Exam 3 Flashcards
a learned (not inherited) way of life that shapes a groups’ beliefs, values, actions (norms), and social practices. Shared interpretations. Involves large groups
Culture
an idea about the world people assume to be true/false (ex. what happens when you die)
Beliefs
involve what a culture regards as good/bad, right/wrong, beautiful/ugly (ex. respect for elders)
Values
the socially shared expectations of appropriate behavior. Unstated rules (ex. greeting people)
Norms
the predictable behavioral patterns that members of a culture typically follow. Outward manifestations of beliefs, values, and norms (ex. funerals)
Social Practices
a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, norms (actions), and social practices, which affect the behaviors of a relatively large group of people
Intercultural Communication
the single most important guideline for adapting communication to other cultures
Engaging in Person-Centered Communication
assumption that one’s own culture is right/superior. The only right one
Ethnocentrism
decisions based on individual needs. People speak out, question, are confrontational
Individualism
decision-making is based on what’s best for the group. People blend in, avoid conflict, use intermediaries
Collectivism
read between the lines. Focus on nonverbals. Relationships are more important than task. Process is more important than product
High Context
literal meaning. Focus on verbal communication. Task is more important than relationships. Product is more important than process
Low Context
students depend on teachers. Military government. Powerful people look powerful. Respect authority
High Power Distance
teachers treat students as equals. Government based on majority. Powerful look less powerful. Respect individuality
Low Power Distance
competitive, stress success, and vocation-oriented
Masculine/Assertive
focus on cooperation, awareness of those who are in need
Feminine/Nurturing
uncertainty is fine, change is not scary (accepts change). Willing to take risks. Tolerant towards “other” or variation/experimentation. Progressive
Low Uncertainty Avoidance
uncertainty is not fine. Change is scary. Avoid risks. Xenophobic. Traditional
High Uncertainty Avoidance
a sense of self connected to group/cultural identities
Social Identity
a sense of self as a unique individual
Personal Identity
a constantly evolving understanding of oneself
Self
the nonvocal process of thinking. AKA intrapersonal communication
Self-talk
how you describe yourself at a given time. Is subjective (biased), flexible (can create personal exceptions), and resistant (doesn’t want to change)
Self-concept
the image of a person based on possessions; body is most fundamental
Material Self
the image a person wants to appear to others
Presenting (public/social)
the person we believe ourselves to be in moments of candor
Perceived (private/spiritual)
how you evaluate yourself
Self-Esteem
a person’s self concept mirrors the way the person believes others regard him/her. Seen through “particular others” or “generalized other”
Reflected Appraisal Theory
evaluation of oneself in terms of or by comparison to others (reference groups)
Social Comparison Theory
groups against which we compare ourselves (social comparison)
Reference Groups
people whose opinion is important enough to affect one’s self-concept (reflected appraisal)
Particular/Significant Others
awareness of one’s self and the ability to adapt to the situation at hand
Self-monitoring
an expectation of an event, followed by behaviors that make the outcome more likely to occur (ex. believing in yourself improves test scores). Can be self-imposed or other-imposed
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
have realistic expectations and perception of yourself, have the will and skill to change
How to change yourself
communication between people, usually in close relationships such as friendship and romance
Interpersonal Communication
Interpersonal Communication aspects: ____ defines communication between 2 people. _____ defines communication where parties consider each other unique individuals rather than objects
Quantitative, Qualitative
may develop when we engage in interpersonal communication
Interpersonal relationships
2 types of interpersonal relationships
Relationships of Circumstance (impersonal) and relationships of choice (interpersonal)
the reasons we form relationships with some people over others
Elements of Attraction
element of attraction that’s especially important in the early stages of a relationship
Appearance
element of attraction. finds comfort with those who share similar values, beliefs, economic standing, education, etc. Matching hypothesis
Similarity
element of attraction. relationship balance with strengths and weaknesses (fill in the gaps)
Complementary Needs
tangible or intangible positive aspects/outcomes of a relationship
Rewards
tangible or intangible negative aspects/outcomes of a relationship
Costs
we seek out and stay in relationships where we perceive the rewards to be greater than or at least equal to the costs
Social Exchange Theory
element of attraction. knowledgeable, intelligent, skilled, but able to admit mistakes
Competency
element of attraction. attract admiration/attention of others
Charisma
element of attraction. can be trusted, are believable
Credible
element of attraction. share space, interact with frequently. Most fundamental element
Proximity
element of attraction. sharing information about oneself, helps to build trust
Disclosure
element of attraction. we are attracted to those that show interest
Reciprocation of Liking
10 steps illustrating communication behaviors
Knapp’s Model of Relational Stages
1st relational stage. making contact
Initiating
2nd relational stage. small talk, like an interview/audition
Experimenting
3rd relational stage. express feelings, test commitment, relational excitement/euphoria
Intensifying
4th relational stage. become a social unit, “we” language
Integrating
5th relational stage. public gestures of commitment (become official). engagement or marriage
Bonding
6th relational stage. Reestablish individual interests
Differentiating
7th relational stage. communication begins to decrease in quantity and quality
Circumscribing
8th relational stage. no relational growth
Stagnating
9th relational stage. begin to create distance, withdraw
Avoiding
10th relational stage. ending the relationship
Terminating
a stage of closeness in a relationship (dimensions, not levels) Physical, emotional, intellectual, shared activities
Intimacy
a promise to remain in a relationship
Relational commitment
a state in which each person’s behavior affects everyone else in the relationship
Interdependence
the resources we put into a relationship
Investment
explores the distribution of resources. People are satisfied in equitable relationships
Equity Theory
waiting for a reward to come later. Maybe the reward will be greater
Delayed Gratification Theory
deliberately revealing significant and personal information that otherwise would not be known. Social Penetration Theory
Self-disclosure
the information disclosed will vary in depth and breadth depending on the relationship (breadth = range of topics, depth = how deep you go)
Social Penetration Theory
conflicts that arise when two opposing or incompatible forces exist simultaneously
Dialectical tensions
explores how people in relationships manage relational tensions of conflicting desire
Relational Dialectics Theory
together or independent tension
Connection vs. Autonomy
disclosure or keep quiet fashion
Openness vs. Privacy
routine or new tension
Predictability vs. Novelty
first 3 stages of IC. Initiating, experimenting, intensifying
Relational Initiation
stages 4 and 5 of IC. Integrating, bonding
Relational Maintenance
last 5 stages of IC. Differentiating, circumscribing, stagnating, avoiding, terminating
Relational Termination
Indirect strategies of relational termination
withdrawal, pseudo de-escalation, cost escalation
Direct strategies of relational termination
negative identity management, justification, positive tone
