Q

Neurons in posterior hypothalamus?

A
  1. mammillary
  2. Posterior
  3. tuberomammillary - lateral zone
53
Q

Fx of posterior nucleus of thalamus

output through?

A

heat conservation/production

  • output signals directly (or via the PVN) to stimulate sympathetic motor neurons for cutaneous vasoconstriction (heat conservation)
  • output signals through the MFB and reticular formation to somatic motor neurons for heat production by shivering.
54
Q

Fx of tuberomammillary nucleus

NT produced?

A

Arousal and sleep/wake regulation

contains the only CNS histaminergic neurons

55
Q

How does the hypothalamus influence the anterior pituitary?

A

Parvocellular neurons in the arcuate, preoptic and paraventricular nuclei -> secretion of releasing and inhibiting hormones into the median eminence

56
Q

Supragranular division of cortex layers

  • layers included
  • function
A
  • Layers I - III
  • involved in inter-cortical communication

Layer III is the primary source of cortico-cortal outflow

57
Q

Which cortex layer is is the primary sensory input?
Which division?
where is thickest?

A

Layer IV - thickest in primary sensory areas

receiving input from the thalamus

granular division

58
Q

Infragranular division of cortex of cortex layers

  • layers included
  • function
  • where is thickest
A
  • layers V - primary output to extra/subcortical areas (corticospinal/bulbar tract)
  • thickest in primary motor cortex

Layer VI

  • fusiform cells
  • cortex to thalamus
59
Q

Specific/targeted afferents to the cortex end up in which layer?

A

IV

60
Q

Association/commissural afferents

  • difference
  • function
A

function -> communication

difference

  • association -> w/in the same hemisphere
  • commissural -> across the midline to contralateral hemisphere
61
Q

3 long association fibers

A
  1. Superior longitudinal (arcuate) fasciculus
    - anterior to posterior connections
    - arcuate: frontal to temporal (including Broca’s to Wernicke’s)
  2. Uncinate fasciculus
    - orbitofrontal cortex to anterior temporal cortex
  3. Cingulum
    interconnects limbic lobe areas
62
Q

2 major cortical commisures

A
  1. Corpus callosum
    - interconnects opposite contralateral hemispheres
  2. Anterior commissure
    - interconnects anterior temporal cortices
63
Q

Define agnosia

A

deficits in RECOGNITION

“Not knowing” An inability to recognize, attach meaning to or understand the meaning of perceived stimuli, with sensory capabilities intact.

64
Q

Stereoagnosia

  • definition
  • cause
A
  • can’t recognize objects by touch alone

- lesion in S-II

65
Q

What is the fx of the posterior association cortex?

A

integrates sensory input
• Recognition of objects + people.
• Form an understanding of space and our place in it
• Recognize and understand complex symbols as a learned language and communicate via this language. One of the unique aspects of human brains

66
Q

Compare ventral and dorsal pathways for visual processing

A
  1. Ventral -> temporal lobe
    - from parvocellular visual system
    - what pathway (details and color of image)
  2. Dorsal pathway
    - magnocellular
    - where path
    - large, moving objects
67
Q

Visual object agnosia

  • definition
  • lesion site
A
  • inability to recognize objects from visual input

- bilateral lesions of inferior temporal cortex

68
Q

Prosopagnosia

  • definition
  • lesion site
A
  • inability to recognize familiar faces

- most often w/ lesion in non-dominant hemisphere

69
Q

Sensory apraxia

  • lesion site
  • similar to what other apraxia?
A

bilateral lesions of superior parietal areas

similar to motor apraxia and differences are very subtle (hard to differentiate b/w the 2)

70
Q

Balint’s syndrome

  • lesion site
  • sxs
  • imaging
A

-lesion -> bilateral posterior parietal cortex

sxs
-optic ataxia -> can’t use vision to coordinate actions

  • ocular ataxia -> fixated on the center
  • simultanagnosia -> can’t recognize more than one object shown at the same time or integrate them into a whole

imaging -> shrinking of sulci and widening of gyri

71
Q

Gerstmann’s syndrome lesion site

A

Dominant parietal lobe angular gyrus

72
Q

Dominant vs non-dominant lesions

  • depression or euphoria?
  • exceptions?
A

Dominant - depression
-exception -> Wernicke’s aphasia

Non-dominant - depression

73
Q

Contralateral neglect

-lesion

A

non-dominant PPC (usually right)

74
Q

A person with intact language but can’t appreciate music has lesion in the?

A

non-dominant hemisphere

75
Q

DL-PFC lesion’s effect on mood

A

Abulia - without will

NO RESPONSE TO ANTIDEPRESSANTS

76
Q

Neurogenesis gradually becomes restricted to the?

A

ventricular and subventricular layers

77
Q

2 ways neural migration occurs

A
  1. Radial migration
    - neurons move along radial glia
    - hop off using reelin and other proteins
    - radial glia eventually become astrocytes
  2. Tangential migration
    - neuroblasts migrate in channels
    - in adults -> make olfactory interneurons via rostral migratory stream
78
Q

Most common finding in disorder of neuronal development?

A

seizures

79
Q

Lissencephaly

  • description
  • most common cause
  • often occurs with?

Compare to Lissencephaly w/ cerebellar hypoplasia

A
  1. smoothened surface of cerebral cortex
    - mostly due to thickened cortex
    - mutation in doublecortin gene
    - lack of neuronal migration from ventricular zone
    - often occurs w/ heterotopia
  2. LCH
    - mutation in reelin
    - neurons detach from radial glia
80
Q

Describe heterotopia

A
  • abnormal accumulation of cortical neurons
  • seizures w/ mild mental retardation
  • due to issue w/ neuronal cell migration
81
Q

Conduction aphasia

  • lesion site
  • effects
A

lesion in arcuate fasciculus -> connects Broca’s to Wernicke’s

Effects

  • deficit in auditory-verbal short term memory
  • can understand fine
  • paraphasic errors -> substituting sounds or words
  • poor sentence repetition
82
Q

Damage to which gyrus is associated with dyslexia?

A

Angular gyrus

83
Q

Give the deficit for the following lesion site

  • blocking transmission of info from right occipital cortex to left angular gyrus
  • lesion in supramarginal gyrus
A
  • alexia - can’t read
  • agraphia - can’t write

these are often seen together due to proximity

84
Q

Most severe deficit with anomic aphasia

A

difficulty naming stuff most severe

fluent speech with pauses

85
Q

What’s always spared with transcortical aphasia?

A

repitition

86
Q

What’s the lesion site?

  • transcortical motor aphasia
  • transcortical sensory aphasia
A
  1. TMA - anterior or superior to Broca’s

2. TSA - lesion at left temporal-occipital-parietal jx behind Wernicke’s

87
Q

What’s seen with a right frontal lobe lesions? (Area equivalent to Broca’s)

A
  1. Tangentiality - digression from one topic to another

2. Confabulation - false memories, perceptions or beliefs about self or environment

88
Q

What’s seen with a right temporal lobe lesion

A
  • difficulties recognizing familiar melodies
  • time sense rhythm disrupted
  • ability to remember musical tunes is impaired
89
Q

Which part of the cortex receives declarative memory?

Episodic?

Procedural?

A

Declarative - inferolateral cortex

Episodic - medial cortex

Procedural - basal ganglia and cerebellum

BMB (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions