Exam 1 Flashcards
Model
a representation of a phenomenon, shows how a phenomenon works
Transactional
simultaneous
Process
communication is ongoing and dynamic
Message
verbal and/or nonverbal stimuli and signals
Channel
the medium through which a message passes from sender to receiver
Systemic
the various parts affect each other
Physical Noise
environmental interference (lawn mower)
Physiological Noise
internal interference (stomach growling)
Psychological Noise
mental interference (distracted)
Context
culture, people, place, and time
Theory
abstract system of concepts and their relationships that help us to understand a phenomenon
Grand Theory
purport to explain all the communication in a manner that is universally true
Mid-range Theory
explain the behavior of a specific group of people or try to explain the behavior of all people within a specified time or context
Narrow Theory
attempt to explain a very limited aspect of communication: certain people in certain situations
Concepts
words or terms for most important elements in a theory
Nominal
non-observable concepts, exist in name only (ex. emotions)
Real
observable concepts (ex. physical distance)
Relationships
the ways in which the concepts are combined in a theory
Explanation
some theories seek to offer reasons for or a cause of a particular phenomenon
Understanding
some theories help us grasp or comprehend the meaning intended (or expressed) of a particular phenomenon
Prediction
some theories seek to predict future outcomes
Social Change
some theories seek to facilitate social change through criticism of current systems
Scientific Method
a method of procedure which includes defining a problem, formulating a hypothesis, selecting a research method, collecting data, analyzing results, and drawing conclusions
Perception
the active process of observing stimuli in the environment and making sense of it
First-order realities
physically observable qualities of a thing/situation (desk, whiteboard)
Second-order realities
involve attaching meaning to things/situation (desk and whiteboard = classroom)
Selection
attending to a stimulus from the environment
Organization
arranging info in a meaningful way
Punctuation
the determination of causes and effects in a series of interactions, deals with emphasis
Superimposing
placing a familiar structure over the unfamiliar, fillings in-the-gaps
Interpretation
attaching meaning
Negotiation
attempting to find shared meaning when sense-making
Narratives
the stories we use to describe our personal worlds
Standpoint Theory
a person’s position in society shapes his/her view of society in general
Stereotyping
exaggerating beliefs associated with a categorizing system, fixed generalizations
Halo Effect
the tendency to form an overall positive impression of a person on the basis of one positive characteristic
Perceptual accentuation
a process that leads one to see what one expects or wants to see
Implicit personality theory
the system of rules that tells you which characteristics go with which other characteristics
Self-serving bias
judging oneself more charitably than others
Perception checking
a way to check and share your interpretations: describe behavior, provide 2 possible interpretations, request feedback/clarification
Empathy
the ability to recreate another person’s perspective to experience the world from his/her point of view
Verbal communication
words
Symbolic
representative
Phonological rules
govern the way in which sounds are pronounced
Syntactic rules
govern the arrangement of language (sentence structure)
Semantic rules
govern the meaning of language
Pragmatic rules
govern the interpretation of language in terms of context
Subjective
biased
Objective
without bias
Denotative meaning
dictionary meaning
Connotative meaning
personalized meaning
Convergence
adapting speech to match others
Divergence
speaking in a way that emphasizes differences
Powerless Speech Mannerisms
hedges, hesitations, intensifiers
Sexist language
words that unnecessarily differentiate between females and males
Racist language
classifies members of one group as inferior or superior
Ambiguous language
consists of words and phrases that have more than one commonly accepted definition
Relative language
gain meaning through comparison
Emotive language
conveys the sender’s attitude
“I” Language
a statement that describes the speaker’s reaction to another’s behavior without making judgements
“You” Language
a statement that expresses judgement of another
“We” Language
implies both parties are involved and responsible for the issue
Common concepts of communication
perception, language, nonverbal, listening, climates
Basic needs for communication
basic needs/foundation of life, physical/health, identity/personal, social/relationships, practical/professional
Why we study communication
skilled communicator, understand others/life, perception checking, learn from relationship
Communication definition key words
process - symbols - meaning
Communication as an action model
linear model. One person is sending a message to someone else
Communication as an interaction model
At any given point, a person is either sending a message OR receiving a message
Communication as a transaction model
At any given point, a person is sending AND receiving a message
What are the 3 models of communication? Which is most accurate?
