Exam 4 Flashcards
purpose is socialization. AKA primary/social groups. Ex: family and peer groups of close friends
Intimate Groups
purpose is getting things done. AKA secondary groups. Ex: decision-making groups, discussion groups, presentation groups
Task Groups
3 or more people who have a common purpose, interact with each other, influence each other, and are interdependent
Group
at least 3 people in a group that is small enough for members to perceive each other as unique individuals with interacting. May cap at 12 people, some say 6/7
Small Group
a special kind of group characterized by different and complementary resources of members and by a strong sense of collective identity
Team
used to study groups
Systems Theory
what goes into a group. Ex: members, task/assignment, setting, other resources
Input Variables
process variables. Ex: norms, rules, roles, language, nonverbals, listening behaviors, conflict/climate, leadership, etc.
Throughput Variables
what the group produces. Tangible (reports) or intangible (feelings)
Output Variables
often in work situations. members bring different strengths and complete tasks
Project Teams
a team who can identify areas to improve within an institution
Quality Improvement Teams
a group that can provide input on a product/idea (see what people think)
Focus Group
generate a lot of possible ideas/solutions. Let the creativity begin, go wild with ideas
Brainstorming Group
provide feedback/guidance
Advisory Group
provides answers and makes decisions
Decision-Making Group
the whole is greater than the sum of its parts (collaborative vitality)
Synergy
the degree of closeness of group members
Cohesion
a strong dislike of working with others, prefers to work alone
Grouphate
an absence of critical thought. Want for unanimity overrides what’s best. Often happens in highly cohesive groups
Groupthink
In group process, the accomplishments of the group tend to be more in both _____ and _____ than the output of the same people would have working separately
Quantity and quality
3 reasons why working in groups is superior to working alone
Division of labor, increased individual energy/commitment, increased individual creativity
individual and group agendas for the project. Sometimes there are hidden ones (ex. get revenge, secret crush)
Group Goals
the different types of behavior performed by individual group members. Can be formal (designated) or informal (people’s individual strengths)
Group Roles
Group norms are ____ and group rules are ____.
Norms = unstated, rules = stated
3 types of leadership in small groups
Authoritarian (dictatorship), democratic (all are involved and valued), laissez-faire (hands off)
6 steps of problem solving
define problem/unmet needs, establish criteria, brainstorm, select best solution, implement solution, follow-up on solution
the process by which 3 or more members of a group exchange verbal and nonverbal messages in an attempt to influence one another
Small Group Communication
a human group that has been deliberately designed so as to achieve a desired objective/goal. Usually has many participants
Organization
the transmission of messages, through both formal and informal channels, of a relatively large, deliberately designed group, resulting in the construction of meanings that influence its members, both as individuals and groups
Organizational Communication
introduce young people to and teach them about the ways and the requirements of society
Educational Institutions
render order, predictability, and security in society
Government Institutions
help people understand and try to influence the supernatural
Religious Institutions
handle the production and distribution of goods and services for a society
Economic Institutions
the oldest and most fundamental institution, handles the bearing and rearing of children
The Family Institution
Key features of organizational communication
communication networks, links to external environments, and structure
the formal and informal linkages that bring together organizational members when they communicate
Communication Networks
organizations are affected by the context in which they reside: people, place, time, etc.
Links to External Environments
provides predictability for members so they understand roles, procedures, and expectations. Most organizations rely on a hierarchical structure
Structure
the ways of thinking, acting, and understanding work that are shared by members of an organization and that reflect an organization’s distinct identity
Organizational Culture
Communication alters culture, but
Culture also alters communication
4 kinds of communication that convey organizational culture
Vocabularies, stories, rites & rituals, and structure
the words used within an organization. Ex: hierarchical language, masculine language
Vocabularies
help distinguish levels of status among members in an organization (cashier, clerk, sales representative)
Hierarchical Language
use terms related to men’s interests and experiences (home run, game plan, stir the pot)
Masculine Language
the narratives shared within an organization. Humans are storytellers by nature. Includes corporate, personal, and collegial stories
Stories
convey organizational values, legends, style, and history
Corporate Stories
let others know how you see yourself/want to be seen
Personal Stories
offer accounts of other members (informal)
Collegial Stories
dramatic, planned set of activities that bring together aspects of cultural ideology in a single event (promotion, tenure, holiday parties, graduation, etc.)
