Exam 2 Flashcards
culturally bound
Meanings are…
messages expressed by nonlinguistic means
Nonverbal Communication
direct verbal counterpart (ex. peace sign)
Emblems
cues that help control verbal interaction (ex. shushing someone)
Regulators
study of the eyes in communication
Oculesics
study of body movement (posture, gestures)
Kinesics
movement of the hands and arms
Gestures
fidgeting
Manipulators
movement to accentuate speech (“this big”)
Illustrators
study of touch
Haptics
the way a message is spoken/vocal. Nonverbal (ex. tone)
Paralanguage
filler words
Disfluencies
study of space
Proxemics
touch to 18 inches
Intimate Distance
18 inches to 4 feet
Personal Distance
4 feet to 12 feet
Social Distance
12 feet and beyond
Public Distance
extension of one’s physical being/stationary space
Territory
study of time
Chronemics
study of smell
Olfactics
repeat, substitute, regulate, complement, accent, deceive, contradict
Nonverbal Functions
Other types of nonverbals:
facial expressions, clothing, silence/pauses
Nonverbal communication accounts for ___ % of total meaning of communication
65 - 93
conveys sense of urgency
Pitch or Volume
conveys quality of voice
Tone
Expectancy Violations Theory
if communicative norms are violated, it may be perceived favorably or unfavorably
places can be judged by the set up of a room or the objects in it
Physical Environment
it exists, nonverbal skills are a necessity, all behavior has communicative value, it is culturally bound, it is primarily relational, and it is ambiguous
Nonverbal Characteristics/Principles
Verbal = single channel
Nonverbal = multiple channels
Verbal = clear meaning
Nonverbal = ambiguous meaning
Verbal = deliberate
Nonverbal = unconscious
Does verbal or nonverbal communication have a greater impact?
Nonverbal
an active process of receiving stimuli consisting of 5 stages
Listening
What are the 5 stages of listening (HAURR)
Hearing, attending, understanding, responding, remembering
the process in which sound waves strike the eardrum and cause vibrations that are transmitted to the brain
Hearing
the psychological process of selection, choosing what to listen to
Attending
the process of making sense of a message
Understanding
giving observable feedback to the speaker
Responding
the ability to recall information. Hardest stage in the listening process
Remembering
After first hearing, ___% of info is remembered, after 8 hours only ___%, and after 2 months only ___% is remembered
50%, 35%, 25%
giving careful and thoughtful attention and responses to the speaker
Mindful Listening
reacting automatically and routinely, without much mental investment
Mindless Listening
the degree of congruence between what a listener understands and what the sender intended
Listening Fidelity
the extent to which you focus on feeling what the speaker is feeling
Empathic-Objective Listening
the extent to which you accept and support the speaker
Nonjudgmental-Critical Listening
the extent to which you focus on the obvious surface meanings
Surface-Depth Listening
the extent to which you reflect back on what you think the speaker means in content and feeling
Active-Inactive Listening
responses a listener makes to a speaker that you are listening
Back-Channeling Cues
staying attentive and nonverbally responsive without offering any verbal feedback
Silent Listening
pretending to listen
Pseudo Listening
waiting to speak to steal the stage
Stage Hogging
respond only to messages that are of value (to you)
Selective Listening
ignoring specific messages (ex. politics)
Insulated Listening
taking speaker’s comments as an attack
Defensive Listening
collecting messages to use against the speaker
Ambushing
taking speaker’s comments at face value
Insensitive Listening
restating what you believe to be the speaker’s thoughts and feelings and inviting clarification
Paraphrase
a response style you use when you want to show that you identify with the speaker
Empathizing
a response style you use when you want to show your solidarity with the speaker
Supporting
a response style you use when you offer an interpretation of a speaker’s message
Analyzing
a response style you use when you appraise the speaker’s thoughts or behaviors
Evaluating
a response style you use when you provide a solution
Advising
___ and ___ play a big part in how people respond
Context and gender
Keys to informational listening
talk less, get rid of distractions, don’t judge prematurely, look for key ideas, ask sincere questions, use aids, paraphrase
Examples of situational obstacles to listening:
message overload (too many things at once), message complexity (doesn’t make sense), external noise
hearing problems, lack of training, preoccupation, rapid thought, prejudgements, lack of effort, faulty assumptions, media influence
Examples of internal obstacles to listening:
difficulty physically hearing
Hearing problems
no training given on how to listen
Lack of Training
thinking about other stuff while the person is talking
Preoccupation
processing information faster than the person is speaking, so you tune them out
Rapid Thought
you think you know what they are going to say, so you prejudge
Prejudgments
incorrect assumptions about communication (ex. talking has more advantages than listening)
Faulty assumptions
creates poor listening habits, keeps us distracted
Media Influence
emotional/social tone of a relationship
Climate
convey value, respect (endorsement, acknowledgement, recognition)
Confirming Message
most basic confirming message
Recognition
engages (talk and listen) the other
Acknowledgement
strongest level/type of confirming message
Endorsement
shows a lack of respect or regard (verbal abuse, interrupting, ambiguous, incongruous, irrelevant, impersonal, impervious)
Disconfirming Message
name calling, most obvious type of disconfirming message
Verbal Abuse
stage hogging
Interrupting
subject to many meanings/unclear
Ambiguous
off topic
Irrelevant
has 2 messages that appear to deny/contradict each other
Incongruous
ignore
Impervious
judging (“You don’t know what you’re talking about”)
Evaluation
free from bias (“I don’t understand how you came up with that idea”)
Description
cannot be wrong (“That will never work”)
Certainty
confident in decision but may change based on new info (“I think you’ll run into problems with that approach”)
Provisional
manipulating, planned (“What are you doing Tuesday after class?”)
Strategy
your message is open and honest (“I have a couch I need to move Tuesday afternoon. Can you give me a hand?”)
Spontaneity
overpower the other (“You need to stay out of the house for the 2 hours so you don’t mess it up”)
Control
focus on issue not controlling the other (“I’m expecting Sam’s parents over soon. Can we work out a way to keep the place clean?”)
Problem Orientation
no feeling or investment (“That’s what happens when you don’t plan properly”)
Neutrality
attempts to communicate understanding of feeling/emotion (“Ouch – looks like this didn’t turn out the way you expected”)
Empathy
better than the other (“You don’t know what you’re talking about”)
Superiority
equal to the other (“I see it a different way”)
Equality
Seek more information by asking specifics, guess, paraphrasing or asking what the critic wants
How to respond nondefensively to criticism
Don’t have to agree with entire message necessarily, but with the critic’s perception and critic’s rights
How to agree with facts to criticism
expressed struggle between at least 2 interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals, scarce rewards, and interference from the other party in achieving their goals
Conflict
do not engage/avoid
Avoidance
give in to the other party
Accommodation
see exchange as a win/lose game. Must win
Competition
give up to gain. One person has to lose something
Compromise
all parties win (win/win). Ask what both parties want, then go from there
Collaboration
includes avoidance and/or accommodation
Nonassertive Behavior
similar to competitive
Direct Aggression
is aggression but covert (hidden)
Passive Aggression
hinting or asking for an intermediary
Indirect Communication
includes compromise and/or collaboration
Assertion
prior conditions, frustration awareness, active conflict, resolution, aftermath
The Stages of Conflict
stage is set for conflict, something has happened but both parties might not know it yet
Prior Conditions
you know you’re mad
Frustration Awareness
when frustration is communicated to the other party
Active Conflict
when conflict is resolved
Resolution
what the relationship looks like after resolution. May result in more conflict
Aftermath
Conflict can’t begin before it has been ____.
expressed