Action, interaction, transaction. Transaction is correct
Encoding
having thoughts then turning it into symbols. Sending a message
Decoding
someone taking a symbol and trying to make sense of it. receiving a message
Intrapersonal Communication
internal conversation with self
Interpersonal Communication (unique)
communication between 2 people that creates a unique and irreplaceable relationships
Group Communication (3-12ish people)
groups generally work in a context that is both relational and social
Organizational Communication (in a professional context)
activities of a society are collected and coordinated to reach the goals of both individuals and the collective group
Public Communication (audience is physically present)
speeches in general or giving a speech
Mass Communication (audience is not physically present)
watching someone through a video or social media
Intercultural Communication (differences)
know how to manage communication with how to act
Communication has both a ____ and ______.
content, relational component
Communication is not a _____
panacea (cure-all)
Abstract/abstraction
exist in thought, vague or unclear
The words or terms for the most important elements in a theory
concepts
Goals of Theory
explanation, understanding, prediction, social change
Arbitrary
based on random choice. not intrinsically (naturally) collected (ex. everyone’s dog picture looks different)
Ambiguous
open to more than one interpretation. Equivocal. Does not have clear-cut, precise meanings
Equivocal terms
mean more than one commonly accepted meaning
Relative language
gain meaning through comparison
Low level of abstraction
is specific
High level of abstraction
not specific
Context
the people, place, time, and state of mind of a conversation
Climate
tone of a relationship
Concept
words/terms for the most important element in a theory
Relationship
the way the concepts in a theory combine
Content aspect
what is said: “i love you”
Speech Act aspect
intention (express gratitude)
Episode aspect
context (you cooked us dinner)
Relationship aspect
connection (dating couple)
Life Scripts aspect
how it has been done before (like previous episodes of a show)
Cultural Patterns aspect
beliefs, virtues (appreciation, gratitude)
Static evaluation
opinions will not changed (ex. always, never, is)
Euphemisms
pleasant substitutions for more blunt terms (“passed away”)
a representation of a phenomenon, shows how a phenomenon works
Model
simultaneous
Transactional
communication is ongoing and dynamic
Process
verbal and/or nonverbal stimuli and signals
Message
the medium through which a message passes from sender to receiver
Channel
the various parts affect each other
Systemic
environmental interference (lawn mower)
Physical Noise
internal interference (stomach growling)
Physiological Noise
mental interference (distracted)
Psychological Noise
culture, people, place, and time
Context
abstract system of concepts and their relationships that help us to understand a phenomenon
Theory
purport to explain all the communication in a manner that is universally true
Grand Theory
explain the behavior of a specific group of people or try to explain the behavior of all people within a specified time or context
Mid-range Theory
attempt to explain a very limited aspect of communication: certain people in certain situations
Narrow Theory
words or terms for most important elements in a theory
Concepts
non-observable concepts, exist in name only (ex. emotions)
Nominal
observable concepts (ex. physical distance)
Real
the ways in which the concepts are combined in a theory
Relationships
some theories seek to offer reasons for or a cause of a particular phenomenon
Explanation
some theories help us grasp or comprehend the meaning intended (or expressed) of a particular phenomenon
Understanding
some theories seek to predict future outcomes
Prediction
some theories seek to facilitate social change through criticism of current systems
Social Change
a method of procedure which includes defining a problem, formulating a hypothesis, selecting a research method, collecting data, analyzing results, and drawing conclusions
Scientific Method
the active process of observing stimuli in the environment and making sense of it
Perception
physically observable qualities of a thing/situation (desk, whiteboard)
First-order realities
involve attaching meaning to things/situation (desk and whiteboard = classroom)
Second-order realities
attending to a stimulus from the environment
Selection
arranging info in a meaningful way
Organization
the determination of causes and effects in a series of interactions, deals with emphasis
Punctuation
placing a familiar structure over the unfamiliar, fillings in-the-gaps
Superimposing
attaching meaning
Interpretation
attempting to find shared meaning when sense-making
Negotiation
the stories we use to describe our personal worlds
Narratives
a person’s position in society shapes his/her view of society in general
Standpoint Theory
exaggerating beliefs associated with a categorizing system, fixed generalizations