Rite
a regularly occurring form of communication that members perceive as familiar and routine parts of organizational life. Includes personal, social, and task rituals
Ritual
individual routine behaviors
Personal Rituals
affirm relationships between members
Social Rituals
perform the job
Task Rituals
help organize relationships and interaction between members of an organization. Includes roles, rules, policies, and communication networks (grapevine)
Structures
a reliable informal communication network
Grapevine
responsibilities/behaviors connected to a position
Roles
patterned ways of interacting
Rules
formal statements of practices (benefits, medical leave)
Policies
a deliberately designed plan for the goals, norms, roles, ranks, and control in an organization
Bureaucracy
Challenges of organizational communication
need to adapt to diverse situations, individuals, and needs. Managing personal relationships
an enlarged and prepared conversation with an audience who is physically present
Public Communication
preparation, organization, delivery, analysis
Stages of public communication
fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication encounters
Communication Apprehension
nervous in just about all communication encounters
Trait Anxiety
nervous in specific or certain communication encounters
State Anxiety
Ways to manage communication apprehension
positive visualization, cognitive restructuring, systematic desensitization
see yourself performing confidently
Positive Visualization
change how you think/approach speaking opportunities
Cognitive Restructuring
the process of gradual exposure to reduce anxiety
Systematic Desensitization
Audience analysis may include (3 factors):
demographics, psychographics, environmental
traits of the audience. Includes age, gender, group membership, culture, etc.
Demographic Analysis
addresses audience’s thoughts (about speaker, topic, speaker covering a specific topic)
Psychographic Analysis
examines the time of day of the speech, audience size, location, resources, or tools available for the speaker (microphone, visuals/technology, etc.)
Environmental Analysis
to inform, to persuade, to entertain
General Purposes
what a speaker exactly wants to accomplish with the audience. 4 main kinds
Organizational Pattern
time/sequence
Temporal/Chronological Organizational Pattern
geographic/physical space, proximity
Spatial Organizational Pattern
presents the problem followed by a solution
Problem-Solution Organizational Pattern
a subtopic of the subject understudy
Topical Organization
includes transitions and sign-posts
Connectives
phrases that connect main ideas/points
Transition
signal an important aspect of the speech (can be a single word or phrase)
Sign-Posts
speaker believability. Resides in the audience, not the speaker
Credibility
before the speaker is seen (credibility)
Initial
once the speaker is seen and throughout the speech (credibility)
Derived
once the speaker is gone from sight (credibility)
Terminal
speak with little to no preparation time
Impromptu Delivery
write out speech and commit it to memory
Memorized Delivery
read/write out speech and then read it to audience
Manuscript Delivery
prepared speech, often use of notecards or outline. A flexible delivery style that combines the positive aspects of manuscript, memorized, and impromptu speaking
Extemporaneous Delivery
listening. Examine self and others to improve
Analysis
the process of creating shared meaning between the mass media and their audiences
Mass Communication
books, magazines, newspapers
Print Media
radio, TV, sound recordings, film, internet, video games
Electronic Media
advertising (more control) and public relations (less control)
Media Industries
messages are wholly accepted/received. Not true
Direct Effects/Hypodermic Needle/ Linear Model/ Magic Bullet Theory
opinion leaders are more influential on a personal level than direct media messages. Mass Media -> Opinion Leader -> Individual in contact with OL
2-Step Flow
effects of media exposure occur with repeated exposure over time
Cumulative Effect
consumers are “active agents” who can choose what they want from media (information or pleasure)
Uses and Gratifications Theory
media spotlights issues/events/people. Tells us what to think about
Agenda Setting Theory
4 steps of agenda setting
selection, omission, priming, framing
what is included in a report
Selection
what is excluded in a report
Omission
how much time is given to an issue/topic
Priming
how points are emphasized/downplayed
Framing
screen messages to help shape perceptions about events or people (like editors, authors, or broadcasters)
Gatekeepers
the cumulative process by which TV helps foster beliefs about society (often incorrect). The more TV you watch, the greater the effect
Cultivation Theory
reality matches the media narrative
Resonance
becomes the norm. Stabilizing view of society
Mainstreaming
belief that the world is a dangerous place
Mean World Syndrome
the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and communicate messages
Media Literacy
