Exam 4 Flashcards
a behavior is considered to be maladaptive if…
- it is age-inappropriate
- if it interferes with adaptive functioning
- if it is misunderstood by others in terms of cultural inappropriateness
Behavior and ____
develop through learning processes or interaction of the environment with an individual’s genetic endowment
personality
the basic assumption of this approach is that problematic behaviors occur when there has been inadequate learning and therefore can be corrected through the provision of appropriate learning experiences
behavioral approach to therapy
the principles of behavior therapy are based on what early studies
Classical conditioning by Pavlov
Operant conditioning by Skinner
Introduced by Russian physiologist Pavlov in his experiments with dogs
Found dogs salivated when presented with food (unconditioned response)
Learned dogs salivated when food came into view (conditioned response)
classical conditioning
an unlearned response that occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
For example, if the smell of food is the unconditioned stimulus, the feeling of hunger in response to the smell of food is the unconditioned response.
unconditioned response
the conditioned response to the previously neutral stimulus
conditioned response
unconditioned stimulus
eating food
conditioned stimulus
sound of the bell
Process by which the fear response is elicited from similar stimuli (all individuals in white uniforms)
stimulus generalization
this is an environmental event that interacts with and influences an individual’s behavior
stimulus
what is the main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning
classical conditioning focus is on behavioral responses elicited by specific objects or events
operant conditioning additional attention is given to the consequences of the behavioral response
operant conditioning was introduced by
B.F. Skinner
Assumes that the connection between a stimulus and a response is strengthened or weakened by the consequences of the response
operant conditioning
a stimulus that follows a behavior or response is called a
reinforcing stimulus
reinforcer
what is the function of a reinforcing stimulus
reinforcement
when the reinforcing stimulus increases the probability that the behavior will recur is called a ___ ___
positive reinforcer
aka positive reinforcement
Increases the probability that a behavior will recur by removal of an undesirable reinforcing stimulus
negative reinforcement
A stimulus that follows a behavioral response and decreases the probability that the behavior will recur.
aversive stimulus or punisher
Stimuli that precede a behavioral response and predict that a specific reinforcement will occur
Under an individual’s control
discriminative stimuli
True or false: with discriminative stimuli The individual can discriminate between stimuli and choose according to the type of reinforcement they have come to associate with a specific stimulus.
TRUE
a form of psychotherapy that aims to modify maladaptive behavior patterns by reinforcing more adaptive behaviors
behavior therapy
In ____ the behavior of another, reinforcements are given for increasingly closer approximations to the desired response.
Shaping is an effective way of modifying behavior for tasks a child has not mastered on command.
shaping
techniques for modifying behavior:
refers to the learning of new behaviors by imitating the behaviors of others.
modeling