Stereotyping
the tendency to form an overall positive impression of a person on the basis of one positive characteristic
Halo Effect
a process that leads one to see what one expects or wants to see
Perceptual accentuation
the system of rules that tells you which characteristics go with which other characteristics
Implicit personality theory
judging oneself more charitably than others
Self-serving bias
a way to check and share your interpretations: describe behavior, provide 2 possible interpretations, request feedback/clarification
Perception checking
the ability to recreate another person’s perspective to experience the world from his/her point of view
Empathy
words
Verbal communication
representative
Symbolic
govern the way in which sounds are pronounced
Phonological rules
govern the arrangement of language (sentence structure)
Syntactic rules
govern the meaning of language
Semantic rules
govern the interpretation of language in terms of context
Pragmatic rules
biased
Subjective
without bias
Objective
dictionary meaning
Denotative meaning
personalized meaning
Connotative meaning
adapting speech to match others
Convergence
speaking in a way that emphasizes differences
Divergence
hedges, hesitations, intensifiers
Powerless Speech Mannerisms
words that unnecessarily differentiate between females and males
Sexist language
classifies members of one group as inferior or superior
Racist language
consists of words and phrases that have more than one commonly accepted definition
Ambiguous language
gain meaning through comparison
Relative language
conveys the sender’s attitude
Emotive language
a statement that describes the speaker’s reaction to another’s behavior without making judgements
“I” Language
a statement that expresses judgement of another
“You” Language
implies both parties are involved and responsible for the issue
“We” Language
perception, language, nonverbal, listening, climates
Common concepts of communication
basic needs/foundation of life, physical/health, identity/personal, social/relationships, practical/professional
Basic needs for communication
skilled communicator, understand others/life, perception checking, learn from relationship
Why we study communication
process - symbols - meaning
Communication definition key words
linear model. One person is sending a message to someone else
Communication as an action model
At any given point, a person is either sending a message OR receiving a message
Communication as an interaction model
At any given point, a person is sending AND receiving a message
Communication as a transaction model
Action, interaction, transaction. Transaction is correct
What are the 3 models of communication? Which is most accurate?
having thoughts then turning it into symbols. Sending a message
Encoding
someone taking a symbol and trying to make sense of it. receiving a message
Decoding
internal conversation with self
Intrapersonal Communication
communication between 2 people that creates a unique and irreplaceable relationships
Interpersonal Communication (unique)
groups generally work in a context that is both relational and social
Group Communication (3-12ish people)
activities of a society are collected and coordinated to reach the goals of both individuals and the collective group
Organizational Communication (in a professional context)
speeches in general or giving a speech
Public Communication (audience is physically present)
watching someone through a video or social media
Mass Communication (audience is not physically present)
know how to manage communication with how to act
Intercultural Communication (differences)
content, relational component
Communication has both a ____ and ______.
panacea (cure-all)
Communication is not a _____
exist in thought, vague or unclear
Abstract/abstraction
concepts
The words or terms for the most important elements in a theory
explanation, understanding, prediction, social change
Goals of Theory
based on random choice. not intrinsically (naturally) collected (ex. everyone’s dog picture looks different)
Arbitrary
open to more than one interpretation. Equivocal. Does not have clear-cut, precise meanings
Ambiguous
mean more than one commonly accepted meaning
Equivocal terms
gain meaning through comparison
Relative language
is specific
Low level of abstraction
not specific
High level of abstraction
the people, place, time, and state of mind of a conversation
Context
tone of a relationship
Climate
words/terms for the most important element in a theory
Concept
the way the concepts in a theory combine
Relationship
what is said: “i love you”
Content aspect
intention (express gratitude)
Speech Act aspect
context (you cooked us dinner)
Episode aspect
connection (dating couple)
Relationship aspect
how it has been done before (like previous episodes of a show)
Life Scripts aspect
beliefs, virtues (appreciation, gratitude)
Cultural Patterns aspect
opinions will not changed (ex. always, never, is)
Static evaluation
pleasant substitutions for more blunt terms (“passed away”)
Euphemisms
